如何撰寫中英文摘要(研究生院)(第二次課程)

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1、如何撰寫英文摘要,崔金鐘 任勝利,中國植物學會出版專業(yè)委員會副主任 中國科學院植物研究所文獻信息中心主任 國家標本資源共享平臺辦公室執(zhí)行主任 中國化石植物志系列叢書 主編 生命世界主編 電話 (傳真)：010-62836136 Email： QQ: 2819451761,自我介紹,中國化石植物志編寫,,,4,,,5,物種名稱頁面：多源數據關聯顯示,,植物研究所主辦的刊物 Journal of Integrative Plant Biology Journal of Systematics and Evolution Journal of Plant Ecology 植物生態(tài)學報 植物學報 生物

2、多樣性 生命世界,3個英文期刊均被SCI收錄,SCI影響因子為3.335 植物學科排名第31,SCI影響因子為1.488 植物學科排名第90,SCI影響因子為2.646 植物學科排名第47,SCI數據庫收錄植物學期刊204種 平均影響因子2.719 （JCR 2014）,影響因子為1.695 植物學期刊排名第一 （植物類11種 0.56）,影響因子為0.932 植物學期刊排名第五 （植物類11種 0.56）,影響因子為1.017 生物類期刊排名第一 （生物類 27種 0.465）,3個中文期刊國內生物類前5之內,中國科學技術信息研究所2014年版中國科技期刊引證報告(核心版),生命世界,主 編

3、：崔金鐘 社 長：林金安 副社長：林月惠主 任：桑新華 于2004年由植物雜志更名為生命世界，月刊，是國內唯一一家以“生命”為主題的大型科學人文雜志。目的是傳遞與生命相關的科學信息, 普及與生命相關的科學知識, 報道與生命相關的科學事件, 引發(fā)讀者對生命的思考, 喚起讀者對生命的珍惜。2009年被北京市科委命名為科普傳媒基地。2014年入選優(yōu)秀科普期刊前30名單，并在網上投票，進入公眾最喜歡的科普期刊前10名單。,如何撰寫中英文摘要,摘要概念 摘要基本類型和內容 摘要特點 摘要時態(tài) 摘要人稱和語態(tài) 摘要常用句式 摘要寫作和編輯步驟 關鍵詞,科技論文的結構the structure of

4、 a scientific paper,題目 Title 作者 Author 作者單位和地址 Affiliation and address 摘要 Abstract 關鍵詞 Key words 引言 Introduction 材料與方法 Materials and methods 結果 Results 討論 Discussion 致謝 Acknowledgments (optional) 引文 References 附錄 Appendices(optional),The IMRAD article: Introduction, Methods, Res

5、ults And Discussion,Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion,The IMRAD article: Introduction, Methods, Results And Discussion,如何寫科技論文的題目,立論式：題目揭示了文章的中心論點 “翻兩番”要靠科學技術 地球及類地行星起源于天體大爆炸 非立論式：題目表明了論文作者研究的 問題或論述的范圍，但沒有表達出作 者的基本觀點和見解。 “翻兩番”的關鍵問題 地球及類地行星起源的新假說,What is an abstract

6、?,What is the problem? Introduction How did I solve the problem? Materials and Methods What did I find out? Results What does it mean? Discussion What did I do in a nutshell? Abstract,What is an abstract?,What did I do in a nutshell?Abstract,nutshell 堅果殼,果殼,堅果,in a nutshell adv. 簡單地，簡約地;極

7、其簡括地說,an abstract vs a paper a nutshell vs a tree,What is an abstract?,An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, and reviews the writings contents in abbreviated form,What is an

8、abstract?,國家標準GB 644786對摘要的定義為: “以提供文獻內容梗概為目的, 不加評論和補充解釋, 簡明、確切地記敘文獻重要內容的短文.”,Abstract:Why is it important?,通常是你文章最先被閱讀到的部分； 如果你的摘要不好，你就無法吸引審者和讀者的注意； 論文審者通常僅僅根據你的摘要就對你的論文作出了初步判斷； A good Abstract is usually followed by a good paper. A bad abstract often indicates a bad paper.,Beijing 10/11 December 2

9、008,How to get published,Abstract:Why is it important?,英文摘要作為科技論文的重要組成部分, 有其特殊的意義和作用, 它是國際間知識傳播、學術交流與合作的“橋梁”和媒介. 尤其是目前國際上各主要檢索機構的數據庫對英文摘要的依賴性很強, 因此, 好的英文摘要對于增加期刊和論文的被檢索和引用機會、吸引讀者、擴大影響起著不可忽視的作用.,What is an abstract?,摘要的基本特點： 通常為一段（偶多段）， 應統一、連貫、簡明、獨立； 應順序體現論文的目的、方法、結果、結論和建議等； 各個部分之間聯系和轉換邏輯上要嚴謹； 不添加論文涉

10、及范圍以外的新信息，但可以總結本文,What is an abstract?,摘要的基本特點： 能被更加廣泛的讀者理解； 通常用被動語態(tài)，弱化作者，強化信息; 格式要規(guī)范 不用非共知共用的符號和術語 一般不出現插圖、表格，參考文獻序號 一般不用數學公式和化學結構式,What is an abstract?,An effective abstract has the following qualities: uses one or more well developed paragraphs: these are unified, coherent, concise, and able to

11、stand alone. uses an introduction/body/conclusion structure which presents the papers purpose, results, conclusions, and recommendations in that order. provides logical connections (or transitions) between the information included.,What is an abstract?,An effective abstract has the following qualiti

12、es: adds no new information, but simply summarizes the paper. is understandable to a wide audience. oftentimes uses passive verbs to downplay the author and emphasize the information.,What types of abstracts are typically used?,報道型摘要 （Informative abstract） 指示型摘要（Indicative/Descriptive abstract） 報道-指

13、示型摘要（Informative/Descriptive-indicative abstract）,Informative abstract,報道型摘要 也常稱作信息性摘要或資料性摘要, 其特點是全面、簡要地概括論文的目的、方法、主要數據和結論。 通常, 這種摘要可以部分地取代閱讀全文。 該種摘要不但包含研究目的、方法，同時還提供給讀者研究結果、結論和建議,Informative abstract,報道性摘要分為傳統型或非結構式（non-structured）和結構式(structured)兩大類型。,,報道性摘要,傳統型或非結構式,結構式,,半結構式,全結構式,Informative ab

14、stract,無論何種形式的摘要，都應包含以下幾個基本要素： 主題（Main topic as in title) 目的（Purpose of research） 材料（Materials）和方法（Methodology） 結果（Results) 結論（Conclusions）,Informative abstract,非結構式摘要或傳統型，上述要素以一定的邏輯關系連續(xù)寫出，不分段落或以明顯的標識加以區(qū)分。比較而言，段落不夠分明，給編輯、審稿、閱讀及計算機處理帶來諸多不便。,基于模型數據融合的長白山闊葉紅松林碳循環(huán)模擬,充分、有效地利用各種陸地生態(tài)系統碳觀測數據改善陸地生態(tài)系統模型, 是當前我

15、國陸地生態(tài)系統碳循環(huán)研究領域亟待解決的重要問題之一。該研究以20032005年長白山闊葉紅松林的6組生物計量觀測數據和渦度相關技術測定的碳通量數據為基礎, 利用馬爾可夫鏈-蒙特卡羅方法對陸地生態(tài)系統模型的關鍵參數(即碳滯留時間)進行了反演, 進而預測了長白山闊葉紅松林生態(tài)系統碳庫、碳通量及其不確定性。反演結果表明, 長白山闊葉紅松林葉凋落物和微生物碳的平均滯留時間最短, 。馬爾可夫鏈-蒙特卡羅方法是反演模型參數、優(yōu)化模擬結果和評估模擬結果不確定性的有效方法, 但今后仍需在惰性土壤碳滯留時間的估計、驅動數據和模型結構的不確定性分析、模型數據融合方法方面進行深入研究, 以進一步提高碳循環(huán)模擬的準確

16、性。,基于模型數據融合的長白山闊葉紅松林碳循環(huán)模擬,充分、有效地利用各種陸地生態(tài)系統碳觀測數據改善陸地生態(tài)系統模型, 是當前我國陸地生態(tài)系統碳循環(huán)研究領域亟待解決的重要問題之一。該研究以20032005年長白山闊葉紅松林的6組生物計量觀測數據和渦度相關技術測定的碳通量數據為基礎, 利用馬爾可夫鏈-蒙特卡羅方法對陸地生態(tài)系統模型的關鍵參數(即碳滯留時間)進行了反演, 進而預測了長白山闊葉紅松林生態(tài)系統碳庫、碳通量及其不確定性。反演結果表明, 長白山闊葉紅松林葉凋落物和微生物碳的平均滯留時間最短, 。馬爾可夫鏈-蒙特卡羅方法是反演模型參數、優(yōu)化模擬結果和評估模擬結果不確定性的有效方法, 但今后仍需

17、在惰性土壤碳滯留時間的估計、驅動數據和模型結構的不確定性分析、模型數據融合方法方面進行深入研究, 以進一步提高碳循環(huán)模擬的準確性。,Informative abstract,結構式摘要，上述要素分段或以一定的標識給予區(qū)分。段落清晰、明了，便于編輯、審稿、閱讀和計算機檢索。 結構式摘要根據包含上述要素的多少，可分為全結構式和半結構式摘要。,Informative abstract,全結構式（full-structured）摘要： 1974年4月，加拿大McMaster 大學醫(yī)學中心的Dr R Brian Haynes首先提出建立臨床研究論文的結構式摘要。在 Dr Edward J Huth創(chuàng)導

18、下，美國Annuals of Internal Medicine 在國際上率先采用了全結構式（full-structured）摘要。,Informative abstract,Haynes所提出的全結構式摘要包含8個要素： 目的（Objective）：說明論文要解決的問題 設計（Design）：說明研究的基本設計，包括研究的性質 地點（Setting）：說明進行研究的地點和研究機構的等級 對象（Patients, participants or subjects）：說明參加并完成研究的病人或受試者的性質、數量及挑選方法,Informative abstract,Haynes所提出的全結構式摘要

19、包含8個要素 5，處理（Interventions）：說明確切的治療或處理方法 6主要測定項目（Main outcome measures）：說明為評定研究結果而進行的主要測定項目 7結果（Results）：說明主要客觀結果 8結論（Conclusion）：說明主要結論，包括直接臨床應用意義。,Informative abstract,全結構式摘要觀點更明確（more explicitness），信息量更大（more information），差錯更少（fewer errors），同時也更符合計算機數據庫的建立和使用要求。但其缺點也是顯而易見的，即煩瑣、重復、篇幅過長, 而且不是所有研究都能按

20、以上8個要素分類的。于是更多的雜志揚長避短，采用半結構式（semi-structured）摘要。,Informative abstract,半結構式(semi-structured)摘要： 半結構式摘要也稱為四要素摘要，包括： 目的（objective/purpose/aim） 方法（methods） 結果（results） 結論（conclusion） 采用何種摘要形式要根據各雜志的具體要求而定。 目前國內許多雜志正從非結構式摘要向半結構式摘要過渡。,Indicative abstract,指示型摘要 也常稱為說明性摘要、描述性摘要(descriptive abstract)

21、或論點摘要(topic abstract), 一般只用二三句話概括論文的主題, 而不涉及論據和結論, 多用于綜述、會議報告等。該類摘要可用于幫助潛在的讀者來決定是否需要閱讀全文。 該種摘要通常包含研究目的、方法，但不提供研究結果、結論和建議等，只有閱讀全文才能得知具體的結果和結論。,Informative-indicative abstract,報道-指示型摘要: 以報道性摘要的形式表述一次文獻中的信息價值較高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。,Parts of an Abstract,The abstract is a very brief overview of your EN

22、TIRE study. It tells the reader： WHAT you did, WHY you did it, HOW you did it, WHAT you found, WHAT it means.,Parts of an Abstract,The abstract should briefly state： the purpose of the research (introduction), how the problem was studied (methods), the principal findings (results), wha

23、t the findings mean (discussion and conclusion). It is important to be descriptive but concise say only what is essential, using no more words than necessary to convey meaning.,Parts of an Abstract,因為摘要本質上就是一篇高度濃縮的論文, 所以其構成與論文主體的IMRAD結構是對應的. 因此, 摘要應包括以下內容梗概： 目的: 研究的前提、目的和任務, 所涉及的主題范圍。 方法: 所用理論、條件、材

24、料、手段、裝備、程序等。 結果: 觀察、實驗的結果, 數據, 得到的效果, 性能等。 討論: 結果的分析、比較、評價、應用, 提出的問題, 今后的課題, 假設, 啟發(fā), 建議, 預測等。 其他: 不屬于研究、研制、調查的主要目的, 但具有重要的信息價值。,Tense of Abstract,說法一：從理論上講 一般現在時 通過科學實驗取得的研究結果、結論，揭示自然界的客觀規(guī)律。 一般過去時 在一定范圍內所觀察到的自然現象的規(guī)律性認識，這種認識也許有一定的局限性。 現在完成時 表明過程的延續(xù)性，雖某事件（或過程）發(fā)生在過去，但強調對現實所產生的影響。 以一般現在時為主，也使用一般過去時和現在完成

25、時,Tense of Abstract,說法二： EI 數據庫建議： 用過去時態(tài)敘述作者工作； 用現在時態(tài)敘述作者結論 說法三: 論文是通過科學實驗揭示客觀真理。所取得的結果，無論是過去，還是現在或將來都是如此。故常用現在時表達,,,Tense of Abstract,非結構式摘要或傳統型，下列要素： 背景介紹 研究目的 材料與方法 研究結果 結論和建議 以一定的邏輯關系連續(xù)寫出，不分段落或以明顯的標識加以區(qū)分。 摘要寫作時所采用的時態(tài)應視情況而定, 力求表達自然、妥當. 寫作中可大致遵循以下原則,Tense of Abstract 背景介紹: 普遍事實 研究趨勢,Tense

26、 of Abstract,介紹背景資料時, 如果句子的內容為不受時間影響的普遍事實, 應使用現在時 Agrobacterium rhizogenes causes hairy root disease in plants. Among plant secondary metabolites terpenoids are a structurally most diverse group Synthetic genetic approaches often reveal potential interacting partners for any given target protein,Ten

27、se of Abstract,介紹背景資料時,如果句子的內容是對某種研究趨勢的概述, 則使用現在完成時 The advances in molecular biology have greatly improved our understanding of plant responses to stresses. DNA microarrays have long been the established technology for measuring gene expression levels It has been known that the transverse orientati

28、on is essential for normal cell morphogenesis,Tense of Abstract,介紹背景資料時,如果句子的內容是對某種研究趨勢的概述, 則使用現在完成時 4, Water deficit-induced ABA accumulation is one of the most important stress signaling pathways in plant cells. Redox regulation of cellular signaling has currently attracted particular attention, b

29、ut much less is known about its roles and mechanisms in plant signaling.,Tense of Abstract 研究目的: 論文導向 研究導向,Tense of Abstract,在敘述研究目的或主要研究活動時, 如果采用“論文導向”, 多使用現在時 (如: This paper presents) This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors.

30、The paper aims to establish a feasible and meaningful method to describe . This review focuses on the contribution of electron techniques to our understanding of cellular processes,Tense of Abstract,在敘述研究目的或主要研究活動時, 如果采用 “研究導向”, 則使用過去時(如: This study investigated) This study investigated whether capt

31、opril could reduce morbidity and mortality in patients . Our aim was to explore the relationship between the response of antioxidant enzymes and temperature in the two invasive weeds The present study investigated whether NO activity is involved in the signaling of drought-induced protective respons

32、es,Tense of Abstract,概述實驗程序、方法時, 通常用現在時 We describe a new molecular approach to analyzing . We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a detector We report here that immature thymocytes lacking .,Tense of Abstract 材料與方法: 材料和方法介紹 具體行為動作,Tense of Abstract,概述實驗程序、方法時, 通常用現在時,但描述的是具體已經發(fā)生的

33、行為和動作時,用過去時 To investigate the mechanisms controlling flowering time, we screened for Arabidopsis mutants with late-flowering phenotypes. One mutant was identified with delayed flowering time. A plant that is highly susceptible to this fungus was analyzed.,Tense of Abstract 研究結果: 一般用現在時 部分刊物主張用過去時,

34、Tense of Abstract,概述主要結果時, 通常用現在時 Our results indicate that p21 may be a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. The results we obtained demonstrate that this technique . We present the results of two analyses of DNA sequences from .,Tense of Abstract,概述主要結果時, 但是也有相當的刊物用過去時 The results showed that ch

35、ildrens material needs and basic requirements . Multivariate analyses revealed very high genetic correlations among the variables.,Tense of Abstract 研究結論: 一般用現在時 部分刊物主張用過去時 特定情況下可以使用,Tense of Abstract,敘述結論或建議時, 一般用現在時，特定情況下可以使用臆測動詞或may, should, could等助動詞 We suggest that climate instability in the e

36、arly part of the last interglacial may have delayed the meting of . Our data suggest that overexpression of the HbNHX1 gene could improve the tolerance of transgenic tobaccos to salt,Tense of Abstract,在結論中闡述自己的觀點通常有如下5種情況 (1)如果觀點不是這篇文章最新提出的，通常要用We confirm that (2)對于自己很自信的觀點，可用We believe that (3)通常，由

37、數據推斷出一定的結論，用Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that (4) 在極其特別時才可用We put forward(discover, observe) for the first time來強調自己的創(chuàng)新 (5) 如果自己對所提出的觀點不完全肯定，可用 We tentatively put forward (interprete this to ) The results may be due to (caused by) This is probably a consequence of It seems that can accoun

38、t for (interpret) this It is posible that it stem from 如果通篇是類型1)和5)，那這篇文章的意義就大打折扣。如果全是2)，肯定會遭到置疑。所以要仔細分析自己成果的創(chuàng)新性以及可信度。,摘要的人稱和語態(tài),有相當數量的作者和審稿人認為， 科技論文的撰寫應使用第三人稱、過去時和被動語態(tài)。但調查表明， 科技論文中被動語態(tài)的使用在19201970年曾經比較流行， 但由于主動語態(tài)的表達更為準確， 且更易閱讀，因而目前大多數期刊都提倡使用主動態(tài)，國際知名科技期刊Nature、 Cell等尤其如此， 其中第一人稱和主動語態(tài)的使用十分普遍。,,,摘要的常用句

39、式,引言部分 回顧研究背景, 常用詞匯有: review, summarize, present, outline, describe等 We review evidence for this view of . This paper outlines some of the basic methods and discusses related theoretical and practical issues. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as . We present estimators for severa

40、l . We describe the conceptual background and development of .,摘要的常用句式,引言部分 闡明寫作或研究目的, 常用詞匯有: purpose, attempt, aim等; 另外還可以用動詞不定式充當目的狀語來表達 We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2s effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interact

41、ed with other proteins. For comparison purposes we present some . With the aim to provide observational constraints on the evolution of the galactic disk, we have derived .,摘要的常用句式,引言部分 介紹論文的重點內容或研究范圍, 常用的詞匯有: study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等 This paper presents basic

42、methodology of MCMC, emphasizing the relationship with . This paper focuses on the promise of artificial neural networks. We emphasize the following points . The paper lays particular emphasis on the calculation of . We draw attention to two problems associated with .,摘要的常用句式,方法部分 介紹研究或試驗過程, 常用詞匯有:

43、test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等 We tested this hypothesis in various human T cells . This paper examines how the molecular shapes of . This paper discusses a class of models for . This article considers the role of the hippocampus in memory functi

44、on.,摘要的常用句式,方法部分 說明研究或試驗方法, 常用詞匯有: measure, estimate, calculate等 This study presents estimates of lifetime . We assume a standard reddening law and use the colors of elliptical galaxies to measure the reddening per unit flux density of 100 m emission. We provide a analytic procedure to calculate the

45、 equilibrium profiles,摘要的常用句式,方法部分 介紹應用、用途, 常用詞匯有: use, apply, application等 Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach. As an application, we implement a compact image coding algorithm. We apply the network to the source separation problem.,摘要的常用句式,結果部分 展示研究結果, 常用詞匯有: show, result, present, demo

46、nstrate等 We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of . Our results show that p53 exerts a significant in . The results we obtained demonstrate that this technique will contribute to .,摘要的常用句式,結果部分 介紹結論, 常用詞匯有: summary, introduce, conclude等 We introduce a procedure that suppresses nois

47、e. We conclude that PQL is of practical value for . We give a summary of the main physics component of .,摘要的常用句式,討論部分 陳述論文的論點和作者的觀點, 常用詞匯有: suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等 The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development . In this study, we described a psychobiolog

48、ical model of . We present the derivation of a new molecular mechanical force field for . Exciting new research has elaborated several important findings that . We expect the uncertainties in the relative ages to be about 25%, although the absolute errors may be larger.,摘要的常用句式,討論部分 闡明論證. 常用詞匯有: sup

49、port, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等 We showed that it is possible to identify constituents which represent . These results demonstrate that p53 is required for radiation-induced cell death in . Our conclusions are supported by a statistical analysis of . Here we p

50、rovide evidence from direct experiment of diversity by .,摘要的常用句式,討論部分 推薦和建議, 常用詞匯有: suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等 The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategies for . We suggest that information maximization provides

51、 a unifying framework for . For the gene, we recommend that the italicized root symbol CYP for human . We propose that the formation of these materials takes place by means of .,The Abstract is always the last section written. This is because you wont know what to include until you have completed a

52、full version of the paper.,Steps for writing abstracts,在準備一篇論文時，什么時候著手寫摘要？,Steps for writing abstracts,在準備一篇論文時，通常是全文基本撰寫完之后才著手準備摘要。撰寫摘要應按照下列步驟完成： Step 1: Reread the paper with the goal of abstracting in mind. Step 2: After youve finished rereading the paper, write a rough draft without looking back

53、 at what youre abstracting. Step 3: Revise your rough draft to correct weaknesses in organization. Step 4: Print your final copy and read it again to catch any glitches that you find.,Steps for writing abstracts,Step 1: Reread the paper with the goal of abstracting in mind.,Look specifically for the

54、se main parts of the paper: purpose, methods, scope, results, conclusions, and recommendation. Use the headings, outline heads, and table of contents as a guide to writing your abstract.,Steps for writing abstracts,Step 2: After youve finished rereading the paper, write a rough draft without looking

55、 back at what youre abstracting.,Dont merely copy key sentences from the paper，youll put in too much or too little information. Dont rely on the way material was phrased in the paper, summarize information in a new way.,Steps for writing abstracts,Step 2: After youve finished rereading the paper, wr

56、ite a rough draft without looking back at what youre abstracting. Use one or two concise sentences to summarize the most important aspects of your project for each section listed below. Project Title (the same as the title of your scientific paper) Introduction (What is this project about? Why is th

57、is project interesting or important?) Hypothesis (What did you think you would find? Why?),Steps for writing abstracts,Methods (Briefly explain your procedure.) Results (What did you find when you performed your experiment?) Discussion (Are your results consistent with your initial hypothesis? Why o

58、r why not?) Conclusion (What is your interpretation of what these results mean? Why should anyone become excited about or interested in your findings?),Steps for writing abstracts,Motivation: Why do we care about the problem and the results? If the problem isnt obviously “interesting”, it might be b

59、etter to put motivation first But if your work is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the problem statement first to indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on. This section should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of th

60、e area, and the impact it might have if successful.,Steps for writing abstracts,Problem statement: What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful not to use too much jargon.,Steps for writing abstracts,Approach:

61、How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Did you use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was the extent of your work？ What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure?,Steps for writing abstract

62、s,Step 3: Revise your rough draft to correct weaknesses in organization. Improve transitions from point to point. drop unnecessary information. add important information you left out. eliminate wordiness. fix errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation.,Steps for writing abstracts,Other Considerati

63、onsAn abstract must be a fully self-contained, capsule description of the paper. It must make sense all by itself. Some points to consider include: Meet the word count limitation Avoid using weasel-words such as might, could, may, and seem Think of a half-dozen search phrases and keywords that peop

64、le looking for your work might use,Steps for writing abstracts,The Abstract SHOULD NOT contain lengthy background information references to other literature elliptical or incomplete sentences (i.e., ending with ...) abbreviations or terms that may be confusing to readers any sort of illustration, fi

65、gure, or table, or references to them,摘要中常見錯誤,從總體結構上 缺少研究目的 結果部分深淺詳略參差不齊 添加不必要的自我評價,摘要中常見錯誤,從各個主要元素間的聯系上 對 “論文主導”和 “研究主導” 不明確 語氣不連貫 連接詞選取不當 主謂語搭配不當 狀語與主語搭配不當 不定式或In order to 表示目的時 To examine how, Linear regression was used to In order to assess whether , the method was applied to Based on 做狀語,摘要中常

66、見錯誤,其他方面 3036% 30 %36% From 30 %36% From 30 % to 36% 8612 mm (8612) mm,,,,數字,英文數字和阿拉伯數字的用法 句子開頭用英文數字而不能用阿拉伯數字； 單位是符號時一律用阿拉伯數字； 3 g; 6 m; 8 yr; 18 s 等 文字敘述中的數字 小于等于10的數一般用英文； 大于10的數用阿拉伯數字； 兩者同時有的時候都用阿拉伯數字； 最新發(fā)展趨勢是能用阿拉伯數字的地方都用阿拉伯數字,數字,英文數字和阿拉伯數字的用法 m = 5 kg； m = 5 kilograms; m = five kg; m = five kilograms; a 25-kilogram sphere a 25 kg sphere a 25-kg sphere;,摘要中常見錯誤,常見錯誤分析 A efficient method for establishing mathematical model was given. An efficient method for establish