英美國家概況復(fù)習(xí)提綱

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1、1 幾個(gè)簡答問題 幾個(gè)簡答問題 1 What are the two components of the British parliament 2 What were some of Queen Victoria s major achievements 3 What were the two camps in Europe in World War 4 Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World War Answers 1 They are the House of Commons and the

2、House of Lords 2 Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect She promoted further industrial revolution the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce By the end of her reign Britain had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and ne

3、arly a quarter of the world s landmass 3 The Central Powers which included Germany Austria Hungary the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria and the Allied Powers which were mainly comprised of France the Russian Empire the British Empire Italy and the United States 4 Because they were allied during the war a

4、nd shared the same worries about the former Soviet Union 2 What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain 1 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire Answers 1 The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways First industrial productivity increased dramatically Britain became the

5、most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world Second urbanization took place Many new cities sprang up Third it caused great changes in the class structure The old social classes declined and new ones emerged and developed Colonization of Newfoundland the first British

6、colony overseas in 1583 marked the beginning of the British Empire By 1837 Britain had long been an empire which included the colonies in Canada Australia New Zealand India and many small states in the West Indies By the end of the 19th century the British Empire included a quarter of the global pop

7、ulation and nearly a quarter of the world s landmass During the mid 19th century the British government consolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government Before World War Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world However Britain suffered great

8、loss to its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves of gold dollars and overseas investment Most of Britain s colonies gained independence since the 1940s which inevitably led to the fall of the Empire 一 翻譯翻譯 constitutional monarchy 君主立憲制 the Monarch 君主 Parliament 議會(huì) House of Commo

9、ns 平民院 下議院 The Government Party 執(zhí)政黨 Royal Assent 御準(zhǔn) 女王批準(zhǔn) Shadow Cabinet 影子內(nèi)閣 jury system 陪審團(tuán)制 the Conservative Party 保守黨 the Labour Party 工黨 common law 習(xí)慣法 Crown Courts 王室法院 The Celts 凱爾特人 Anglo Saxons 盎格魯薩克遜人 Norman Conquest 諾曼征服 The Great Charter 大憲章 2 The Hundred Years War 百年大戰(zhàn) The Black Death 黑死

10、病 Renaissance 文藝復(fù)興 Humanists 人文主義者 the Great Lakes 大湖區(qū) The US Congress 國會(huì) Secretary of State 國務(wù)卿 the House of Representatives 眾議院 the Supreme Court 最高法院 The Judicial Branch 司法部門 the Boston Tea Party 波士頓傾茶事件 Frontiersman 拓荒者 The Bill of Rights 人權(quán)法案 The Star Spangled Banner 星條旗 The Monroe Doctrine 門羅主

11、義 The Civil War 內(nèi)戰(zhàn) The Westward Movement 西進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng) the Declaration of Independence 獨(dú)立宣言 the Emancipation of Proclamation 解放奴隸宣言 第一章第一章 Land and People 英國的國土與人民英國的國土與人民 1 Geographical names the British Isles Great Britain and England 地理名稱 不列顛群島 大不列顛和英格蘭 2 Official name the United Kingdom of Great Britain

12、and Northern Ireland 官方正式名稱 大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國 3 The British Isles are made up of two large islands Great Britain the larger one and Ireland and hundreds of small ones 不列顛群島由兩個(gè)大島 大不列顛島 較大的一個(gè) 和愛爾蘭島 及成千上萬個(gè)小島組成 4 Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain England Scotland and Wales 大不列顛島上有三個(gè)政治

13、區(qū) 英格蘭 蘇格蘭和威爾士 1 England is in the southern part of Great Britain It is the largest most populous section 英格蘭位于大不列顛島南部 是最大 人口最稠密的地區(qū) 2 Scotland is in the north of Great Britain It has three natural zones the Highlands in the north the Central lowlands the south Uplands Capital Edinburgh 蘇格蘭位于大不列顛的北部 它

14、有三大自然區(qū) 北部高地 中部低地及南部山陵 首府 愛丁堡 3 Wales is in the west of Great Britain Capital Cardiff 威爾士位于大不列顛的西部 首府 加的夫 4 Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK Capital Belfast 北愛爾蘭是英國第四個(gè)區(qū)域 首府 貝爾法斯特 5 The Commonwealth of nations is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Bri

15、tain It was founded in 1931 and has 50 member countries until 1991 英聯(lián)邦是曾為英國殖民地的 但現(xiàn)已獨(dú)立國家所構(gòu)成的自由聯(lián)合體 它成立于 1931 年 至 1990 年止 已有 50 個(gè)成員國 II Geographical Features 英國的地理特征英國的地理特征 3 1 Geographical position of Britain 英國的地理位置 Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea It lies in the North Atlantic Ocea

16、n off the north coast of Europe It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east 英國是一個(gè)島國 它位于大西洋北部 與歐洲大陸的北海岸隔海相望 南面的英吉利海峽和東面的北 海將它與歐洲其它部分隔開 2 The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands 英國的西

17、部和北部主要是高地 東部和東南部主要是低地 III Rivers and Lakes 河流與湖泊河流與湖泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain 1 343m 本尼維斯山為英國最高峰 海拔 1 343 米 Severn River is the longest river in Britain 338km 塞文河是英國最長的河流 全長 338 公里 Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain 336km 泰晤士河是英國第二大河 也是英國最重要的河

18、 全長 336 公里 Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland 396 square kilometres 訥湖 內(nèi)伊湖 是英國最大的湖 位于北愛爾蘭 面積為 396 平方公里 IV Climate 氣候氣候 1 Britain s favorable climate 英國有利的氣候條件 英國有利的氣候條件 Britain has a maritime climate winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot It

19、 has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year The temperature varies within a small range 英國屬于海洋性氣候 冬季不過于寒冷 夏季不過于炎熱 全年有穩(wěn)定可靠的降雨量 氣溫變化幅度 小 2 The factors influence the climate in Britain 影響英國氣候的因素影響英國氣候的因素 1 The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the l

20、and in winter and cooling it off in summer 環(huán)繞四周的海水 冬天 海水可使島內(nèi)氣溫升高 夏天則使氣溫降低 從而起到平衡季節(jié)溫差的作用 2 The prevailing south west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate 一年四季盛行的西南風(fēng)和西風(fēng)在冬季從大西洋帶來溫暖 潮濕的空氣 使氣溫適宜 3 The No

21、rth Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them 北大西洋暖流經(jīng)不列顛群島西海岸 使氣候變暖 4 3 Rainfall 降雨量降雨量 Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1 000mm There is a water surplus in the north and west and a water

22、 deficit in the south and east 英國全年降 雨量穩(wěn)定 平均降雨量超過 1000 毫米 英國北部 西部雨量過多 但是南部 東部有所缺乏 The People 人口人口 The difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots Welsh and Irish 英倫三島民族的祖先 The ancestors of the English are Anglo Saxons the Scots Welsh and Irish are Celts Chapter 2 第二章第二章 The Origins of

23、a Nation 5000BC 1066 英國的起源 公元前英國的起源 公元前 5000 年年 1066 年 年 3 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC 約公元前 700 年 克爾特人來到不列顛島 4 The Celts came to Britain in three main waves II Roman Britain 55BC 410AD 羅馬人統(tǒng)治時(shí)期的英國 公元前羅馬人統(tǒng)治時(shí)期的英國 公元前 55 年年 410 年 年 1 British recorded history begins with the Roman inva

24、sion In 55BC and 54BC Julius Caesar a Roman general invaded Britain twice In AD 43 the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation though it was never a total occupation 有記錄的英國歷史開始于羅 馬人的入侵 公元前 55 年和 54 年 羅馬將軍朱略斯 凱撒兩次入侵英國 均未成功 直到公元 43 年 克勞

25、鍬才成功占領(lǐng)不列顛 將近四百年里 英國人處于羅馬人的占領(lǐng)下 但這并非是完全的占領(lǐng) 2 Roman s influence on Britain The Roman built many towns road baths temples and buildings They make good use of Britain s natural resources They also brought the new religion Christianity to Britain 羅馬人修建了許多城鎮(zhèn)網(wǎng) 道路 澡 堂廟宇和其他建筑物 他們還很好地利用了英國的自然資源 羅馬人還把基督教這門新宗教帶到

26、不列 顛 3 Reasons for limited Roman influence on Britain 羅馬對(duì)不列顛的影響有限的原因羅馬對(duì)不列顛的影響有限的原因 First the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class Second never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry Third the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ord

27、inary Britons 首先 羅馬人把不列顛人當(dāng)作奴隸階段的屬民來對(duì)待 其次 在四世紀(jì)對(duì)羅馬人和 不列顛人通婚 最后 羅馬人也未影響普通不列顛人的語言和文化 在這一部分里 主要是介紹了英國從公元在這一部分里 主要是介紹了英國從公元 446 年到年到 1066 年所發(fā)生的重要事件及人物 這些重要事件分年所發(fā)生的重要事件及人物 這些重要事件分 別是盎格魯別是盎格魯 撒克遜人的入侵 北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵諾曼征服及撒克遜人的入侵 北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵諾曼征服及 III The Anglo Saxons 446 871 盎格魯盎格魯 撒克遜人 公元撒克遜人 公元 446 871 年 年 1 Ba

28、sis of Modern English race the Anglo Saxons 盎格魯 薩克遜時(shí)代 奠定了英國的基礎(chǔ) 5 2 The early Anglo Saxons converted to Christianity IV Viking and Danish invasions 北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵 1 The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century They becam

29、e a serious problem in the 9th century especially between 835 and 878 They even managed to capture York an important center of Christianity in 867 By the middle of 9th century the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex 入侵者是挪威人和丹麥人 從 8 世紀(jì) 末開始 他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個(gè)地方 9 世紀(jì) 尤其是公

30、元 835 878 年間已成為嚴(yán)重問題 他們甚 至占領(lǐng)了約克郡 公元 867 年時(shí)的基督教中心 到 9 世紀(jì)中葉 北歐海盜和丹麥人威脅到撒克遜人的 威撒克斯王國的安全 2 King Alfred 849 899 and his contributions 艾爾弗雷德國王 艾爾弗雷德國王 849 899 和他所做出的貢獻(xiàn) 和他所做出的貢獻(xiàn) Alfred was a king of Wessex He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879 The Danes gained control of th

31、e north and east while he ruled the rest He also converted some leading Danes into Christians He founded a strong fleet and is known as the father of the British navy He reorganized the Saxon army making it more efficient He translated a Latin book into English He also established schools and formul

32、ated a legal system All this earns him the title Alfred the Great 阿爾弗雷德是威塞克斯的國王 他打敗了丹麥人 并于公元 879 年與他們達(dá)成了友好協(xié)議 協(xié)議規(guī)定 丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部 丹麥法區(qū) 而他統(tǒng)治其他地區(qū) 他還勸服一些丹麥?zhǔn)最I(lǐng)成為基督教徒 他因?yàn)榻⒘藦?qiáng)大艦隊(duì) 而以 英國海軍之父 聞名于世 他改組了 弗立德 撒克遜軍隊(duì) 使之 更為高效 他將一本拉丁語的書翻譯成英語 同時(shí)他還建立了學(xué)校 并且闡明了法律制度 所有這一 切使他當(dāng)之無愧于 阿爾弗雷德大王 的稱號(hào) V The Norman Conquest 1066 諾曼征服

33、 公元諾曼征服 公元 1066 年 年 1 Reasons for William s invasion of England after Edward s death 威廉在愛德華死后入侵英國的原因 It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William but the Witan chose Harold as king So William led his army to invade England In October 1066 during the important battle of Has

34、tings William defeated Harold and killed him One Christmas Day William was crowned king of England thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England 據(jù)說 愛德華國王曾答應(yīng)把英格蘭王位傳給諾曼底公爵威廉 但是賢人會(huì)議挑選了哈羅德為國王 公 元 1066 年 10 月 在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交鋒中 威廉打敗了哈羅德軍隊(duì) 同時(shí)哈羅德也在此戰(zhàn)爭中 6 戰(zhàn)死 2 The Norman Conquest and its consequences 諾曼征服及其產(chǎn)生的影響

35、 諾曼征服及其產(chǎn)生的影響 The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best known event in English history William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman g

36、overnment So the feudal system was completely established in England Relations with the Continent were opened and the civilization and commerce were extended Norman French culture language manners and architecture were introduced The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome and the church

37、 courts were separated from the civil courts 1066 年的諾曼征服也許是英國歷史上的最著名事件 征服者威廉幾乎沒收了所有土地 將其分 發(fā)給他的諾曼追隨者 他用強(qiáng)有力的諾曼政府代替了軟弱的薩克遜政府 于是 封建制度在英國完全 建立 開放了與歐洲大陸的關(guān)系 文明和商業(yè)得到發(fā)展 引進(jìn)了諾曼 法國文化 語言 舉止和建筑 教會(huì)與羅馬的聯(lián)系更為密切 教會(huì)法庭與世俗法庭分離 3 The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins The ancestors of many English

38、people were the ancient Angles and Saxons Some English people are of the Norman French origin 英國是一個(gè)集不同民族于 一體的國家 許多英國人的祖先是古盎格魯和撒克遜人 而還有一些英國人的是諾曼血統(tǒng) Chapter 3 第三章第三章 history The Shaping of the Nation 1066 1381 英國的形成 公元 1066 1381 I Norman Rule 1066 1381 諾曼統(tǒng)治 公元諾曼統(tǒng)治 公元 1066 1381 1 William s Rule 1066 108

39、7 威廉一世的統(tǒng)治 公元威廉一世的統(tǒng)治 公元 1066 1087 England s feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror 在威廉統(tǒng)治下的英國封建制度 Under William the feudal system in England was completely established According to this system the King owned all the land personally William gave his barons large estates in England in return

40、for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land s produce These estates were scattered far and wide over the country so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king The barons who had become William s tenants in chief parceled out land to the lesser nobles knigh

41、ts and freemen also in return for goods and services At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance not only to their immediate lord but also to the king 在威廉統(tǒng)治下 英國的封建制度得到完全確立 根

42、據(jù)此制度 國王擁有全國所有土地 威廉把 7 英國的大片土地分給貴族 條件是換取對(duì)方服役和收租 這些地產(chǎn)分散于各處 這樣土地?fù)碛姓呔?不易聯(lián)合起來反叛國王 已成為國王土地承租人的貴族又把土地分配給小貴族 騎士和自由民 同 樣換取貨物和服役 在封建等級(jí)底層的是農(nóng)奴 英國封建制獨(dú)有的特色就是 無論是土地承租人 還是二佃戶 都必須要宣誓效忠于直接領(lǐng)主 而且要效忠于國王 II Contents and the significance of the Great Charter 大憲章大憲章 的內(nèi)容及意義的內(nèi)容及意義 Great Charter was signed by King John in 121

43、5 under the press of the barons It consists of sixty three clauses Its important provisions are as follows 1 no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council 2 no freemen should be arrested imprisoned or deprived of their property 3 the Church should possess all its rights together wi

44、th freedom of elections 4 London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges and 5 there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties it was a statement of t

45、he feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land 大憲章 是約翰國王 1

46、215 年在封建貴族壓力下簽定的 大憲章 總共 63 條 其中最重要的內(nèi)容是 1 未經(jīng)大議會(huì)同意 不得征稅 2 只有根據(jù)國家有關(guān)法律才能逮捕 監(jiān)禁自由人以及剝奪他們的財(cái) 產(chǎn) 3 教會(huì)應(yīng)享受其所有權(quán)利且有選舉自由 4 倫敦和其它城鎮(zhèn)應(yīng)保留其古時(shí)的權(quán)力和特權(quán) 5 全國要使用統(tǒng)一的重量和長度度量衡 盡管人們普遍認(rèn)為 大憲章 為英國的自由奠定了基礎(chǔ) 但該 憲章只是規(guī)定國王和貴族之間封建關(guān)系和法律關(guān)系的文件 保證了教會(huì)的自由 限制了國王權(quán)利 大 憲章 的精神是限制國王權(quán)力 使其在英國封建法律允許的范圍內(nèi)活動(dòng) IV The Hundred Years War and its consequences 百年

47、戰(zhàn)爭及其結(jié)果百年戰(zhàn)爭及其結(jié)果 The Hundred Years War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453 The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy in France w

48、hile the French kings coveted this large slice The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders which were the importer of English wool but they were loyal to the French king politically Besides England s desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense

49、 of nationalism were the other causes The English s being driven out of France is regarded as a blessing for both countries If the English had remained in France the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of a separate English national identity while France was hinder

50、ed so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory 百年戰(zhàn)爭指 1337 年 8 到 1453 年英法之間一場斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的戰(zhàn)爭 戰(zhàn)爭的起因既有領(lǐng)土因素又有經(jīng)濟(jì)因素 領(lǐng)土起因尤其是與 英國國王擁有法國的阿基坦大片公爵領(lǐng)地有密切關(guān)系 隨著法國國王勢(shì)力日增 他們渴望占領(lǐng)這片在 他們領(lǐng)土內(nèi)的土地 經(jīng)濟(jì)原因則與弗蘭德斯有關(guān) 弗蘭德斯地區(qū)生產(chǎn)棉布的城鎮(zhèn)是英國羊毛的主要進(jìn) 口商 但這些城鎮(zhèn)在政治上卻效忠法國國王 其他原因還有英國試圖阻止法國幫助蘇格蘭人 以及不 斷覺醒的民族意識(shí) 戰(zhàn)爭的結(jié)果 把英國人趕出法國對(duì)兩個(gè)國家都是幸事 若國車人

51、繼續(xù)留在法國 那么法國人在領(lǐng)土和 財(cái)富上所占的優(yōu)勢(shì)必然會(huì)阻礙分離的英國民族的發(fā)展 而法國民族被外國勢(shì)力占領(lǐng)了眾多的領(lǐng)土 發(fā) 展更是長期受阻 V The Black Death 黑死病黑死病 The Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century It swept through England in the summer of 1348 It reduced England s population

52、from four million to two million by the end of the 14th century Chapter 4 第四章第四章 Transition to the Modern Age 1455 1688 向現(xiàn)代英國的過渡向現(xiàn)代英國的過渡 The Wars of Rose 玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭 The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster symbolized by the read rose and that of York symbolize

53、d by the white from 1455 to 1485 Henry Tudor descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors From these Wars English feudalism received its death blow The great medieval nobility was much weakened 玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭是指 從 1455 年到 1485 年 以紅玫瑰為象征的

54、蘭開斯特大家族和以白玫瑰為象征的約克家 族之間戰(zhàn)爭的普遍接受的名稱 1485 年 蘭開斯特家族的后代亨利都鐸取得了博斯沃恩戰(zhàn)役的勝利 建立了都鐸王朝 這些戰(zhàn)爭使英國的封建主義受到致命打擊 貴族階層受到了削弱 II The English Reformation 英國的宗教改革英國的宗教改革 Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church There were three main causes a desire for change and reform in the church had

55、been growing for many years and now encouraged by the success of Martin Luther many people believed its time had come the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented and Henry needed money 最重要的是 亨利八世負(fù)責(zé)進(jìn)行教會(huì)的宗教改革 改革原因有三個(gè)主要方面 改革教會(huì)的渴望已有多 年 現(xiàn)在又受馬丁路德成功的鼓舞 許多人認(rèn)為時(shí)機(jī)已到 人們痛恨教職人員的威望和財(cái)富 亨利需 要錢 The reform be

56、gan as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy Henry VIII wanted to 9 divorce Catherine of Aragon but the Pope refused Henry s reforms was to get rid of the English Church s connection with the Pope and to make an independent Church of England He made this break with Rome gradu

57、ally between 1529 and 1534 He dissolved all of England s monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings The laws such as the Act of succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 made his reform possible He established the church of England as the

58、 national church of the country and he made himself the supreme head of the church of England 改革以爭取離婚而開 始 以脫離教皇而告終 亨利八世欲與阿拉貢的凱瑟琳離婚 但是教皇拒絕了 亨利改革的目的是擺 脫英國教會(huì)與教皇的聯(lián)系 成立獨(dú)立的英格蘭教會(huì) 1529 年至 1534 年間逐漸地與羅馬脫離了關(guān)系 他 解散了所有英國的修道院和修女院 因?yàn)楹笳邔?duì)教皇比對(duì)英國國王更忠誠 1534 年的 繼位法 和 1535 年的 至尊法案 使改革具有了可行性 1535 年他獲 英格蘭教會(huì)最高首腦 之稱號(hào) Henry

59、VIII s reform stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry s position Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before its importance grew as a result His attack on the Pope s power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church England was mov

60、ing away form Catholicism towards protestaintism 改革的三大影響 改革的三大影響 亨利的改革強(qiáng)調(diào)了君主權(quán)力 自然加強(qiáng)了亨利的地位 議會(huì)以往從未做過如此漫長 而重要的工作 自然其重要性也有所加強(qiáng) 他對(duì)教皇權(quán)力的打擊鼓舞許多人批評(píng)指責(zé)天主教會(huì) 并希 望從天主教轉(zhuǎn)向新教 III Elizabeth I 1558 1603 伊莉莎白一世 伊莉莎白一世 1558 年年 1603 年 年 Elizabeth s religious reform and her foreign policy 伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策 Elizabeth s religio

61、us reform was a compromise of views She broke Mary s ties with Rome and restored her father s independent Church of England i e keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control He religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans a

62、nd to ardent Catholics For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers France and Spain and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict Through her marriage alliances which were never materialized Elizabeth managed to

63、maintain a friendly relationship with France So England wad able to face the danger from Spain 伊莉莎白的宗教改革是各種觀點(diǎn)的妥協(xié) 她中斷瑪麗與羅馬的關(guān)系 恢復(fù)父王獨(dú)立的英格蘭教會(huì) 也 就是說保持天主教教條及習(xí)俗 但不受教皇控制 她的宗教和解既不被極端的新教徒 即清教徒 所 接受 也不為虔誠的天主教徒所接受 近 30 年的時(shí)間 伊莉莎白成功地令兩大天主教強(qiáng)國法國和西 10 班牙互相斗殺 從而免于英國卷入任何主要的歐洲國的沖突 通過她從未具體化的聯(lián)姻 伊莉莎白設(shè) 法與法國維持友好關(guān)系 因此英國能面對(duì)來自

64、西班牙的危險(xiǎn) VI The Civil Wars and their consequences Because of the absolute rule of Charles the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war The war began on August 22 1642 and ended in 1651 Charles I was condemned to death The English Civil War is also called the Puri

65、tan Revolution It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious Puritan ideology while the Crown s traditional economic interests correspondingly

66、 allied with Anglican religious belief The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history 由于查爾斯的 君權(quán)神授 統(tǒng)治權(quán) 他與議會(huì)的對(duì)質(zhì)發(fā)展成了內(nèi)戰(zhàn) 戰(zhàn)爭開始于 1642 年 8 月 22 日 結(jié)束于 1651 年 最后查爾斯被處死 英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)又稱為清教徒革命 這是議會(huì)和國王間的沖突 也是 城市中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益與皇室傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益之間的沖突 城市中產(chǎn)階級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益剛好與他們的宗教 清教 思想吻合 相應(yīng)地 皇室傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益則與圣公會(huì)教的宗教信仰相結(jié)合在一起 英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn) 不僅推翻了英國的封建制度 而且動(dòng)搖了歐洲封建經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ) 英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)通常被看作是現(xiàn)代世界史的 開端 The Restoration 王政復(fù)辟王政復(fù)辟 When Oli