3噸柴油動力貨車(傳動軸、離合器及操縱機構的設計)
3噸柴油動力貨車(傳動軸、離合器及操縱機構的設計),柴油,動力,貨車,傳動軸,離合器,操縱,機構,設計
外文資料譯文
離合器如何工作
如果您駕駛手動變速器的汽車,您可能會驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)它不僅僅有一個離合器。也會發(fā)現(xiàn)人們擁有的自動變速器的汽車離合器。事實上,有很多離合器可能就是你每天看到或者是使用的東西:許多無繩鉆頭,有一個離合器, 鏈鋸有離心式離合器,甚至一些yo- yos有一個離合器。
Clutch Image Gallery 離合器圖像廊
示意圖顯示,汽車離合器的位置。 看到更多的離合器的圖像 。
在這篇文章中,您將了解為什么你需要一個離合器,如何離合器在您的汽車工程,并找出一些有趣的,也許令人驚訝,離合器的地方可以找到。
.離合器是有用的裝置,有兩個旋轉軸。 在這些裝置,其中的軸通常是驅動馬達或滑輪,和其它軸的驅動器的另一個設備 在演練中,舉例來說,一軸驅動馬達和其他驅動器一鉆夾頭。 離合器連接兩槽,使他們可以被鎖在一起,自旋在相同的速度,或脫鉤和自旋以不同的速度。
在一個汽車里,你需要一個離合器,因為發(fā)動機旋轉的所有時間,但汽車的輪子不。 在為了讓車停止殺死該引擎,車輪必須斷開從發(fā)動機有點。 離合器使我們能夠順利進行旋轉引擎,以一個非紡傳輸通過控制它們之間的延誤。
了解如何離合器工程,它有助于知道一點點關于摩擦 ,這是一個措施是何等的難,以幻燈片的對象之一,另一。 摩擦所帶來的高峰和低谷是的一部分,每一個表面-甚至很光滑表面仍然有微觀的高峰和低谷 。這些較大的高峰和低谷,就越難是幻燈片的對象。 您可以了解更多關于摩擦在如何剎車的工作。離合器工程,因為之間的摩擦離合器板和飛輪。 我們將研究如何在這些零件的攜手合作,在未來的一節(jié)。
飛車輪,離合器片和摩擦
在汽車的離合器,飛輪連接到發(fā)動機,離合器板連接到傳輸。你可以看到什么,這看起來像在這個數(shù)字以下。
當您的腳是關閉的踏板,彈簧推動壓力板對離合器的光盤,這反過來又對壓力機飛輪。 這鎖引擎?zhèn)鬏斴斎胼S,使他們自旋在相同的速度。
金額武力的離合器可容納取決于對之間的摩擦離合器片和飛輪,有多少力量的彈簧了對壓力板。 摩擦力在離合器工程就像座中描述的摩擦節(jié)如何剎車的工作 ,除了彈簧壓力機對離合器板,而非重量迫切塊進入地面。
當離合器踏板的壓力,電纜或液壓活塞推動關于釋放交岔路口,按投擲出軸承對中膜片彈簧。 As the middle of the diaphragm spring is pushed in, a series of pins near the outside of the spring causes the spring to pull the pressure plate away from the clutch disc (see below).作為中膜片彈簧是推在了一系列引腳附近以外的彈簧,彈簧的原因撤出的壓力板脫離離合器。
注意:彈簧在離合器板。這些彈簧的幫助,以隔離傳輸?shù)臎_擊,離合器從事。這通常是工程設計不錯,但它確實有幾個缺點。
常見問題
從20世紀50年代至70年代,你可以指望得到五萬和七萬英里之間從您的汽車的離合器。 .離合器現(xiàn)在可以去年多八點零萬英里如果您使用他們輕輕地和他們保持良好。如果沒有照顧,離合器就可以開始打破三五萬英里。 卡車是一貫超載或經常拖重物也可以有問題,相對較新的離合器。
最常見的問題與離合器是摩擦材料對光盤磨損。 摩擦材料對離合器光盤是非常相似的摩擦材料對港口及機場發(fā)展策略的一盤式制動器 ,或鞋一鼓式制動器 -時間后,它穿了。當大部分或所有的摩擦材料是走了,離合器將開始滑移,并最終將不會傳送任何權力,從發(fā)動機到車輪 。
當離合器踏板的壓力,電纜或液壓活塞推動關于釋放交岔路口,按投擲出軸承對中膜片彈簧。作為中膜片彈簧是推在了一系列引腳附近以外的彈簧,彈簧的原因撤出的壓力板脫離離合器。
照片禮貌卡羅萊納州的野馬
Clutch plate 離合器板
注意:彈簧在離合器板。 這些彈簧的幫助,以隔離傳輸?shù)臎_擊,離合器從事。
這通常是工程設計不錯,但它確實有幾個缺點。 我們將看看共同離合器的問題和其他用途離合器在以下各節(jié)。
離合器只穿著,而離合器光盤和飛輪是紡紗以不同的速度。 當他們鎖定兩者合計,摩擦材料是舉行緊緊對飛輪,和他們自旋的同步。 它的,只有當離合器光盤是滑倒對飛輪表示戴上發(fā)生。因此,如果您是類型的司機看多的離合器很多了,那么您的離合器會更快的。
有時,問題不在于下滑,但與堅持。 如果您的離合器將不會公布得當,它將繼續(xù)把輸入軸。 這可能會導致磨削,或完全防止您的汽車從進入齒輪。
· 破碎或拉伸離合器電纜 -電纜的需求額正確的緊張局勢,以推拉有效。
· 漏泄或有缺陷的奴隸和/或主離合器氣瓶 -泄漏保持氣瓶從建設必要數(shù)額的壓力。
· 空氣中的液壓線 -空氣影響水力以空間流體需要建立的壓力。
· misadjusted的聯(lián)系 -當您的腳打踏板,聯(lián)系傳達錯誤的金額武力。
· 輸錯離合器組件 -并非所有的售后零件的工作與您的離合器。
“硬”離合器也是一種常見的問題。 所有離合器需要一些金額以武力壓低充分。 如果您有新聞界的努力,踏板,可能會有一些錯誤的。 堅持或有約束力的在踏板的聯(lián)系,電纜,交叉軸,或樞軸球是常見的原因。 有時堵塞或磨損密封在液壓系統(tǒng)也可能導致硬離合器。
. 另一個問題是相關的離合器是一個破舊投擲出軸承 ,有時被稱為離合器釋放軸承 。這關系到適用的力量,手指的紡紗壓力板釋放離合器。 如果您聽到隆隆聲音時,離合器搞,您可能有一個問題,與投擲出。
離合器的診斷測試
如果您發(fā)現(xiàn)您的離合器已經失效,這是一個在家的診斷測試,任何人都可以執(zhí)行:
1. 啟動汽車,設置停車休息,并把汽車在中立的。
2. 與您的汽車空轉,聽取了咆哮的噪音,沒有推動離合器英寸,如果你聽到的東西,它最有可能的問題與傳輸。 如果您沒有聽到噪音,進行步驟3 。
3. 與汽車仍然在中性,開始把離合器和聽噪音。 如果您聽到啁啾的噪音,您按下,它最有可能的離合器釋放,或投擲出軸承。 如果您沒有聽到噪音,進行步驟4 。
4. 推動離合器的所有方法在地上。 如果您聽到尖叫噪音,這可能是試驗軸承或襯套。
如果您沒有聽到任何噪音,在這四個步驟,那么您的問題可能是沒有離合器。 如果您聽到噪音,閑置不用離開時,離合器壓,它可能是一個問題,在接觸點之間的交岔路口樞軸球。
各類離合器
有許多其他類型的離合器在您的汽車在您的車庫。
一.自動變速器包含幾個離合器。 這些離合器進行和脫鉤的各套行星齒輪 。 每個離合器投入使用的議案加壓液壓油。 當壓力下降,彈簧導致離合器釋放。均勻間隔的山脊,所謂的樣條線內外離合器鎖定到齒輪和離合器的殼。您可以閱讀更多關于這些離合器在自動變速器如何工作 。
二.空調壓縮機在汽車內有一個電磁離合器。 這使得壓縮機關閉,甚至,而引擎正在運行。 當電流流經磁場線圈的離合器,離合器從事。 盡快當前站,例如當您關閉您的空調,離合器disengages 。
大部分車有一個發(fā)動機驅動冷卻風扇有一個thermostatically控制粘性離合器 -溫度的流體驅動器,其實離合器。 這離合器是定位于樞紐的風扇,在氣流的未來,通過散熱器。 這種類型的離合器是有很多像粘性聯(lián)軸器 ,有時發(fā)現(xiàn)在所有的四輪驅動車。 流體在離合器得到較厚,因為它升溫,造成風扇旋轉速度要趕上與發(fā)動機的旋轉。 當車是冷,流體在離合器仍然寒冷及風扇轉速慢,讓發(fā)動機迅速升溫,以適當?shù)牟僮鳒囟取?
許多汽車有限支路的差異,或粘性耦合器,這兩項研究使用離合器,以幫助增加牽引。 一車輪的旋轉速度比其他,這使汽車難以處理。 該滑差速器彌補認為,借助其離合器。 當一個車輪的旋轉速度比其他情況下,離合器從事緩慢下來,并配合其他3 。 駕駛超過水坑的水或冰補丁也可以自旋您的輪子。 .您可以了解更多關于差別和粘性偶合器在如何差距的工作 。
氣體動力鏈鋸和雜草吃有離心式離合器 ,使連鎖店或字串可以停止紡紗您不需要關掉引擎。 這些離合器的工作,自動通過使用離心力。 .輸入連接到發(fā)動機曲軸。 輸出可驅動鏈條,皮帶或軸。 作為輪換,每分鐘增加,加權武器移出,并迫使離合器進行 。離心式離合器,也經常發(fā)現(xiàn)在草坪割草機,卡丁車,輕便摩托車和迷你自行車。 甚至一些yo-yos制造與離心離合器。
汽車空調壓縮機具有磁性離合器
分析所有類型的摩擦離合器和剎車使用相同的一般程序。下列步驟是必要的:
?假設或確定分布壓力對摩擦表面。
?尋找關系最大壓力和壓力,在任何一點
?申請條件的靜力平衡,以尋找(一)驅動力, (二)轉矩,及(三)支持的反應。
雜項離合器包括幾種類型,如正面接觸式離合器,超負荷釋放離合器,超越離合器,磁流體離合器等。
離合器安裝
如果你是一名賽車手,你知道離合器是發(fā)動機和變速器之間至關重要的聯(lián)系。如果您沒有安裝或調整正確,您可能失去馬力和磨損離合器過早。 為了幫助您正確的,循環(huán)的軌道雜志安裝了離合器在一個賽車向您展示它如何的要做工作。
第一步,在安裝我們的離合器是要重視7 -6.3英寸按鈕飛輪向flexplate對后面的曲軸和扭矩到的地方。其次,離合器大會是放在一起。 這特別是離合器大會是一個7 -6 .3英寸, 3盤委員會P ro系列一套從四分之一碩士。 里面包含三個獨立的離合器光碟及隨之而來的浮子光盤是夾心一起內房屋和離合器封面(同時作為一個壓力板)是在前面。 三個離合器光碟設計,與二月底光盤去的每一側與大會中心在光盤中。 年底光碟需要安裝的,所以花鍵中心向外擴展,來自中東。 該中心光盤可以面對任何方向。組裝離合器,然后放置于螺栓延長從按鈕飛輪。 大會面前的是螺栓的地方,精簡環(huán)也下滑到釘。年底一輸入軸從一歲的傳輸,可切斷用來作為對齊工具。 我們插入此路線的工具,通過離合器大會進入試點關系到年底曲軸和舉行,它為本,而螺栓舉行離合器大會是扭轉下跌。
與離合器大會在地方清拆之間的投擲出軸承和前排的傳輸需要進行檢查。 如果沒有足夠的清關時, bellhousing是螺栓上,它將推動了離合器的封面和部分釋放離合器。 檢查這關, bellhousing首先需要加以螺栓在地方。接下來,我們采取測量,從外邊緣的bellhousing向投擲出軸承。 在為了得到一個準確的測量,投擲出軸承的需要,被關押在正常經營的立場,反對離合器涵蓋的范圍。 第二,測量從前方的表面,傳輸房屋向外界(前)的軸承保持是采取。 該bellhousing到投擲出軸承的測量需求,以大于家臣在前面的傳輸。 如果不是,那么家臣將推動了投擲出軸承,部分釋放離合器和創(chuàng)造延誤。 這個結果在1匹馬力的損失。
在我們的情況下,關是關閉的一個第八的一英寸。 清拆應介于0.063和0.125英寸。以正確的通關,我們需要以消除3 shims (在第十六- -一英寸每個)之間的投擲出軸承及液壓釋放房屋。 三sixteenths英寸,我們所取得的消除shims給我們的十六分之一- -一英寸的清關之用。bellhousing是螺栓,然后回到對發(fā)動機和測量奪回來驗證適當?shù)那尻P之用。
現(xiàn)在,您的新離合器是安裝和調整了很多關,所以沒有機會延誤。 沒有出現(xiàn)任何延誤,是指沒有損失的馬力。 按照指引,我們在此間強調,你將永遠不會有問題對您的離合器。
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畢 業(yè) 設 計( 論 文 )任 務 書
學生姓名
專業(yè)班級
指導教師
課題類型
設計(論文)題目
3噸柴油動力貨車設計(傳動軸、離合器及操縱機構設計)
主要研
究內容
貨車的基本參數(shù)為:選用柴油發(fā)動機,最高車速為95Km/h,最小轉彎半徑≤5.5米,乘員人數(shù)2人,擋位數(shù)4+1,載重量為3噸。
參照相應車型的整體布局參數(shù)(網上可以查到,如慶鈴系列輕型貨車等)、東風3噸輕型貨車實物(車輛與交通實驗室整車陳列間內)和其他有關車型(到院資料室查閱),完成貨車的傳動軸、離合器及操縱機構設計任務。
主要技
術指標(或研究目標)
完成貨車的傳動軸、離合器及操縱機構設計,完成總和不少于3張零號圖紙的結構設計圖、裝配圖和零件圖,其中應包含用計算機繪制(或手工繪制)的具有中等難度的1號圖紙一張以上。
按要求格式獨立撰寫不少于12000字的設計說明書,應有中英文摘要(摘要不少于400字),全部用計算機打?。ň幣乓蟮胶幽峡萍即髮W教務處網站查:《河南科技大學畢業(yè)設計(論文)指導手冊》),查閱與課題相關的文獻資料15篇以上,獨立完成總量10000以上印刷符號與本人題目相關的外文資料譯文。
進度計劃
(6~7周)全組集體討論,確定總體方案。每個學生確定自己的設計內容與繪圖數(shù)量。在進行調研、搜集、分析資料的基礎上,完成開題報告(4月14日交)。
(8~9周) 整理本設計內容的相關數(shù)據(jù)資料,進行必要的理論計算,擬出說明書草稿,搜集相關外文資料并翻譯。
(10~11周)完成主要總圖設計。(5月5日下午至少完成一張零號草圖)。
(12~13周)完成零、部件圖設計,并完成機繪圖。(5月23日下午之前完成)。
(14~15周)按要求整理、編寫設計說明書。
( 16周)整理圖紙及全部設計文件,準備上交。(6月13日下午四點交全部設計資料)
(17周)審閱、評閱設計資料,答辯,評定成績。
主要參
考文獻
汽車構造; 汽車理論;
汽車設計; 汽車車身結構與設計;
車身造型; 汽車車型手冊;
有關汽車行業(yè)雜志。 機械零件設計手冊
研究所(教研室)主任簽字: 年 月 日
畢業(yè)設計(論文)開題報告
(學生填表)
課題名稱
3噸柴油動力貨車(傳動軸、離合器及操縱機構的設計)
學生姓名
曹殿波
專業(yè)班級
車輛043班
課題類型
工程設計
指導教師
李水良/ 馬心坦
職稱
副教授
課題來源
1. 設計(或研究)的依據(jù)與意義
隨著汽車發(fā)動機轉速、功率的不斷提高和汽車電子技術的高速發(fā)展,人們對離合器的要求也越來越高。離合器作為汽車主要傳動系的組成部分必然也得與時俱進,從傳統(tǒng)的推片式彈簧離合器結構正逐步向拉片式膜片彈簧離合器發(fā)展,傳統(tǒng)的操縱機構正向自動操縱的形式發(fā)展。因此,提高離合器的可靠性和延長其使用壽命,增加離合器傳遞轉矩的能力和簡化操縱機構變成發(fā)展趨勢。
? 國家適時出臺《汽車零部件再制造試點管理辦法》更是對節(jié)能減排這一工作方針的具體實施。汽車零部件再制造對推進我國循環(huán)經濟發(fā)展和加快資源節(jié)約型社會建設意義重大。據(jù)資料顯示,美國汽車再制造是世界最大的再制造市場,其范圍已覆蓋發(fā)動機、傳動裝置、離合器、起動機、空調壓縮機等,產業(yè)規(guī)模已超過750億美元。但是在我國這樣的再循環(huán)建設可以說還在起步階段,像離合器等報廢了一般走進廢鐵回收站買點小錢,對資源是一種巨大的浪費,也很可能對生態(tài)造成污染和破壞。同時我們也得看出解決的最終辦法就是提高科研能力,生產的離合器既要符合發(fā)動機功率和轉速的要求,還要滿足結構簡單、質量小、制造工藝好等等??萍紕?chuàng)新是關鍵。
關于萬向節(jié)傳動軸,它在汽車上的應用很廣泛,據(jù)了解某萬向傳動軸公司技術發(fā)展部在2007年共有83個科技創(chuàng)新項目和63個QC攻關項目通過驗收。這些創(chuàng)新項目在新產品開發(fā)、設備技改、工藝攻關、管理創(chuàng)新等多個方面為公司節(jié)約成本300多萬元,新增業(yè)務上千萬元??萍紕?chuàng)新和項目攻關作為傳動軸公司持續(xù)開展的重點工作,多年來取得了巨大的成績,目前傳動軸公司在微、輕、中、重系列化生產上在國內OEM配套市場上名列前茅,不少科研單位因此也慕名前來求教。所以對于科學發(fā)展,我們一定要以創(chuàng)新的角度來看問題,不斷提高機械設計制造水平,在國際舞臺上占有一席之地。
2. 國內外同類設計(或同類研究)的概況綜述
(1)國內設計情況:根據(jù)市場調查,我們傳統(tǒng)汽車離合器的市場需求量仍然在一直增長,2007年我國汽車離合器的產量已經突破1000萬套。我國汽車產量持續(xù)增長、汽車保有量的增加、出口市場需求的擴張等三大因素繼續(xù)推動我國汽車離合器行業(yè)繼續(xù)向前發(fā)展,尤其DCT技術在中國的發(fā)展,將使我國摩擦片汽車離合器行業(yè)獲得新的發(fā)展機遇。雙質量飛輪是我國傳統(tǒng)汽車離合器發(fā)展的一方向,目前我國已經有Luk、Excedy等外資企業(yè)開始組裝生產雙質量飛輪,吉林大華、湖北三環(huán)的雙質量飛輪也將于今年進入產業(yè)化階段。液力變矩器需求隨著我國汽車自動檔比重的增加而加大,國內除上海薩克斯早已量產液力變矩器產品外,2007年,廣州優(yōu)達佳、上海Excedy、南京Valeo等外資企業(yè)相繼開始組裝生產液力變矩器。由于我國AT技術的本土化存在很大困難,發(fā)展液力變矩器對國內企業(yè)仍存在很高的風險。
(2)國外發(fā)展情況和趨勢:大眾汽車最近發(fā)明出比傳統(tǒng)自動變速箱更省油,比普通手動變速箱響應更快——DSG 雙離合器變速箱,它是目前世界上最先進的、具有革命性的變速器系統(tǒng)。DSG巧妙地把手動變速器的靈活性和傳統(tǒng)自動變速器的方便性結合在一起,采用了雙離合器和6個前進檔的齒輪變速器作為動力的傳送部件,實現(xiàn)更為順暢的換檔,令駕駛者體會到更強的運動快感,同時,卻付出了更低的油耗。同時電子技術也進入了離合器系統(tǒng)也是趨勢所在,一種由控制單元(ECU)控制的離合器已經應用在多款的轎跑車上。其ECU匯集油門踏板、發(fā)動機轉速傳感器、車速傳感器等信號,驅動伺服馬達機構施行自動變速。汽車變速系統(tǒng)技術整體上是由手動換檔向自動換檔發(fā)展,尤其是現(xiàn)階段高速發(fā)展的計算機技術應用于換檔變速系統(tǒng),使汽立自動變速技術得到了快速的發(fā)展。
(3)遇到的問題:如今我們也時長聽到哪個公司召回有問題的汽車的消息,比如伊蘭特離合器存在的問題:“哨聲”問題,原因出自離合器和中心軸連接的花件套所致。有一小批的曾經出現(xiàn)過塑料質地的原因。原來的都是銅質地。那一批中間夾了塑料,導致了此類問題出現(xiàn)。全國不完全統(tǒng)計就幾百輛車子需要更換。
我認為有些新技術雖然發(fā)明出來了,但是沒有合適的市場定位,加上人們使用習慣和觀念的不易接受,暫時還沒有用武之地,但是確實是科學的進步,就我的設計課題而言,我認為盡量采用技術成熟價格合適的產品為上選。
3. 課題設計(或研究)的內容
貨車的基本參數(shù)為:用柴油發(fā)動機,最高車速為95km/h,最小轉彎半徑《5.5米,乘員人數(shù)2人,檔位數(shù)4+1,載重量為3噸。設計內容如下:
(1)離合器及操縱機構:采用技術比較成熟的拉式膜片彈簧離合器和相應的帶有助力的液壓式操縱機構。
(2)萬向傳動軸:根據(jù)前后懸架采用非獨立式懸架,只需在轉向輪附近安裝一個十字軸式萬向節(jié),傳動軸的設計注意到運動干涉,并就是否加入中間支撐機構展開分析討論。
參考相應車型的參數(shù),(網上查到,慶鈴系列輕型貨車等)、東風3噸輕型貨車實物(車輛與交通實驗室整車陳列室整車陳列間)和其他有關車型,完成貨車的傳動軸、離合器及操縱機構設計任務。要求如下:
(1)圖紙工作量:完成繪制離合器總成1張A0圖紙及其零件圖A1圖紙,傳動軸總成1張A1圖紙,手繪離合器操縱機構A0圖紙,總工作量折合不少于3張A0圖紙。
(2)編寫設計說明書,包括:封面、任務書、中文摘要、英文摘要、目錄、符號說明、前言、正文、結論、參考文獻(不少于15篇)、致謝、附錄、封底。內容有:設計綜述,離合器,轉動軸總成結構特點及性能參數(shù)的選擇,主要零、部件的強度計算。內容不少于12000字,中文摘要不少于400字,英文摘要不少于300個詞。
(3)獨立完成10000以上印刷符號的與專業(yè)有關的外文譯文。
4. 設計(或研究)方法
(1)通過熟悉離合器及操縱機構的結構和工作原理,初步選擇合適的離合器和操縱機構,選擇離合器的主要參數(shù)并優(yōu)化;對膜片彈簧進行強度計算、基本參數(shù)選擇、材料和制造工藝和優(yōu)化設計;對扭轉減震器進行剛度和轉矩的計算;對操縱機構進行受力分析,設計合理機構;對離合器主要零部件的結構:從動盤總成、離合器蓋總成、分離軸承總成進行結構和相關數(shù)據(jù)的計算。
(2)通過對萬向傳動軸結構方案分析,初步確定選用的傳動軸類型,并對萬向傳動進行運動和受力分析,還要通過討論來確定是否增加中間支撐結構。
5. 實施計劃
(6~7周)全組集體討論,確定總體方案。確定自己的設計內容與繪圖數(shù)量。在進行調研、搜集、分析資料的基礎上,完成開題報告。
(8~9周)整理本設計內容的相關數(shù)據(jù)資料,進行相關的理論計算,擬出說明書草稿,搜集相關外文資料并翻譯。
(10~11周)完成主要總圖設計。
(12~13周)完成零、部件圖設計,并完成機繪圖。
(14~15周)按要求整理、編寫設計說明書。
(16周)整理圖紙及全部設計文件,準備上交。
(17周)審閱、評閱、設計資料,答辯,評定成績。
工作地點:實驗大樓地下室
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車輛與動力工程學院畢業(yè)設計說明書
How Clucthes Work
If you drive a manual transmission car, you may be surprised to find out that it has more than one clutch. And it turns out that folks with automatic transmission cars have clutches, too. In fact, there are clutches in many things you probably see or use every day: Many cordless drills have a clutch, chain saws have a centrifugal clutch and even some yo-yos have a clutch.
Clutch Image Gallery
Diagram of car showing clutch location. See more clutch images.
In this article, you'll learn why you need a clutch, how the clutch in your car works and find out some interesting, and perhaps surprising, places where clutches can be found.
Clutches are useful in devices that have two rotating shafts. In these devices, one of the shafts is typically driven by a motor or pulley, and the other shaft drives another device. In a drill, for instance, one shaft is driven by a motor and the other drives a drill chuck. The clutch connects the two shafts so that they can either be locked together and spin at the same speed, or be decoupled and spin at different speeds.
In a car, you need a clutch because the engine spins all the time, but the car's wheels do not. In order for a car to stop without killing the engine, the wheels need to be disconnected from the engine somehow.
The clutch allows us to smoothly engage a spinning engine to a non-spinning transmission by controlling the slippage between them.
To understand how a clutch works, it helps to know a little bit about friction, which is a measure of how hard it is to slide one object over another. Friction is caused by the peaks and valleys that are part of every surface -- even very smooth surfaces still have microscopic peaks and valleys. The larger these peaks and valleys are, the harder it is to slide the object. You can learn more about friction in How Brakes Work.
A clutch works because of friction between a clutch plate and a flywheel. We'll look at how these parts work together in the next section.
Fly Wheels, Clutch Plates and Friction
In a car's clutch, a flywheel connects to the engine, and a clutch plate connects to the transmission. You can see what this looks like in the figure below.
When your foot is off the pedal, the springs push the pressure plate against the clutch disc, which in turn presses against the flywheel. This locks the engine to the transmission input shaft, causing them to spin at the same speed.
Photo courtesy Carolina Mustang
Pressure plate
The amount of force the clutch can hold depends on the friction between the clutch plate and the flywheel, and how much force the spring puts on the pressure plate. The friction force in the clutch works just like the blocks described in the friction section of How Brakes Work, except that the spring presses on the clutch plate instead of weight pressing the block into the ground.
When the clutch pedal is pressed, a cable or hydraulic piston pushes on the release fork, which presses the throw-out bearing against the middle of the diaphragm spring. As the middle of the diaphragm spring is pushed in, a series of pins near the outside of the spring causes the spring to pull the pressure plate away from the clutch disc .This releases the clutch from the spinning engine.
Photo courtesy Carolina Mustang
Clutch plate
Note the springs in the clutch plate. These springs help to isolate the transmission from the shock of the clutch engaging.
This design usually works pretty well, but it does have a few drawbacks. We'll look at common clutch problems and other uses for clutches in the following sections.
Common Problems
From the 1950s to the 1970s, you could count on getting between 50,000 and 70,000 miles from your car's clutch. Clutches can now last for more than 80,000 miles if you use them gently and maintain them well. If not cared for, clutches can start to break down at 35,000 miles. Trucks that are consistently overloaded or that frequently tow heavy loads can also have problems with relatively new clutches.
The most common problem with clutches is that the friction material on the disc wears out. The friction material on a clutch disc is very similar to the friction material on the pads of a disc brake or the shoes of a drum brake -- after a while, it wears away. When most or all of the friction material is gone, the clutch will start to slip, and eventually it won't transmit any power from the engine to the wheels.
The clutch only wears while the clutch disc and the flywheel are spinning at different speeds. When they are locked together, the friction material is held tightly against the flywheel, and they spin in sync. It's only when the clutch disc is slipping against the flywheel that wearing occurs. So, if you are the type of driver who slips the clutch a lot, you'll wear out your clutch a lot faster.
Sometimes the problem is not with slipping, but with sticking. If your clutch won't release properly, it will continue to turn the input shaft. This can cause grinding, or completely prevent your car from going into gear. Some common reasons a clutch may stick are:
· Broken or stretched clutch cable - The cable needs the right amount of tension to push and pull effectively.
· Leaky or defective slave and/or master clutch cylinders - Leaks keep the cylinders from building the necessary amount of pressure.
· Air in the hydraulic line - Air affects the hydraulics by taking up space the fluid needs to build pressure.
· Misadjusted linkage - When your foot hits the pedal, the linkage transmits the wrong amount of force.
· Mismatched clutch components - Not all aftermarket parts work with your clutch.
A "hard" clutch is also a common problem. All clutches require some amount of force to depress fully. If you have to press hard on the pedal, there may be something wrong. Sticking or binding in the pedal linkage, cable, cross shaft, or pivot ball are common causes. Sometimes a blockage or worn seals in the hydraulic system can also cause a hard clutch.
Another problem associated with clutches is a worn throw-out bearing, sometimes called a clutch release bearing. This bearing applies force to the fingers of the spinning pressure plate to release the clutch. If you hear a rumbling sound when the clutch engages, you might have a problem with the throw-out.
Clutch Diagnostic Test
If you find that your clutch has failed, here is an at-home diagnostic test that anyone can perform:
1. Start your car, set the parking break, and put the car in neutral.
2. With your car idling, listen for a growling noise without pushing the clutch in. If you hear something, it's most likely a problem with the transmission. If you don't hear a noise, proceed to step three.
3. With the car still in neutral, begin to push the clutch and listen for noise. If you hear a chirping noise as you press, it's most likely the clutch release, or throw-out bearing. If you don't hear a noise, proceed to step four.
4. Push the clutch all the way to the floor. If you hear a squealing noise, it's probably the pilot bearing or bushing.
If you don't hear any noise during these four steps, then your problem is probably not the clutch. If you hear the noise at idle and it goes away when the clutch is pressed, it may be an issue in the contact point between the fork and pivot ball.
Types of Clutches
There are many other types of clutches in your car and in your garage.An automatic transmission contains several clutches. These clutches engage and disengage various sets of planetary gears. Each clutch is put into motion using pressurized hydraulic fluid. When the pressure drops, springs cause the clutch to release. Evenly spaced ridges, called splines, line the inside and outside of the clutch to lock into the gears and the clutch housing. You can read more about these clutches in How Automatic Transmissions Work.
An air conditioning compressor in a car has an electromagnetic clutch. This allows the compressor to shut off even while the engine is running. When current flows through a magnetic coil in the clutch, the clutch engages. As soon as the current stops, such as when you turn off your air conditioning, the clutch disengages.
Most cars that have an engine-driven cooling fan have a thermostatically controlled viscous clutch -- the temperature of the fluid actually drives the clutch. This clutch is positioned at the hub of the fan, in the airflow coming through the radiator. This type of clutch is a lot like the viscous coupling sometimes found in all-wheel drive cars. The fluid in the clutch gets thicker as it heats up, causing the fan to spin faster to catch up with the engine rotation. When the car is cold, the fluid in the clutch remains cold and the fan spins slowly, allowing the engine to quickly warm up to its proper operating temperature.
Many cars have limited slip differentials or viscous couplings, both of which use clutches to help increase traction. When your car turns, one wheel spins faster than the other, which makes the car hard to handle. The slip differential makes up for that with the help of its clutch. When one wheel spins faster than the others, the clutch engages to slow it down and match the other three. Driving over puddles of water or patches of ice can also spin your wheels. You can learn more about differentials and viscous couplings in How Differentials Work.
Gas-powered chain saws and weed eaters have centrifugal clutches, so that the chains or strings can stop spinning without you having to turn off the engine. These clutches work automatically through the use of centrifugal force. The input is connected to the engine crankshaft. The output can drive a chain, belt or shaft. As the rotations per minute increase, weighted arms swing out and force the clutch to engage. Centrifugal clutches are also often found in lawn mowers, go-karts, mopeds and mini-bikes. Even some yo-yos are manufactured with centrifugal clutches.
Clutch install
If you’re a racer, you know that the clutch is the vital linkage between the engine and the transmission. If you don’t have it installed or adjusted correctly, you can lose horsepower and wear out the clutch prematurely. To help you get it right, Circle Track magazine installed a clutch in a racing car to show you how it’s done. With some help from Quarter Master Industries, let’s get to it.
The first step in installing our clutch is to attach the 7?-inch button flywheel to the flexplate on the back of the crankshaft and torque it into place.
Next, the clutch assembly is put together. This particular clutch assembly is a 7-?-inch, three-disc pac Pro Series set from Quarter Master. The inside contains three separate clutch discs and their attendant floater discs that are sandwiched together inside the housing and a clutch cover (same as a pressure plate) that is on the front. The three clutch discs are designed with two end discs that go on each side of the assembly with a center disc in the middle. The end discs need to be installed so the splined center extends outward from the middle. The center disc can face either direction.
The assembled clutch is then placed onto the bolts extending from the button flywheel. Before the assembly is bolted in place, the starter ring is also slipped onto the studs.
The end of an input shaft from an old transmission can be cut off and used as an alignment tool. We insert this alignment tool through the clutch assembly into the pilot bearing on the end of the crankshaft and hold it centered while the bolts holding the clutch assembly are torqued down.
With the clutch assembly in place the clearance between the throw-out bearing and the front of the transmission needs to be checked. If there isn’t enough clearance when the bellhousing is bolted on, it will push on the clutch cover and partially release the clutch. To check this clearance, the bellhousing first needs to be bolted in place.
Next, we take a measurement from the outside edge of the bellhousing to the throw-out bearing. In order to get an accurate measurement, the throw-out bearing needs to be held in the normal operating position against the clutch cover. Second, a measurement from the front surface of the transmission housing to the outside (front) of the bearing retainer is taken. The bellhousing-to-throw-out-bearing measurement needs to be greater than the retainer on the front of the transmission. If it isn’t, then the retainer will push on the throw-out bearing, partially releasing the clutch and creating slippage. This results in a horsepower loss.
In our case, the clearance is off by an eighth of an inch. The clearance should be between .063 and .125 inches.
To correct the clearance, we needed to remove three shims (at a sixteenth-of-an-inch each) between the throw-out bearing and the hydraulic release housing. The three-sixteenths inch we gained by removing the shims gave us one sixteenth-of-an-inch clearance.
The bellhousing is then bolted back on the engine and the measurements are retaken to verify the proper clearance.
Now, your new clutch is installed and adjusted with plenty of clearance so there is no chance of slippage. No slippage means no loss of horsepower. Follow the guidelines we stressed here, and you’ll never have problems with your clutch.
Car air conditioning compressor with magnetic clutch
Clutches are valuable and necessary to a number of applications. For more information on clutches and related topics, check out the links on the following page.
The analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The following step are necessary:
? Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces.
? Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point
? Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactions.
Miscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others.
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