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1、第八節(jié) 對(duì)數(shù)與對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù),主干知識(shí)梳理 一、對(duì)數(shù)的概念 1對(duì)數(shù)的定義: 如果 ,那么數(shù)x叫做以a為底N的對(duì)數(shù),記作 ,其中 叫做對(duì)數(shù)的底數(shù), 叫做真數(shù)當(dāng)a10時(shí)叫常用對(duì)數(shù)記作x ,當(dāng)ae時(shí)叫自然對(duì)數(shù),記作x ,axN(a0且a1),xlogaN,a,N,lg N,ln N,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,二、對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的概念 1把ylogax(a0,a1)叫做對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù),其中x是自變量,函數(shù)的定義域是 2函數(shù)ylogax(a0,a1)是指數(shù)函數(shù)yax的反函數(shù),函數(shù)yax與ylogax(a0,a1)的圖象關(guān)于 對(duì)稱,(0,),yx,三、對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的圖
2、象與性質(zhì),,,(0,),R,(1,0),1,0,y0,y<0,y<0,y0,增函數(shù),減函數(shù),,,,,,,,,3函數(shù)ylg |x|() A是偶函數(shù),在區(qū)間(,0)上單調(diào)遞增 B是偶函數(shù),在區(qū)間(,0)上單調(diào)遞減 C是奇函數(shù),在區(qū)間(0,)上單調(diào)遞減 D是奇函數(shù),在區(qū)間(0,)上單調(diào)遞增 Bylg|x|是偶函數(shù),由圖象知在(,0)上單調(diào)遞減,在(0,)上單調(diào)遞增,,,,,關(guān)鍵要點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥 1在運(yùn)用性質(zhì)logaMnnlogaM時(shí),要特別注意條件,在無(wú)M0的條件下應(yīng)為logaMnnloga|M|(nN*,且n為偶數(shù)) 2對(duì)數(shù)值取正、負(fù)值的規(guī)律: 當(dāng)a1且b1,或00; 當(dāng)a1且01時(shí),logab<0.,3
3、對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的定義域及單調(diào)性: 在對(duì)數(shù)式中,真數(shù)必須大于0,所以對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)ylogax的定義域應(yīng)為x|x0對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的單調(diào)性和a的值有關(guān),因而,在研究對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的單調(diào)性時(shí),要按01進(jìn)行分類討論,對(duì)數(shù)式的化簡(jiǎn)與求值,,規(guī)律方法 對(duì)數(shù)式的化簡(jiǎn)與求值的常用思路 (1)先利用冪的運(yùn)算把底數(shù)或真數(shù)進(jìn)行變形,化成分?jǐn)?shù)指數(shù)冪的形式,使冪的底數(shù)最簡(jiǎn),然后運(yùn)用對(duì)數(shù)運(yùn)算法則化簡(jiǎn)合并 (2)先將對(duì)數(shù)式化為同底數(shù)對(duì)數(shù)的和、差、倍數(shù)運(yùn)算,然后逆用對(duì)數(shù)的運(yùn)算法則,轉(zhuǎn)化為同底對(duì)數(shù)真數(shù)的積、商、冪再運(yùn)算,,對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的圖象及應(yīng)用,,,互動(dòng)探究 若本例(2)變?yōu)椋喝舨坏仁?x1)2
4、______ 解析設(shè)f1(x)(x1)2,f2(x)logax, 要使當(dāng)x(1,2)時(shí),不等式(x1)2
5、題的求解,常轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)函數(shù)圖象問(wèn)題,利用數(shù)形結(jié)合法求解,典題導(dǎo)入 已知函數(shù)f(x)log4(ax22x3) (1)若f(x)定義域?yàn)镽,求a的取值范圍; (2)若f(1)1,求f(x)的單調(diào)區(qū)間; (3)是否存在實(shí)數(shù)a,使f(x)的最小值為0?若存在,求出a的值;若不存在,說(shuō)明理由,對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的性質(zhì)及應(yīng)用,規(guī)律方法 研究復(fù)合函數(shù)yloga f(x)的單調(diào)性(最值)時(shí),應(yīng)先研究其定義域,分析復(fù)合的特點(diǎn),結(jié)合函數(shù)uf(x)及ylogau的單調(diào)性(最值)情況確定函數(shù)ylogaf(x)的單調(diào)性(最值)(其中a0,且a1),跟蹤訓(xùn)練 3已知f(x)loga(ax1)(a0且a1) (1)求f(x)的定義
6、域; (2)判斷函數(shù)f(x)的單調(diào)性 解析(1)由ax10得ax1,當(dāng)a1時(shí),x0; 當(dāng)01時(shí),f(x)的定義域?yàn)?0,); 當(dāng)0