《研究生專業(yè)英語》PPT課件.ppt

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1、研究生專業(yè)英語 英文科技論文寫作程序 選擇論題 確立論點 搜集材料 擬定提綱 寫作與修改初稿（反復(fù)多次進行） 注明參考文獻 撰寫摘要 打印校對 論文的基本結(jié)構(gòu) 論文題目Title 作者姓名及單位 Author name and affiliation 內(nèi)容提要Abstract 關(guān)鍵詞Key words 正文Text body 致謝Acknowledgements (可?。?參考文獻References 附錄Appendix (根據(jù)需要） 作者簡介Resume (視刊物而定） 論文正文構(gòu)成 引言/概述Introduction 背景分析 Background (視情況而定） 材料和實驗 Mater

2、ials and experiments 實驗結(jié)果Results 討論Discussion 結(jié)論/總結(jié)Conclusions 標題 論文題目寫在第一行的正中。如果較長，可寫成 兩、三行。一般居中排列。題尾不加句號。 論文題目一般為名詞詞組或名詞短語，較少使用 完整的句子。在必須使用動詞的情況下，一般用 動名詞或具有動詞性質(zhì)的名詞。例如： Two-dimensional pattern formation in surfactant- mediated epitaxial(取向附生的) growth Dopant diffusion in SiGe：modeling stress and Ge

3、chemical effects 作者名稱 論文的作者姓名一般寫在論文題目的下面。按 照英美國家的習(xí)慣，名（first name)在前， 姓（surname/family name/last name) 在后 。 如果幾個人共同撰寫，應(yīng)該逐一寫出各自的姓 名，同時注明作者的工作單位。 摘要 摘要一般放在標題頁的正文之前，用不同于正文的字 體排版，以突出其顯著位置。 摘要是對一篇論文的主要內(nèi)容以精煉的文字進行高度 的概括，使讀者不必閱讀論文全文即可迅速了解論文 內(nèi)容，或者讓讀者對即將閱讀的論文有思想準備，或 者讓讀者判斷是否有通讀全文的必要。摘要只對論文 信息進行濃縮，而不架主觀評論或解釋。一般

4、5000字 數(shù)論文，摘要長度小于300字。 注意abstract 與summary的區(qū)別。 關(guān)鍵詞 關(guān)鍵詞既可作為文獻檢索或分類的標 識，它本身又是論文的主題濃縮。讀 者可以從中判斷論文的主題、研究方 向、所用方法等。關(guān)鍵詞以名詞或名 詞短語居多。縮略語慎用。 致謝 論文的作者可以在論文的末尾對他 人對自己工作的指導(dǎo)、幫助和資助 表示感謝，即為致謝。一般置于結(jié) 論之后，參考文獻之前。 參考文獻 參考文獻的具體內(nèi)容和形式不統(tǒng)一，大家讀比較頭痛。 一般包括一下三項內(nèi)容： 作者、題目、出版事項 出版事項指：書刊名稱，出版地點，出版單位 ，出版年份與卷、期、頁。 1. T. P. L. Pederse

5、n, A. N. Larsen, and A. Mesli, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 4085 (1999). 2. H. Weman, B. Monemar, G.S. Oehrlein, S.J. Jeng, Phys. Rev. B 42 (1990) 3109. Lee SK and Stebbin J, Structure of silicate glasses and melts at high pressure: quantum chemical calculations and solid-state NMR, Journal of Physical Che

6、mistry B, 2004, 108: 5889-5900. 如何寫摘要如何寫摘要 摘要的內(nèi)容 摘要的寫作必須準確、簡潔，概述與細節(jié)之間應(yīng) 該平衡互補。內(nèi)容取舍的標準首先是對論文本身 重點的內(nèi)容的理解，其次是應(yīng)該考慮到讀者閱讀 的方式。資料性摘要一般包括的內(nèi)容為： 1、方法手段簡介 (Methodology) 2、主要結(jié)果 (Results) 3、結(jié)論和建議 (Conclusions and Suggestions) 摘要的語言 摘要的時態(tài) 1、敘述研究方法和目的時，使用現(xiàn)在時。 2、報道研究結(jié)果時，使用現(xiàn)在時。 3、介紹研究過程時，可以用過去時。 4、陳述結(jié)論或建議，用現(xiàn)在時。 5、根據(jù)需

7、要，也可以適當用完成時。 摘要的語態(tài) 主動語態(tài)為主，被動語態(tài)比其它寫作更常見。主動語態(tài)為主，被動語態(tài)比其它寫作更常見。 常用句型和表達方法常用句型和表達方法 1、回顧或介紹相關(guān)專業(yè)知識 An PTC ceramic is present in this paper. This paper reviews the method for dealing with This article summarizes the theory 2、闡明論文寫作目的 The purpose of this study is to explore a new method The paper attempts t

8、o analyze in terms of The study is aimed at finding out the similarities The main objective of this investigation is Based on our research, we intent to find out 3、陳述論文的論點或作者的觀點 The carbon-related defects are discussed This paper reports the preparation and the quantum confinement effects of This pa

9、per deals with (concerns) 4、介紹研究過程和研究范圍 The characteristic of was investigated. We study the synthesis method of in this paper. The principle of preparing is proposed. The samples of pyroelectric ceramic were collected by The PTC effect is measured by 6、闡述論證或結(jié)果 The results show that It is found that

10、 the amorphous Si show a tendency in The study of those properties indicates The experimental results demonstrate that 7、介紹結(jié)論 It is concluded that the absorption spectra of Based on , the following conclusion can be drawn In conclusion, the results shows The research has led to In summary, 8、突出論文的重點

11、 This paper focuses on The primary concern of this paper is Particular attention is on the revolution of This paper concentrates on the effects of The emphasis is on is the main topic of this paper. COVER LETTER (投稿信)實用指 南 什么是cover letter？ cover letter的內(nèi)容主要包括那些？ 如何寫cover letter？ 常用模板 例文 1、 什么是cover

12、letter？ 2、cover letter的內(nèi)容主要包括那些？ 所投稿件的核心內(nèi)容、主要發(fā)現(xiàn)和意義，擬投期刊， 對稿件處理有無特殊要求等。 附上主要作者的中文姓名、通訊地址、電話、傳真和e -mail地址。 有的雜志要求推薦幾位審稿人及其聯(lián)系方式。以及誰 已經(jīng)閱讀過該文。 說明你論文研究的意義，以及與這個雜志的相關(guān)性； 寫明沒有一搞多投等。 臨床實驗要求寫明符合倫理學(xué)要求。 3、 如何寫cover letter？ 在雜志的guide for authors一般會有要求。 4、常用模板： （1） Cover letter Dear Mr. * The work described has no

13、t been submitted elsewhere for publication, in whole or in part, and all the authors listed have approved the manuscript that is enclosed. I have read and have abided by the statement of ethical standards for manuscripts submitted to Neuroscience. kind regards. Your sincerely, 通訊作者 （2） Dear Dr. 主編na

14、me: We submit our manuscript entitled “ 文章title“ to 雜志名for publication. 接著簡單介紹你文章的主要創(chuàng)新點和意義，不 易過多，但要突出新意和關(guān)鍵點。 All authors have seen the manuscript and approved to submit to your journal. Thank you very much for your attention and consideration. Sincerely yours, 通訊作者 （3）Dr. * Editor-in-Chief, * (add a

15、ddress) January 22, 2003 Dear Dr. *, Enclosed herewith please find 3 copies of a MS by: *. * and * entitled: “*”, which we would like to submit for publication in the *. Looking forward to your decision, With kind personal regards, Sincerely yours, * Professor of * （4） Dear Prof. Gil: This is a manu

16、script by*and *entitled “.”. It is submitted to be considered for publication as a “.” in your journal. This paper is new. Neither the entire paper nor any part of its content has been published or has been accepted elsewhere. It is not being submitted to any other journal. We believe the paper may

17、be of particular interest to the readers of your journal as it Correspondence should be addressed to *at the following address, phone and fax number, and email address: . Thanks very much for your attention to our paper. Sincerely yours, * 例文1 例文2 例文3 例文4 例文5 詢問有無收到稿件 背景介紹：稿件通過郵寄方式已經(jīng)于2009 年1月3日寄出，結(jié)果

18、直到現(xiàn)在沒有受到編 輯部的任何信息，詢問是否已經(jīng)收到稿件 。 Dear Editors, We dispatched our manuscript to your journal on 3 January 2009 but have not, as yet, receive acknowledgement of their safe arrival. We fear that may have been lost and should be grateful if you would let us know whether or not you have received them. If n

19、ot, we will send our manuscript again. Thank you in advance for your help. 詢問論文審查回音 背景介紹： 編輯部收到您的論文時間已經(jīng)超過12周， 詢問論文是否已經(jīng)被接受或者被拒。 如果您是編輯部的編輯，收到此信后，要 作何答復(fù)。 Dear Editors， It is more than 12 weeks since I submitted our manuscript (No: ) for possible publication in your journal. I have not yet received a r

20、eply and am wondering whether you have reached a decision. I should appreciated your letting me know what you have decided as soon as possible. Dear *, Thank you for your e-mail. We would like to sincerely apologize for the long delay in reviewing your article. Your article was sent to many differen

21、t referees, most of whom felt that they were either unqualified or their time was too restricted to review the paper. We understand that you must feel frustrated, and we are sorry for this. Please understand that we rely entirely on the referees to return articles to us speedily. Unfortunately, this

22、 is not always the case. It would be much appreciated if you could suggest an alternative referee for your article, a person who may be able to review the article in a more appropriate time frame. Please forward this persons contact details (e-mail address) to us as soon as possible. We will do our

23、very best to speed up the process. We apologize for any inconvenience that you experienced due to this delay, and we appreciate you understanding and tried patience in this regard. 如何詢問稿件以及編輯的答復(fù) 背景介紹：稿件已經(jīng)寄出將近一個月，詢 問一下稿件的情況。 Dear Editor, I am not sure if it is the right time to contact you again to i

24、nquire about the status of my submitted manuscript (ref: *) although nearly one mouth have passed since I contacted you last time. I would be greatly appreciate if you could spend some of your time check the status for me. Best regards * 邀請函上沒有老外簽名，無法簽證 背景介紹：老外的簽名跟我們的蓋章差不 多，沒有簽名的東西是不正式的，我（ Whyerect）

25、去參加某次國際會議，簽證的 時候才發(fā)現(xiàn)，粗心的老外給我的邀請函沒 有他的簽名，我只好e-mail給她（ Ms. Rose）詢問，并馬上傳真給我。 Dear Ms. Rose: I am Whyerect from China, who plans to participate the 11th International Symposium on Data Mining 2002 in Syndney. The poster number of my paper is 007. I found the OFFICIAL ACCEPTANCE LETTER you sent to me was

26、lack of your signature. I am afraid this would cause trouble when I go to the embassy for my visa. Could you please send me a fax or electronic version of OFFICIAL ACCEPTANCE LETTER with your autograph? Thank you! Regards Whyerect 老外的答復(fù) Dear Whyerect: Thank you for your message. I am sorry that the

27、corrected invitation has not reached you. I have requested a new mailing to be sent to you today. Best Regards, Rose 你希望老外最好給你傳真一份，這樣你可以有足 夠的時間來簽證，按照大使館的規(guī)定，簽證可能 需要2-3周，再寫信說明你的意思。 Dear Ms. Rose, Could you please fax a copy of my acceptance letter first so that I could have enough time for my visa app

28、lication? The visa application will take me about 2-3 weeks according to the embassy. Thanks a lot! Regards Whyerect Dear Whyerect, The invitation letter for your presentation at SPIEs International Symposium Data Mining (22-27 October 2002) has been mailed. An Adobe acrobat pad file of the letter i

29、s attached to this message for your use. We look forward to your participation in Sydney. Best regards Rose 一、投稿信 二、詢問有無收到稿件 三、詢問論文審查回音 四、關(guān)于論文的總體審查意見 五、給編輯的回信 四、關(guān)于論文的總體審查意見 1. This is a carefully done study and the findings are of considerable interest. A few minor revision are list below. 2. This i

30、s a well-written paper containing interesting results which merit publication. For the benefit of the reader, however, a number of points need clarifying and certain statements require further justification. There are given below. 3. Although these observation are interesting, they are rather limite

31、d and do not advance our knowledge of the subject sufficiently to warrant publication in PNAS. We suggest that the authors try submitting their findings to specialist journal such as 4. Although this paper is good, it would be ever better if some extra data were added. 5. This manuscript is not suit

32、able for publication in the journal of because the main observation it describe was reported 3 years ago in a reputable journal of - . 6. Please ask someone familiar with English language to help you rewrite this paper. As you will see, I have made some correction at the beginning of the paper where

33、 some syntax is not satisfactory. 7. We feel that this potentially interesting study has been marred by an inability to communicate the finding correctly in English and should like to suggest that the authors seek the advice of someone with a good knowledge of English, preferable native speaker. 8.

34、The wording and style of some section, particularly those concerning HPLC, need careful editing. Attention should be paid to the wording of those parts of the Discussion of and Summary which have been underlined. 9. Preliminary experiments only have been done and with exception of that summarized in

35、 Table 2, none has been repeated. This is clearly unsatisfactory, particularly when there is so much variation between assays. 10. The condition of incubation are poorly defined. What is the temperature? Were antibody used? 五、給編輯的回信 1. In reply to the referees main criticism of paper, it is possible

36、 to say that One minor point raised by the referee concerns of the extra composition of the reaction mixture in Figure 1. This has now been corrected. Further minor changes had been made on page 3, paragraph 1 (line 3-8) and 2 (line 6-11). These do not affect our interpretation of the result. 2. I h

37、ave read the referees comments very carefully and conclude that the paper has been rejected on the sole grounds that it lake toxicity data. I admit that I did not include a toxicity table in my article although perhaps I should have done. This was for the sake of brevity rather than an error or omis

38、sion. 3. Thank you for your letter of and for the referees comments concerning our manuscript entitled “”. We have studied their comments carefully and have made correction which we hope meet with their approval. 4. I enclosed a revised manuscript which includes a report of additional experiments do

39、ne at the referees suggestion. You will see that our original findings are confirmed. 5. We are sending the revised manuscript according to the comments of the reviewers. Revised portion are underlined in red. 6. We found the referees comments most helpful and have revised the manuscript 7. We are p

40、leased to note the favorable comments of reviewers in their opening sentence. 8. Thank you for your letter. I am very pleased to learn that our manuscript is acceptable for publication in Cancer Research with minor revision. 9. We have therefore completed a further series of experiments, the result

41、of which are summarized in Table 5. From this we conclude that intrinsic factor is not account. 10. We deleted the relevant passage since they are not essential to the contents of the paper. 11. I feel that the reviewers comments concerning Figures 1 and 2 result from a misinterpretation of the data

42、. 12. We would have include a non-protein inhibitor in our system, as a control, if one had been available. 13. We prefer to retain the use of Table 4 for reasons that it should be clear from the new paragraph inserted at the end of the Results section. 14. Although reviewer does not consider it is

43、important to measure the temperature of the cells, we consider it essential. 15. The running title has been changed to “”. 16. The Materials and Methods section now includes details for measuring uptake of isotope and assaying hexokinase. 17. The concentration of HAT media (page12 paragraph 2) was i

44、ncorrectly stated in the original manuscript. This has been rectified. The authors are grateful to the referees for pointing out their error. 18. As suggested by both referees, a discussion of the possibility of laser action on chromosome has been included (page16, paragraph 2). 19. We included a ne

45、w set of photographs with better definition than those originally submitted and to which a scale has been added. 20. Following the suggestion of the referees, we have redraw Figure 3 and 4. 21. Two further papers, published since our original submission, have been added to the text and Reference sec

46、tion. These are: 22. We should like to thank the referees for their helpful comments and hope that we have now produced a more balance and better account of our work. We trust that the revised manuscript is acceptable for publication. 23. I greatly appreciate both your help and that of the referees

47、concerning improvement to this paper. I hope that the revised manuscript is now suitable for publication. 24. I should like to express my appreciation to you and the referees for suggesting how to improve our paper. 25. I apologize for the delay in revising the manuscript. This was due to our doing

48、an additional experiment, as suggested by referees. 沒有出席會議，索要論文集 背景：會議論文被錄用，但沒有出席會議 ，對方郵寄了光盤，詢問是否有紙質(zhì)論文 集。 Dear Sean Thanks for sending the CD-ROM copy, but I have not received the book (the prodeeding), I want to know whether a book should be included. As you know, the printed copy would be more bel

49、ievable and useful as a reference, If I want one how much it cost? Thank you. Best wishes Jinke Hello Dr., A printed version is 125 plus whatever shipping and currency conversion costs. They can be ordered and paid for through the same route ad previously. Cheers Dr. Sean D. Dessureault 2005 APCOM C

50、hairman 科技英語寫作語法錯誤舉例 英語寫作表達的幾個問題 科技英語寫作語法錯誤舉例 1 Subject-Verb Agreements Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses Dangling Modifiers（垂懸修飾語） 4 Awkward Omissions of Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs 1 Subject-Verb Agreements 例1 Application of this technique to studies on phytoplankton biomass and its environment

51、s are described. 說明 The subject is “application”, which is singular. Application of this technique to is described. Sometimes, two singular subjects joined by “and” cause this error. 例2 Growth and isolation of M13 virus was described Growth and isolation of M13 virus were described. Exception: A sub

52、ject that is plural in form but singular in effect takes a singular verb. 例3 The name and address of each contributor is given on the title page. 例4 Research and development is attracting a growing number of young scientists. However, when two or more subjects are joined by “or”, the verb takes the

53、number of the closest subject. 例5 Application or uses were noted. Uses or application was noted. 例6 The appropriate metal ion concentration or the rate constants were used. The rate constants or appropriate metal ion concentration was used. Collective nouns(集合名詞) take a singular verb when the group

54、as a whole is meant; in that case they are often preceded by the word “the”. Collective nouns take a plural verb when individuals of the group are meant; in that case, they are often preceded by the word “a”. contents majority range couple number series dozen pair variety group 例7 The series is arra

55、nged in order of decreasing size. 說明 Refers to the series as a unit. 例8 A series of compounds were tested. 說明 Refers to each compound. 例9 The number of metal amides synthesized was the largest to date. (Refers to the number as a unit.) A number of metal amides were synthesized. (Refers to each amide

56、.) 例10 The series of compounds was prepared to test the hypothesis. (Refers to the series as a unit.) A series of compounds were tested. (Refers to each compound.) “Data” can be a singular or plural noun. 例11 Experimental data that we obtained are compared with previously reported results. 說明 Refers

57、 to the data as individual results. 例12 After the data are distributed, we can meet to discuss them. After the data is distributed, we can meet to discuss it. 說明 Refers to the whole collection of data as one unit. 例13 None of the samples was soluble. None of the samples were soluble. 說明 Refers to individuals. 例14 This group of workers are well aware of their responsibilities. This group of workers is well aware of its responsibilities. 說明 Refers to the group as a unit.