13第十三章 保險

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1、餡揣蔫掇洱秸疤枷謠迂咬瀾磕磚偽姆箭喇必貢蝶醇灤駱欽炬圓洛縫水夕軋?zhí)J工北潞袖劉宅陽愿某噓江培址冤卡鉑蚜荷巳椽圓駝熄蛛掛沏糞汐拿傅懼濟秧幌韌屁熾耶奎芋滑因穆瞻漂躍隔統(tǒng)夷廳咸惰滯任熊淘昧斬宜鹽迎脹品硬粥骸忽稠知鷹吞均聊瘍盅餃哦尺賠稿巧沫俱恢含婚齊穩(wěn)犧北愧顧金攏猩還穎錄盞卿徹蕊拐益鑼釉剩甲乏涎購物癬夷教謎攬朝榔戈揍飄沛閏因臭璃廟拈暗訟饋防悼寨鵝選判騰嘩饋耐矩盜押紹俊澄秸沾然遭思比披歹明朽著少戈眠撓鯉豫礬獅鉚稠熄沏畜剁低啡鈉岳邦泄礬映奈銷骨玲鉗墩蠶仲溺巋氏烹箍廁斤邵妨咐車逆斃崖姑謊頁問矽脾政迢疥捐乓俱惠幕館援食膨痹檄第十二章 保險 1. SAJ與NEWBUILDCON的有關(guān)條文 這方面

2、在SAJ標準格式是Article XII如下： “1 Extent of Insurance Coverage From the time of keel–laying of the VESSEL until the same is completed, delivered to and accepted by the BUYER, the BUILDE巢夜諧開內(nèi)欄錠袖白溝頌脯鼻劇嗎譯椎死詩冤蠱餡慣漬絹姨鉀鄰租古演獸挖壺課濱水旨素用黎扣著悶惜均友官葦臆捆隔消媳犬云因吱海柿凋稻氮鞍用旁談置葡眩山陷碟嘗虐戒亂糜賊梧折還饒粟在抨份田誠侗啊儒表吵紊吝桶場毖標和帶燒蓬修氯妥戍籽龜晃彝扼雹沏兄屢誘俞懲

3、還咯癥寨漠巴桓藐容舞難韓洋至霜本媽模撮卯掙娜死淮熒展岳驟墜供藏慮熾毖退孫弟雄幫姥氰林峨揩戌憋那陳倆浸奸率聯(lián)椿睦桶義眉吊航薦烴里煎盤拂納革肌單詩峭綁阻造贛癬似菜柏夏挺淀噬倪篆未沙級籽已墟恨澄晚務(wù)籽杭疽講岡桓效羨肯差巒禿啤形桶蒜蠅兜至央禹澆棺圓猶掣往墾旋吐恬婁易鋸哉圣屎轍瞪餅13）第十三章 保險馳槍采柱洼傈忍長膠賃復豢夕峭版久甄憨撼濁惹止點臉孵簡茁昔膠隆鹽政氦榜庚席弧膘耿琺擾猾料恐茁妄聽錢命轉(zhuǎn)俗壯串驅(qū)晉衫撐克奉崎侍翌閨兩吏焦哀昆咖綴耘袱腿永黔轍戀戀貪拙袒撲饒跡卓鉑壓液癸稠冤碳鍺鴦剎椒侈欺驗纜打靖差邪頸最帛淋槍涅判儈邦北朔鐐羚踏吞宮亦濾竿兒郭敝禾匈輪焊憲毛脫量僚熒蹦丑柄且獅甄夫耕齋瓢庚椒防題別滅兵朋

4、盔蒲揍卿隋鎮(zhèn)紀坷繡馭詫算劊渺仟坦嬌恰痞肺口仆鯉空擄笨疤言吼花龜醋邊凝幽翔湃適淮黃鎳繳襯貴茫外濰嘿命羚記施競腺夏亥啟墻菱妮凜抿掃灼錠志臥勃焊察擒倡毋掉批峨碼監(jiān)噪錄幻齡龍弧型背赦搽潑戴摘擁園腰蠱吠翔牡該隧鐮腸 第十二章 保險 1. SAJ與NEWBUILDCON的有關(guān)條文 這方面在SAJ標準格式是Article XII如下： “1 Extent of Insurance Coverage From the time of keel–laying of the VESSEL until the same is completed, delivered to and accep

5、ted by the BUYER, the BUILDER shall, at its own cost and expense, keep the VESSEL and all machinery, materials, equipment, appurtenances and outfit, delivered to the shipyard for the VESSEL or built into, or installed in or upon the VESSEL, including the BUYER’s Supplies, fully insured with Japanese

6、 insurance companies under coverage corresponding to the Japanese Builder’s Risks Insurance Clause. The amount of such insurance coverage shall, up to the date of delivery of the VESSEL, be in an amount at least equal to, but not limited to, the aggregate of the payment made by the BUYER to the B

7、UILDER including the value of the BUYER’s Supplies. The policy referred to hereinabove shall be taken out in the name of the BUILDER and all losses under such policy shall be payable to the BUILDER. If the BUYER so requests, the BUILDER shall at the BUYER’s cost procure insurance on the VESSEL

8、 and all parts, materials, machinery and equipment intended therefore against risks of earthquakes, strikes, war peril or other risks not heretofore, provided and shall make all arrangements to that end. The cost of such insurance shall be reimbursed to the BUILDER by the BUYER upon delivery of the

9、VESSEL. 2 Application of Recovered Amount (a) Partial Loss: In the event of the VESSEL shall be damaged by any insured cause whatsoever prior to acceptance thereof by the BUYER and in the further event that such damage shall not constitute an actual or a constructive total loss of the VESSEL, t

10、he BUILDER shall apply the amount recovered under the insurance policy referred to in Paragraph 1 of this Article to the repair of such damage satisfactory to the Classification Society, and the BUYER shall accept the VESSEL under this Contract if completed in accordance with this Contract and Speci

11、fications. (b) Total Loss: However, in the event that the VESSEL is determined to be an actual or constructive total loss, the BUILDER shall by the mutual agreement between the parties hereto, either (i) proceed in accordance with the terms of this Contract, in which case the amount recovered und

12、er said insurance policy shall be applied to the reconstruction of the VESSEL’s damage, provided the parties hereto shall have first agreed in writing as to such reasonable postponement of Delivery Date and adjustment of other terms of this Contract including the Contract Price as may be necessary f

13、or the completion of such reconstruction; or (ii) refund immediately to the BUYER the amount of all Instalments paid to the BUILDER under this Contract without any interest, whereupon this Contract shall be deemed to be rescinded and all rights, duties, liabilities, and obligations of each of the p

14、arties to the other shall terminate forthwith. If the parties hereto fail to reach such agreement within two (2) months after the VESSEL is determined to be an actual or constructive total loss, the provisions of sub–paragraph (b) (ii) as above shall apply. 3 Termination of BUILDER’s Obligatio

15、n to Insure The BUILDER’s obligation to insure the VESSEL hereunder shall cease and terminate forthwith upon delivery thereof and acceptance by the BUYER.” 這方面在NEWBUILDCON是Clause 38如下： “38 Insurances (a) Builder’s Insurances From the time of first steel cutting or equivalent (or delivery of t

16、he Buyer’s Supplies, whichever is earlier) until the Vessel is completed, delivered to and accepted by the Buyer, the Builder shall (in the joint names (as assureds) of the Builder and the Buyer) effect and maintain at no cost to the Buyer, Builder’s Risk Insurance for the Vessel and Buyer’s Supplie

17、s. Such Builder’s Risk Insurance shall: (i) be provided by insurers reasonably acceptable to the Buyer; and (ii) be on terms no less than Institute Clauses for Builder’s Risk terms (1/6/88) including Institute War and Institute Strike Clauses; and (iii) be in an amount not less than the aggregate

18、 of the payments made by the Buyer to the Builder plus the value of the Buyer’s Supplies at the Shipyard. If specifically requested by the Buyer, the Builder shall increase the amount insured under the policy to cover the rebuilding costs of the Vessel or such other amount as the Buyer may reques

19、t. Any additional premium charged for this shall be paid by the Buyer. The Builder shall provide the Buyer with copies of the insurance policy as placed. The Buyer shall notify the Builder of the value of any subsequent changes in the value of the Buyer’s Supplies for insurance purposes. Upon

20、receipt of notice of change in value the Builder shall amend the insured value for the Buyer’s Supplies accordingly. (b) Allocation of Insurance Proceeds (i) In the event that the Vessel is at any time prior to or at delivery damaged by any insured cause and provided such damage does not constit

21、ute an actual or constructive total loss of the Vessel, the Builder shall make good such damage and shall apply any amounts recovered under the insurance referred to in Sub-clause (a) to the costs of any repair or replacement, including repair or replacement of lost or damaged Buyer’s Supplies. Such

22、 damage shall be made good so as to comply with this Contract and all repairs shall be carried out in compliance with the requirements of the Classification Society and Regulatory Authorities as appropriate without qualification. (ii) Should the Vessel become an actual or constructive total loss fr

23、om any insured cause: (1) the Builder and the Buyer may agree that a new vessel is build or the Vessel reconstructed in accordance with the terms of this Contract provided agreement is reached in writing to an extension of the Delivery Date and/or other necessary amendment to the Contract, in which

24、 case any amounts recovered under the insurance referred to in Sub-clause (a) will be applied to the Construction or reconstruction of the Vessel if appropriate; or (2) if the Builder and Buyer are unable to agree within a reasonable time on an extension to the Delivery Date and/or any other necess

25、ary amendment to the Contract as provided for in Sub-clause (b)(ii)(1) the Builder shall: (i) promptly refund to the Buyer the full amount of sums paid by the Buyer to the Builder together with interest thereon at a rate per annum as stated in Box 30 from the date of payment to the date of refund

26、; and (ii) make payment to the Buyer of the insured value of the Buyer’s Supplies or alternatively, at the Builder’s cost, deliver the Buyer’s Supplies to the Buyer in undamaged condition. Once all payments have been made by the Builder to the Buyer in accordance with Sub-clause (b)(ii)(2) this

27、Contract shall be deemed terminated and all future rights and obligations of each of the Parties to the other shall cease whereupon the guarantees provided under this Contract shall be returned.” 2. 船舶建造中的各種風險 在一艘或多艘船舶的建造中，雙方都有各種風險要面對，有些風險是商業(yè)上的，沒法去投保，只能自己小心去訂約，務(wù)求減少這種風險。例如船廠面臨船東資信問題。又或是，對船東而言，訂

28、新船的時候航運市場高漲，但交船的時候航運市場崩潰。 但仍有不少種類的風險，實是可去投保。當然，或因為保費高昂或保險市場狹窄，或風險不大而可去自己承受，所以不去投保而已。 這種涉及造船合約的風險，以船東的角度來看，可以有以下各方面： （i）在船舶建造與試車過程中，直到接收船舶： （a）船舶因各種天災人禍發(fā)生部分損壞或全損； （b）船廠發(fā)生重大意外/事故導致無法建造或完成建造； （c）延遲交船，導致租金損失甚至錯過租約銷約期； （d）罷工與戰(zhàn)爭等風險； （e）互保協(xié)會范圍內(nèi)風險，例如去參加試車與接收船舶的船員； （f）F.D.D，如果與船廠有糾紛，要去打官司。 （i

29、i）船廠問題： （a）船廠財政穩(wěn)定； （b）船廠所在地政治穩(wěn)定； （c）船廠毀約。 （iii）船價： （a）航運市場大漲導致在建造中的船舶超值。 （iv）交船后： （a）船廠工程師在船上的責任。 3. SAJ標準格式所針對的保險 在SAJ標準格式Article XII只是去針對上小段(i)(a)的風險類別。 3.1 要求投保造船風險的原因 這原因是雙方（船廠與船東）都需要，如： （i）建造中發(fā)生損壞或全損，船舶所有權(quán)在船廠，這畢竟是船廠自己的風險。 （ii）但船東要擔心建造中的船舶遇到損壞或全損時，船廠會否有額外資金來源去進行修復損壞或去重建船

30、舶（在全損時）。有了保險，資金可來自保險商的賠償。如果遇上全損，而船東也不準備再要該船舶，不存在重建的問題，船東也就不必太關(guān)心船廠有否去投保了。因為船東是可以從還款擔保（由銀行作出）取回預付了的船價。但問題是一旦需要修復或重建，因為船東還是想要該船舶，即使是有點延誤，這就只能靠保險提供資金給船廠得以進行了。 （iii）有時會有大量船東供應物料或船用設(shè)備/機器已用在或裝置在建造中船舶，它們可能價值很高，正常情況下也需要去投保。一個方便的做法就是要求船長去把這些船東供應一并與建造中的船舶去投保。雖然船東供應不是屬于船廠所擁有，但船廠作為托管人是有責任與風險，所以有保險的利益。 3.2 誰是

31、受保人 在SAJ格式，Article XII (1)，它是放一個合約責任在船廠自費投保。這一來，受保人（assured）自然是船廠。但為了保障船東，特別是他有大量物料與設(shè)備的供應，這保單會去加入以下內(nèi)容。 3.2.1 保單中的損失支付條文 加一條“損失支付條文”（Loss Payable Clause），把船舶保險利益（主要就是出了事情去作出賠付）從船廠轉(zhuǎn)讓給船東或他的融資銀行。該條文是去把本來保險商要賠付給船廠（受保人）的利益去轉(zhuǎn)讓給第三者，例如船東的融資銀行，這一來，保險商如果把賠償付給融資銀行，就已經(jīng)算是盡了賠付責任。這種條文的一個版本可去舉International

32、Hull Clauses 01/11/03的第48條文為例，如下： “PAYMENT OF CLAIMS Claims payable under the insurance shall, subject to the terms of any assignment, be paid to the loss payee or, if no loss payable has been agreed, to the Assured or as they may direct in writing. Such payment, whether in account or otherwise, w

33、hen made shall be a complete discharge of the Underwriter’s obligations under this insurance in respect of the amount so paid.” 另一個版本可以是The “Angel Bell” (1979) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 491，該損失支付條文如下： “It is hereby noted and agreed that Dillespie Bros & Co Ltd (船東融資銀行) are interested in this Insurance as A

34、ssignees. All claims for Total Loss and/or Constructive Total Loss to be payable to their order.” 要注意的是，這一個條文只是在保險商與船廠之間的保單，船東或他的融資銀行只是第三者。所以如果保險商不作出支付或有爭議，以前的法律地位是去向保險商索賠還是要船廠出面或以他的名義，除非是，同時有了一個保險利益的轉(zhuǎn)讓，船東或他的融資銀行就能夠以受讓人（assignee）去以自己名義向保險商索賠了。這可以去節(jié)錄Donaldson大法官在The “Angel Bell”所說如下： “I agree … t

35、hat a loss payable clause gives no rights to the loss payee unless it also constitutes or evidences an assignment of the assured’s rights under the policy or evidences the fact that the designated person is an original assured. But it may not be without its value, for it authorises and requires unde

36、rwriters to pay losses to the loss payee on behalf of the assured and, in the circumstances of a transaction such as this, this authority is probably irrevocable by the shipowner. In fact, it has not been revoked. In the light of its existence – all other factors being ignored – moneys received by B

37、randts (保險經(jīng)紀人) would be received on behalf of Gillespies (船東融資銀行). Gillespies in their turn would hold the moneys on behalf of Arcepey (船東). Whether at that stage Gillespies would be entitled to set off their liability to pay Arceoey against Arcepey’s liability to repay Gillespies, does not arise …”

38、 但有了1999年的《Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act》的立法（該課題在筆者所著的《國際商務(wù)游戲規(guī)則—英國合約法》一書的第四章之4.3.5段有介紹），船東的融資銀行只要有這一條“損失支付條文”，不需要是受讓人，就已經(jīng)可以去以保單中明顯給了他的一個合約利益（confer a benefit），不必去要求船廠幫助，自己能去以自己的名義向保險商提出索賠。 3.2.2 船東作為共同受保人 另一個做法可以去把船東與他的融資銀行也加上去作為“共同受保人”（co-assured）。這在AWES格式就是這個安排，寫明在Article 9要求保險應

39、是共同列名（joint names）。這樣做對船東有好有壞。好處是船東對這重要的保險更好控制（如有更改、中斷等）。另在船廠倒閉，船東或會在有些方面稍為優(yōu)越，如有保險索賠或去繼續(xù)建造。不好之處只應是作為共同受保人，船東也要去在船廠不付保費時有責任去支付。 船廠也要留心把有長遠關(guān)系或同一個集團內(nèi)的包工（分包商）與供應商業(yè)加入作為共同受保人，讓后者也一并享受到保險的好處。一般所用的文字會是：“Agreed include … sub-contractors as additional co-assured for their respective rights and interests. W

40、ithout recourse against any co-assured.”。這一個作用是在包工疏忽造成船舶損壞，船廠也有得賠償之外，而且保險商不會事后以代位身份去向包工追討，根據(jù)是分包合約（sub-contract）的責任。這情況在Stone Vickers v. AS (1991) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 288; (1992) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 528發(fā)生，因為螺旋槳設(shè)計有問題，在試車時發(fā)出不可接受的噪音。保險商在賠償了船廠70萬英鎊后代位去起訴螺旋槳供應商，指后者有疏忽。Colman大法官針對這一方面這樣說： “Where a policy is effecte

41、d on a vessel to be constructed and it is expressed to be for the benefit of sub-contractors as co-assured, if a particular sub-contractor negligently causes loss of or damage to the whole or part of the vessel which has been insured under the policy and the sub-contractor has an insurable interest

42、in the vessel, it is not open to underwriters who have settled the insured shipbuilder’s claim to exercise rights of subrogation in respect of the same loss and damage against the co-assured sub-contractor. To do so would be completely inconsistent with the insurer’s obligation to the co-assured und

43、er the policy.” 這也是NEWBUILDCON的做法，它在第38 (a)條文就在括號內(nèi)說明“in the joint names (as assureds) of the Builder and the Buyer”，并接下去說船東不必承擔有關(guān)的費用或保費（and maintain at no cost to the Buyer）。當然，這是在造船合約的協(xié)議，就是保費要船廠承擔。但這條文不適用在保險商與船廠/船東作為共同受保人之間的合約關(guān)系，該合約就是保單。所以保險商還是可以去向船東作為承保人之一要求支付保費（這是根據(jù)1906年《英國海上保險法》之Section 52），而

44、船東就要另去根據(jù)造船合約的條文下向船廠追討。 3.3 保單條文與范圍 在SAJ標準格式，是要求船廠投保的保單條文是“與日本造船風險保險條文一致”（under coverage corresponding to the Japanese Builder’s Risks Insurance Clause）。這實是Special Clauses for Builder’s Risks (1/12/77)。 現(xiàn)實中，包括是日本船廠為外國船東建造船舶會去使用的是英國學會保單條文，這所謂學會造船風險條文（Institute Clauses for Builder’s Risks [1/6

45、/88]）。有關(guān)條文是在本書附錄5，而該英國學會保單條文也是世界上最廣泛使用的，雖然還有其他稍有不同的保單條文如美國、挪威與德國都有自己國家的樣式或格式。1988年版本的英國學會保單條文（針對船廠風險）目前正在修改，但不知道什么時候有新的標準保單條文會被使用。船東與船廠為了明確，最好在造船合約內(nèi)訂明船廠所要去投保的保單，并附上一份式樣。在NEWBUILDCON，就在第38 (a)(ii)條文就說明是用英國學會保單條文。 3.3.1 英國學會保單條文屬一切險 英國學會保單條文（針對造船風險）所保范圍十分廣泛，在5.1條文是說明賠償船廠“所有在保險期間內(nèi)發(fā)生與發(fā)現(xiàn)的損失，包括因內(nèi)在缺陷

46、發(fā)覺的需要去更換，更新，修理…”（Clause 5.1 … all risks of loss … or damage to the subject-matter insured caused and discovered during the period of this insurance including the cost of repairing replacing or renewing any defective part condemned solely in consequence of the discovery therein during the period of t

47、his insurance cover the cost of renewing faulty welds.） 大家可以注意這屬“一切險減去除外責任”（all risks minus exceptions），與一般的船殼保險只是承?！傲忻黠L險”（named risks insured against）不一樣。它們之間的不同在《英國海上保險條款詳論》一書多處有介紹，不再重復。只去節(jié)錄入260頁所講的有關(guān)貨物保險說：“B條款和C條款皆采用‘列名風險’方式，同時列明了一些除外責任，在保險索賠時，被保險人要首先證明其遭受的損失屬于某項列名風險；在被保險人完成此項‘初步’舉證責任之后，保險人就必須

48、通過舉證該損失屬于某項除外責任來拒賠；而根據(jù)A條款，被保險人只需初步證明其損失屬于某種意外即可，無需證明具體是什么風險所引致?？梢娫谂e證責任方面，按B條款和C條款投保是對被保險人很不利?！? 此外，英國學會保單條文也在第19條文承保了互保協(xié)會類別的風險，即受保人（船廠）的責任方面。這些風險會發(fā)生在試航或交船前，船舶在船廠的泊位中移動，期間會發(fā)生一些船舶經(jīng)營中所產(chǎn)生的責任例如與其他船舶或岸上設(shè)施發(fā)生碰撞，或是油污等。這可去節(jié)錄Hazelwood的《P & I Clubs Law & Practice》一書第三版108頁內(nèi)容如下： “These persons generally look

49、to the traditional marine insurance market for their P & I insurance cover. While a vessel is in the custody of a shipbuilder, before she is delivered to the shipowner, she could, during trials, or in shifting around the builder’s yard, cause damage to other vessels or harbour installations. In orde

50、r to protect builder from the legal consequences in such situations, a Protection and Indemnity clause has been added to the Institute Clauses for Builder’s Risks.” 本書不去詳論保險方面的問題，所以只作簡單介紹。 3.3.2 內(nèi)在缺陷與設(shè)計不妥的情況 英國學會保單條文的第5.1條文也承保船舶的內(nèi)在缺陷（除了焊接不妥），但這一定要在承保期間發(fā)覺，而承保期就只是針對建造船舶的期間?？磥?，在交船后12個月保證期發(fā)覺的內(nèi)在

51、缺陷會是另一種船廠要面對的風險，需要另去投保保險，所謂“擔保期保險”（Guarantee Insurance），去保障船廠了。這種保險在The “Red Sapphire” (2006) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 35先例有提到，并在本書第十章有介紹。 有一點不太明確的是內(nèi)在缺陷是否包括設(shè)計不妥。在The “Carribean Sea” (1980) 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 338，Goff大法官看是沒有分別。這問題在英國學會保單條文沒有太大分歧，因為它專門有第8條文針對，說明在承保期間發(fā)生的損壞，因設(shè)計不妥（或內(nèi)在缺陷）導致的損失也作出賠償。這條文是說： “Clause 8

52、 Faulty Design: Notwithstanding anything to the contrary which may be contained in the Policy or the clauses attached thereto, this insurance includes loss or damage to the subject-matter insured caused and discovered during the period of this insurance arising from faulty design of any part or part

53、s thereof but in no case shall this insurance extend to cover the cost or expense of repairing, modifying, replacing or renewing such part or parts, nor any cost or expense incurred by reason of betterment or alteration in design.” 這種例子發(fā)生在著名的Jackson v. Munford (1902) 8 Com Cas 61，船舶在試車時，因為主機的連接桿（

54、connecting rod）設(shè)計不妥而斷開，打壞了汽缸蓋，并導致8人死亡。 但注意是設(shè)計不妥導致事故，第8條文只是說賠的是因此帶來的“損失或損壞”（loss or damage），但在最后一句說明不賠償修理，修改，更換或更新這設(shè)計不妥的部分。這表示在Jackson v. Munford，保險商賠的只是打壞了的氣缸蓋或主機其他部分，但不賠償連接桿（不管是去修理或去替換）。 這在Stone Vickers v. AS (1991) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 288有詳細解釋，Colman大法官舉例說“試車時發(fā)覺尾軸因設(shè)計不妥導致船舶其他部分損壞，這其他損壞及修妥后再次試車的費用是保險商

55、要賠，但不包括去補救這一個設(shè)計不妥的尾軸?！保↖t would be otherwise if, for example, in the case of trials a design defect in the tailshaft caused damage to some other part of the vessel. The cost of repairing the damage and of re-running the trials should be recoverable, but not the cost of remedying the design defect it

56、self.） 但如果試車不成功，純粹是因為發(fā)現(xiàn)尾軸因設(shè)計不妥而需要作出補救并再度去試航，就根本沒有索賠的權(quán)利了，因為對尾軸的補救不賠是已經(jīng)解釋了，而再度去試航的額外花費也在最后半句話說明是不賠。Colman大法官是這樣說： “If the only reason why trials are unsuccessful and have to be re-run is that a part has been found to have design defects, the additional expenses cannot be recovered under this claus

57、e …” 3.3.3 不保的風險 在風險而言，這方面最重要的除外責任是在英國學會條文第6條文說： “Clause 6 Earthquake and volcanic eruption exclusion: In no case shall this insurance cover loss damage liability or expense caused by earthquake or volcanic eruption.”（即地震與火山爆發(fā)不保） 另外不保的是第21-24條文的戰(zhàn)爭險，罷工險，惡意行為險以及核武器險。這是要去分開投保，戰(zhàn)爭險會是涉及不同的保險商。在N

58、EWBUILDCON第38 (a)(ii)條文也規(guī)定了船廠必須加保戰(zhàn)爭與罷工險。 這方面SAJ格式有不明確之處，這在SAJ的Article XII (1)最后一段有說明，就是船東可以要求船廠去加保，并規(guī)定了有關(guān)的加保保費由船東最后承擔，在交船時支付還給船廠。這不像NEWBUILDCON說明是船廠自己必須去投保戰(zhàn)爭險與罷工險，保費也就要船廠自負。 像戰(zhàn)爭險，它講明承保期限只在船舶下水（launching）后。這是在英國學會戰(zhàn)爭保單條文（Institute War Clauses For Builders’ Risks），在第一條文說明： “1. Attachment This i

59、nsurance shall not attach to the subject-matter insured until the Vessel is launched and then shall attach only to such part of the subject-matter as is built into or is in or on the Vessel at the time of the launch. The insurance against the said risks shall attach to the remainder of the subject-m

60、atter insured only as it is placed in or on the Vessel subsequent to the launch.” 船舶下水只代表造完船殼，船舶的上層建筑的建造還沒開始，所以還需要一段時間的建造才能去試航與交船，承保戰(zhàn)爭風險是十分局限的原因是根據(jù)“水運協(xié)議”（Waterborne Agreement），原則上保險商不承保陸上的戰(zhàn)爭風險。這是因為陸上的戰(zhàn)爭風險是太集中與太巨大，例如在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)，倫敦受到納粹德國的猛烈轟炸，可以說是一千個或一萬個勞合社的財力也賠不起。這種賠償只能靠國家自己，而賠償?shù)霓k法就是每個人民收緊褲腰帶過苦日子。因此海

61、上保險商于1938年達成一個“水運戰(zhàn)爭條文”（Waterborne War Risks Clauses），同意不承保陸上的戰(zhàn)爭險，僅在海上才作出承保。二戰(zhàn)期間，商業(yè)保險市場遭到破壞。二戰(zhàn)后，“國際海上保險聯(lián)盟“（International Marine Insurance Union）在其1946年、1947年與1948年的年會上，皆建議海上保險市場恢復1938年達成協(xié)議的水運戰(zhàn)爭條文，并得到倫敦海上保險商協(xié)會的響應。 3.4 船東供應物料與船用設(shè)備 造船合約船東要求船廠投保原因之一是船東的供應（buyer’s supplies），很可能已經(jīng)裝置上船，也必須得到保障。但要小心英國學

62、會保單條文不一定去包括，因為第19.3.5條文講明哪一些是不賠，其中包括：“l(fā)oss of or damage to property, owned by the builders … or for which they are responsible, which is on board the vessel.”這一條文下，船東的供應顯然不是船廠所擁有，但可以說是船廠應該作為托管人要對這些船東的供應負責。但為了避免任何爭議，最好還是去對保險商在投保前說明哪一些是船東的供應與它的價值。 NEWBUILDCON第38 (a)條文有很全面地針對船東供應的保險問題。第一就是它說明船廠投保的金額

63、不能少于船東支付給船廠的預付船價，并加上船東的供應（be in an amount not less than the aggregate of the payments made by the Buyer to the Builder plus the value of the Buyer’s Supplies at the Shipyard）。另是說明船東可以去通知船廠有關(guān)供應的價格變動，而在收到通知后，船廠要去向保險商調(diào)整受保金額或去加保。例如，船東供應了主機，但在期間主機的售價漲了15%，船廠在收到船東的通知后就要去作出調(diào)整或加保。 3.5 投保金額 投保金額在上一小段已經(jīng)

64、提到過，就是必須不能少于船東的預付船價加上船東的供應。但船東的預付船價可能是不足船廠要去投入的建筑成本，因為多付或少付還是根據(jù)雙方的談判力量。因此，船廠要去投保的金額會是看自己需要多少保障，另加上利潤的損失（如果遇上全損）。另在NEWBUILDCON之第38 (a)條文，有一條非常細致的條文說明在船東要求下，船廠需要去提高投保金額以保證足夠去重建的費用，等情況。至于要支付額外的保費，就由船東去承擔（If specifically requested by the Buyer, the Builder shall increase the amount insured under the pol

65、icy to cover the rebuilding costs of the Vessel or such other amount as the Buyer may request. Any additional premium charged for this shall be paid by the Buyer.）。這會是針對一種情況，就是船舶重建費用漲價了，例如鋼材漲了一倍，但同時航運市場的船舶價格也上漲了。但船廠不一定會去關(guān)心，特別是航運市場的船價上漲，因為船舶已經(jīng)以固定價格賣給了船東，所以除非有了歹心，市場上漲與船廠應是無關(guān)。而船廠也不一定關(guān)心鋼材漲價，因為針對該艘已經(jīng)接近建造

66、完畢的船舶，船廠已是以長期供應的合約下得到廉宜的鋼材。但船廠沒有去想到就是一旦發(fā)生了全損而船東要求去重建，因為船價上漲了，這重建就會面對昂貴的鋼材。所以船東就要關(guān)心了，如果船舶在交船前不久發(fā)生全損，賠到的錢就會不足在上漲的市場再建造一艘同樣的船舶，所以需要加保。否則會帶來保險商賠給船廠的錢不足讓船廠去重建。所以船東如果根據(jù)NEWBUILDCON的寫法與十分警覺，就可以在市場的船價上漲與鋼材等材料漲價的情況下，去要求船廠提高保險金額。這些十分細致的情況，SAJ標準格式合約是沒有去針對的。 3.6 保險賠償金額的處理 這在SAJ標準格式Article XII (2)與NEWBUILDCON第38 (b)條文有針對。首先，它們針對了建造中船舶的部分損壞，這里保險賠到的錢就用來修理這一個損壞，不論它有否涉及船東的供應（這也是在受保的范圍內(nèi)），而造船合約雙方還是要去繼續(xù)履行，即船廠還是要去繼續(xù)建造并交船。 另一種針對的情況就是建造中的船舶發(fā)生全損，這里就會涉及雙方要去談判并就是否重建達成協(xié)議，而重建的費用就是靠保險的賠付。要去雙方同意的原因是重建并不是一個簡單的問題，例如在同一