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邵 陽 學(xué) 院
畢業(yè)實習(xí)報告
學(xué) 生 姓 名 陳 藝
學(xué) 號 0340717149
系 、專 業(yè) 機(jī)械與能源工程系機(jī)制專業(yè)
指 導(dǎo) 教 師 陳志剛
2007年3月25日
畢業(yè)實習(xí)報告
系別：機(jī)械與能源工程系 班級：03機(jī)制本科 姓名：陳藝 學(xué)號：149
實習(xí)時間：2007.3.6-3.25
實習(xí)地點(diǎn)：湖南長沙
實習(xí)單位：山河智能股份有限公司
指導(dǎo)老師：陳志剛
1.實習(xí)目的：
畢業(yè)實習(xí)是我們機(jī)制專業(yè)知識結(jié)構(gòu)中不可缺少的組成部分，并作為一個獨(dú)立的項目列入專業(yè)教學(xué)計劃中的。其目的在于通過實習(xí)使學(xué)生獲得基本生產(chǎn)的感性知識，理論聯(lián)系實際，擴(kuò)大知識面；同時專業(yè)實習(xí)又是鍛煉和培養(yǎng)學(xué)生業(yè)務(wù)能力及素質(zhì)的重要渠道，培養(yǎng)當(dāng)代大學(xué)生具有吃苦耐勞的精神，也是學(xué)生接觸社會、了解產(chǎn)業(yè)狀況、了解國情的一個重要途徑，逐步實現(xiàn)由學(xué)生到社會的轉(zhuǎn)變，培養(yǎng)我們初步擔(dān)任技術(shù)工作的能力、初步了解企業(yè)管理的基本方法和技能；體驗企業(yè)工作的內(nèi)容和方法。這些實際知識，對我們學(xué)習(xí)后面的課程乃至以后的工作，都是十分必要的基礎(chǔ)。
2.實習(xí)內(nèi)容：
①掌握機(jī)械加工工藝方面的知識及方法 ②了解切削刀具方面的知識，熟悉常用刀具的結(jié)構(gòu)、選擇、用途等 ③了解機(jī)床和數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的知識，特別是加工中心等典型的數(shù)控設(shè)備 ④了解企業(yè)生產(chǎn)管理模式，學(xué)習(xí)先進(jìn)的管理方式方法 ⑤熟悉、鞏固鑄造工藝及設(shè)備方面的知識
這次畢業(yè)實習(xí)是我們畢業(yè)前夕大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)中很重要的一部分，在陳志剛，雷先明等老師的指導(dǎo)下我們在山河智能工程機(jī)械公司進(jìn)行畢業(yè)實習(xí)?？梢哉f我們在這段時間的實習(xí)中學(xué)到了很多在課堂沒學(xué)到的知識從而感到受益匪淺：
湖南山河智能股份有限公司是我國目前生產(chǎn)小型挖掘機(jī)、壓樁機(jī)等工程機(jī)械系列產(chǎn)品規(guī)模最大、產(chǎn)量最多、質(zhì)量最好、設(shè)備最全的國家機(jī)械工業(yè)中型骨干企業(yè)，是發(fā)行社會公眾股的股份制企業(yè)。公司位于湖南－－長沙市星沙經(jīng)濟(jì)開發(fā)區(qū)。凈資產(chǎn)3.89億元，員工1900人，生產(chǎn)區(qū)占地面積67萬平方米。主要名優(yōu)產(chǎn)品有：引進(jìn)美國卡特彼勒公司技術(shù)生產(chǎn)的ZL60E、ZL100B等ZL系列裝載機(jī)、履帶式液壓挖掘機(jī)及自主研發(fā)的壓樁機(jī)，已形成4000臺年生產(chǎn)能力的規(guī)模。該公司計劃通過實施總投資約12億元的技術(shù)改造和外引內(nèi)聯(lián)、科、工、貿(mào)相結(jié)合等措施，2006年形成年產(chǎn)裝載機(jī)、挖掘機(jī)和鉆機(jī)等多種工程機(jī)械系列產(chǎn)品10000臺的綜合生產(chǎn)能力，實現(xiàn)年銷售收入51.5億元和利稅12億元。 本公司還將積極拓展房地產(chǎn)、商業(yè)貿(mào)易、服務(wù)旅游業(yè)及經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)的其它經(jīng)營業(yè)務(wù)。
入廠前培訓(xùn)
數(shù)控機(jī)床的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展：（1）1952年，在美國，計算機(jī)的應(yīng)用使得數(shù)控技術(shù)的產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展得以有充分的條件。其最初用途為軍工業(yè)的生產(chǎn)。（2）20世紀(jì)60年代，晶體管的發(fā)明使得數(shù)控機(jī)床批量生產(chǎn)得以實現(xiàn)。（3）20世紀(jì)70年代，蘇聯(lián)的數(shù)控機(jī)床產(chǎn)量超過美國，成為世界上數(shù)控機(jī)床產(chǎn)量第一的國家。（4）20世紀(jì)80年代，日本的數(shù)控機(jī)床產(chǎn)量位居第一.其中尤以日本法拉克公司最為代表，其產(chǎn)量為全世界產(chǎn)量的30%,而德國的西門子產(chǎn)量也占15%。與此同時，在80年代初期我國也引進(jìn)數(shù)控加工技術(shù)。
加工中心簡介：加工中心是具有刀庫的三軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控鏜銑床。其系統(tǒng)組成包括：數(shù)控系統(tǒng)CNC、驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)、測量及反饋系統(tǒng)I/O控制系統(tǒng)（PLC）。加工中心分為立式加工中心、臥式加工中心、五面體加工中心等。
裝載機(jī)發(fā)展和發(fā)展趨勢：（1）世界裝載機(jī)發(fā)展史簡介20世紀(jì)初，美國出現(xiàn)第一臺裝載機(jī)，它是用馬車和鋼絲繩構(gòu)成，兼有驅(qū)動與裝載的功能。20世紀(jì)40年代，第一次工業(yè)革命期間，裝載機(jī)采用液壓設(shè)備作動力，即先導(dǎo)式液壓裝置20世紀(jì)。 50年代，第二次工業(yè)革命期間，裝載機(jī)的變速箱采用液力變矩器，其工作矩為100N.m--425N.m。到60年代時，第三次工業(yè)革命期間，裝載機(jī)采用角接式剛性車架。（2）現(xiàn)代裝載機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢：①趨向于環(huán)保、高效、節(jié)能、可靠 ②趨于機(jī)電一體化?、鄹呤孢m性?、苄吞柖鄻樱写?、中、小等各種型號?、莞又悄芑、抻凶詣颖O(jiān)控維護(hù)的功能。
進(jìn)廠參觀
為了使我們更多了解機(jī)械產(chǎn)品、設(shè)備，提高對制造技術(shù)的認(rèn)識，加深在工業(yè)各領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的感性認(rèn)識，開闊視野，了解相關(guān)設(shè)備及技術(shù)資料，熟悉典型零件的加工工藝， 在實習(xí)中我們首先聽取了一系列關(guān)于實習(xí)過程中的安全事項和需注意的項目,在機(jī)械工程類實習(xí)中,安全問題始終是擺在第一位的。然后通過該廠總設(shè)計師的總體介紹。粗略了解了該廠的產(chǎn)品類型和工廠概況.也使我們明白了在該廠的實習(xí)目的和實習(xí)重點(diǎn)。?設(shè)備：TCBAR立柱移動臥式加工中心×2、數(shù)控車床×17、普通車床×24、滾齒機(jī)×21、磨床×18、鉆床×8、坐標(biāo)鏜床×2、銑床×3、仿形車床×3、拉床×1、插床×1、臥式鉆床×5、行車×10、等離子線切割機(jī)、剪板機(jī)、鍛壓機(jī)床車間面積：3456㎡。
生產(chǎn)宗旨：永不接受不合格產(chǎn)品、永不傳遞不合格產(chǎn)品、永不制造不合格產(chǎn)品?！ ?
?????在接下來的一端時間,我在機(jī)加車間,專機(jī)車間和精機(jī)車間進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)實習(xí)。在機(jī)加車間。該車間負(fù)責(zé)人帶我們參觀了他們的生產(chǎn)裝配流水線，并為我們詳細(xì)講解了平面磨床個主要零部件的加工裝配工藝和整機(jī)的動力驅(qū)動問題以及內(nèi)部液壓系統(tǒng)的一系列構(gòu)造。我最感興趣的應(yīng)該是該平面磨床的液壓系統(tǒng)，共分為供油機(jī)構(gòu)，執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，輔助機(jī)構(gòu)和控制機(jī)構(gòu).從不同的角度出發(fā)，可以把液壓系統(tǒng)分成不同的形式。按油液的循環(huán)方式，液壓系統(tǒng)可分為開式系統(tǒng)和閉式系統(tǒng)。開式系統(tǒng)是指液壓泵從油箱吸油，油經(jīng)各種控制閥后，驅(qū)動液壓執(zhí)行元件，回油再經(jīng)過換向閥回油箱。這種系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)較為簡單，可以發(fā)揮油箱的散熱、沉淀雜質(zhì)作用，但因油液常與空氣接觸，使空氣易于滲入系統(tǒng)，導(dǎo)致機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動不平穩(wěn)等后果。開式系統(tǒng)油箱大，油泵自吸性能好。閉式系統(tǒng)中，液壓泵的進(jìn)油管直接與執(zhí)行元件的回油管相連，工作液體在系統(tǒng)的管路中進(jìn)行封閉循環(huán)。其結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，與空氣接觸機(jī)會少，空氣不易滲入系統(tǒng)，故傳動較平穩(wěn)，但閉式系統(tǒng)較開式系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜，因無油箱，油液的散熱和過濾條件較差。為補(bǔ)償系統(tǒng)中的泄漏，通常需要一個小流量的補(bǔ)油泵和油箱。由于閉式系統(tǒng)在技術(shù)要求和成本上比較高,考慮到經(jīng)濟(jì)性的問題,所以該平面磨床采取開始系統(tǒng)，外加一個吸震器來平衡系統(tǒng)?，F(xiàn)代工程機(jī)械幾乎都采用了液壓系統(tǒng)，并且與電子系統(tǒng)、計算機(jī)控制技術(shù)結(jié)合，成為現(xiàn)代工程機(jī)械的重要組成部分,怎樣設(shè)計好液壓系統(tǒng),是提高我國機(jī)械制造業(yè)水平的一項關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。在專機(jī)車間，對專用磨床的三組導(dǎo)軌，兩個拖板等特殊結(jié)構(gòu)和送料機(jī)構(gòu)及其加工范圍有了進(jìn)一步的加深學(xué)習(xí),比向老師傅討教了動力驅(qū)動的原理問題,獲益非淺。在加工車間,對龍門刨床,牛頭刨床等有了更多的確切的感性認(rèn)知,聽老師傅們把機(jī)床的五大部件:床身,立柱,磨頭,拖板,工作臺細(xì)細(xì)道來,如孢丁解牛般地,它們的加工工藝,加工特點(diǎn)在不知不覺間嵌們我們的腦袋。???????
精密車間：
生產(chǎn)一些加工精度較高,技術(shù)要求高的機(jī)床設(shè)備的大型工廠,主要加工的是機(jī)床內(nèi)部的一些精度等級較高的小部件或者一些高精度的機(jī)床,如M級,MM級平面磨床.由于加工要求較高,所以機(jī)器也比較精密,所以有些也要在恒溫這個環(huán)境下伺候它們呢.這樣才能保證機(jī)床的工作性能,進(jìn)而保證加工零件的加工精度要求.?在聽了工人師傅的講解后,明白了一般零件的加工過程如下:?
胚料---劃線---刨床(工藝上留加工余量)--粗車--熱處理,調(diào)質(zhì)--車床半精加工--磨--齒輪加工--淬火(齒面)--磨面?
齒輪零件加工工藝:?粗車--熱處理--精車--磨內(nèi)孔--磨芯,軸端面--磨另一端面--滾齒--鉗齒--剃齒--鍘鍵槽--鉗工--完工?
零件毛胚的選擇分析
零件一般是由毛胚加工而成。在現(xiàn)有的生產(chǎn)條件下，毛胚主要有鑄件，鍛件和沖壓件等幾個種類。鑄件是把熔化的金屬液澆注到預(yù)先制作的鑄型腔中，待其冷卻凝固后獲得的零件毛胚。在一般機(jī)械中，鑄件的重量大都占總機(jī)重量的50%以上，它是零件毛胚的最主要來源。鑄件的突出優(yōu)點(diǎn)是它可以是各種形狀復(fù)雜的零件毛胚，特別是具有復(fù)雜內(nèi)腔的零件毛胚，此外，鑄件成本低廉。其缺點(diǎn)是在其生產(chǎn)過程中，工序多，鑄件質(zhì)量難以控制，鑄件機(jī)械性能較差，鍛件是利用沖擊力或壓力使用，加熱后的金屬胚料產(chǎn)生塑性變形，從而獲得的零件毛胚。鍛件的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜程度往往不及鑄件。但是，鍛件具有良好的內(nèi)部組織，從而具有良好的機(jī)械性能。所以用于做承受重載和沖擊載荷的重要機(jī)器零件和工具的毛胚，沖壓件是利用沖床和專用模具，使金屬板料產(chǎn)生塑性變形或分離，從而獲得的制體。沖壓通常是在常溫下進(jìn)行，沖壓件具有重量輕，剛性好，尺寸精度高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，在很多情況下沖壓件可直接作為零件使用。選擇毛胚還應(yīng)該考慮的原因
?。?）零件的力學(xué)性能要求：相同的的材料采用不同的毛胚制造的方法，其力學(xué)性能有所不同。鑄鐵的強(qiáng)度，離心澆注，壓力澆注的鑄體，金屬型澆注的鑄體，沙型澆注的鑄體依次遞減；鋼質(zhì)零件的鍛造毛胚，其力學(xué)性能高于鋼質(zhì)棒料和鑄鋼體。（2）零件的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀和外廓尺寸，直徑相差不大的階梯軸宜采用棒料。相差較大時宜采用鍛件。形狀復(fù)雜的毛胚不宜采用金屬型鑄造。尺寸較大的毛胚，不宜采用摸鍛，壓鑄和精鑄。多采用沙型鑄造和自由鍛造。外型復(fù)雜的小零件宜采用精密鑄造的方法。（3）生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)和批量：生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)大時宜采用高精度與高生產(chǎn)率的毛胚制造方法，生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)小時，宜采用設(shè)備投資小的毛胚制造方法。（4）現(xiàn)場生產(chǎn)條件和發(fā)展：應(yīng)該經(jīng)過技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)分析和論證。
零件的材料為QT450-10，根據(jù)零件結(jié)構(gòu)簡單和對稱分布的特點(diǎn)，零件的生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)為大批量生產(chǎn)，精機(jī)車間有三個用于加工磨頭體的加工中心和幾臺數(shù)控機(jī)床，數(shù)控機(jī)床的體積小，價格相對比較便宜，加工比較方便，加工中心有一個刀床和多個工作臺同時對多個工作面進(jìn)行加工,不僅避免了由于基準(zhǔn)不重合產(chǎn)生的誤差，提高了加工精度，而且也大大提高了加工效率，但是加工中心體積大，價格昂貴,而且對環(huán)境要求較高，這就提高了產(chǎn)品的成本，一般選擇加工經(jīng)濟(jì)性較高的零件或者精度要求高的關(guān)鍵零件。
總結(jié)：在車間的實習(xí)中,極大地豐富了自己關(guān)于零件加工工藝的知識，拓展了自己的知識面。在這次實習(xí)中，感觸最深的是了解了數(shù)控機(jī)床在機(jī)械制造業(yè)中的重要性,它是電子信息技術(shù)和傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械加工技術(shù)結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物，它集現(xiàn)代精密機(jī)械、計算機(jī)、通信、液壓氣動、光電等多學(xué)科技術(shù)為一體，具有高效率、高精度、高自動化和高柔性等特點(diǎn)，是尖端工業(yè)所不可缺少的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備。以各個零件的生產(chǎn)加工過程及其裝配過程為重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)，使自己在書本上學(xué)的知識鮮活了起來,明白了本專業(yè)在一些技術(shù)制造上的具體應(yīng)用。?
邵陽學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）評閱表
系 機(jī)械與能源工程系 專業(yè)班級 03級機(jī)制本科班
學(xué)生姓名 陳 藝 學(xué) 號 0430717149
課 題 挖掘機(jī)工作裝置液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計
一、指導(dǎo)教師評定（40%）
評分項目
資料查閱
開題報告
基本技能
設(shè)計(研究)能力
科學(xué)素養(yǎng)
工作量
成績
權(quán) 重
5
4
10
12
5
4
分 數(shù)
指導(dǎo)教師評語：
指導(dǎo)教師簽字： 年 月 日
二、評閱人評定（30%）
評分項目
資料完整性
編寫規(guī)范
設(shè)計(論文)質(zhì)量
創(chuàng)造性
成 績
權(quán) 重
5
5
10
10
分 數(shù)
評閱人評語：
評閱人簽字： 年 月 日
三、答辯小組評定（30%）
評分項目
介紹表達(dá)情況
答辯準(zhǔn)備
水平和工作量
回答問題表現(xiàn)
成 績
權(quán) 重
5
10
5
10
分 數(shù)
答辯紀(jì)要和評語：
答辯小組（組長）簽字： 年 月 日
四、綜合評定等級
成績評定等級（優(yōu)、良、中、及格或不及格）：
系答辯委員會主任（簽字）：
年 月 日
復(fù)審評定：
專家（簽字）：
年 月 日
注：復(fù)審評定由學(xué)校組織專家評定。
邵陽學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）任務(wù)書
專業(yè)班級
2003級機(jī)制本科專業(yè)
學(xué)生姓名
陳藝
學(xué) 號
0340717149
課題名稱
挖掘機(jī)工作裝置液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計
設(shè)計(論文)
起止時間
2007年 3月26日至200 7年6月8日
課題類型
工程設(shè)計
課題性質(zhì)
真實
一、課題研究的目的與主要內(nèi)容
研究目的：
設(shè)計多功能液壓挖掘機(jī)的液壓系統(tǒng)，驅(qū)動挖掘機(jī)完成多功能作業(yè)。與山河智能機(jī)械股份有限公司校企合作。學(xué)生在生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場做畢業(yè)設(shè)計，全面提高綜合設(shè)計能力，工程實踐能力。
主要內(nèi)容：
1、對挖掘機(jī)進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)分析。
2、設(shè)計挖掘機(jī)工作裝置的液壓系統(tǒng)。
3、繪制挖掘機(jī)的液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖。
二、基本要求
1、必須獨(dú)立完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計工作。
2、按制圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計多功能液壓挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)圖和有關(guān)零件的零件圖，圖紙比例1∶1，畢業(yè)設(shè)計圖紙總工作量不少于2張零號圖紙。
3、按學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計的書寫格式要求，撰寫設(shè)計說明書，畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書不少于20000字。
4、每個學(xué)生應(yīng)完成與畢業(yè)設(shè)計有關(guān)的3000-5000個文字的外文資料翻譯, 譯文要求準(zhǔn)確,文字流暢。
注：1、此表由指導(dǎo)教師填寫，經(jīng)各系、教研室主任審批生效；
2、此表1式3份，學(xué)生、指導(dǎo)教師、教研室各1份。
三、課題研究已具備的條件（包括實驗室、主要儀器設(shè)備、參考資料）
1、邵陽學(xué)院的實習(xí)工廠。
2、機(jī)械與能源工程系機(jī)械設(shè)計實驗室，數(shù)控加工中心實驗室，主要儀器設(shè)備有：線切割加工機(jī)床，電火花成形加工機(jī)床，數(shù)控加工中心，類型較多的機(jī)械設(shè)計零件等。
3、邵陽學(xué)院圖書館。
3、主要參考資料：《機(jī)械工程設(shè)計手冊》，期刊雜志《工程機(jī)械》。
4、山河智能有限公司挖掘機(jī)裝配車間實習(xí)、技術(shù)部資料查閱。
四、設(shè)計（論文）進(jìn)度表
1、2007.3.26~2007.3.28 確定課題。
1、2007.3.29~2007.4.4 搜集資料，完成開題報告。
2、2007.4.5~2007.5.6 挖掘機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)的確定。
3、2007.4.26~2007.5.10 繪制多功能液壓挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)圖。
4、2007.5.11~2007.5.25 外文資料翻譯，撰寫設(shè)計說明書。
5、2007.5.26~2007.6.8 畢業(yè)設(shè)計文件打印、撰寫答辯提綱準(zhǔn)備答辯。
五、教研室審批意見
教研室主任（簽名） 年 月 日
六、院（系）審批意見
院（系）負(fù)責(zé)人（簽名） 單位（公章） 年 月 日
指導(dǎo)教師（簽名） 學(xué)生（簽名）
邵陽學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）
Modern construction machinery industry of technical progress
Large-size mechanical mining excavator is used widely in international and domestic engineering construction and mining performance, and its property defines the efficiency much.Now because the international market is opened step step, how to promote the quality of excavator is the key that a factory reinforces its competing force.
In our country，the designing elevation and production quality on excavator can not keep up with international advanced technology applying on excavator.Now the advanced technology has already applied advanced designing method on excavator designing，such as electronic simulating theory，dynamic design， reliability design and so on.But in our country ,the most excavator design has still applied the traditional design method ,the modern design method has not began to be actually applied .The prime display is that the capability of self-design is not enough and the basic work has not done perfectly especially the excavator kinetics .
The construct of excavator is very complex and the multiple movers often work simultaneously.at the same time its working environment is very bad and the eternal load varies randomly.As a result ,when designing the new product of excavator ,in order to ensure the performance safety，the designer not only has the basic theory analysis on static load computing ,but also do necessary work about the kinetics of mechanism to qualify the dynamic reliability in the period of designing .Trough the kinetic analysis ,the load property of all the elements in excavator can be decided so as to design reliable product .
From the 1980s of the 20th century to the beginning of this century. Chinese and foreign engineering machinery technology products come from a maturity period of modernization along with a new technological revolution, Mechanical engineering products integrated technology to a new level. Electronic technology, micro-computer, sensors, electro-hydraulic servo control system integration and transformation of the traditional mechanical engineering products, Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing and computer-aided management of construction machinery and equipment manufacturing, IT network technology equipment, construction machinery sales and information transfer systems, thus enabling people to see a brand new construction machinery industry. New construction machinery products in the efficiency and operational quality, environmental protection, performance and automation are many areas due to the past. and toward the further robotic and intelligent direction.
1、 operating principles of Innovation : groundbreaking new law with the high-frequency vibration
With scientific and technological research in the development, engineering machinery operating theory is constantly innovating. Operating mechanical engineering principles, including the cutting of earth, broken ground on the screen geotextile material, mixed with heating, right mixture of paving, leveling and compaction, etc.. These operations Jimmy initially bionics and Newtonian mechanics-based, Modern science and the development of engineering machinery operating principle of laying the foundation for innovation. For example, mechanical vibration and pulse jet, the photoelectric effect and thermal physics, the application of mechanical engineering to save resources and improve the quality of construction improve production efficiency, reliability and driving comfort and a degree of automation to create conditions.
Excavators, bulldozers, loaders, and other earthmoving machinery cutting groundbreaking project, we had no struggle milling, high-frequency vibration, Liquid gas jet method and porous ground breaking law. Groundbreaking use of the new operating principle of transformation to a bucket, can loosen the soil excavation for the high-intensity rock, Under normal circumstances can reduce the unit cost of earthwork and improve production efficiency, and the soil near the building when substitute bored-blasting method.
Vibratory Roller is a mechanical vibration and have reached a "sluggish vibration to" operational effectiveness of the most powerful note. High-frequency vibration compaction technology is the application of modern dynamics in the mechanical engineering important research results, In vibratory roller simultaneously with the application of vibration isolation theory. 90s of the 20th century, there have been a level of vibration (vibration) and vertical vibration directional vibration compaction method, and an AM-vibration and different from the harmonic vibration of chaotic vibration vibratory compaction operating principle, and the formation of the corresponding series of vibratory roller. Impact Roller broke the existing traditional cylindrical roller structure, Use 3-5 edge with the pressure roller polygon dragged by a tractor, 2-3 times per second in order to impact on the ground. This has dramatic impact on the seismic wave propagation characteristics, the depth of compaction several times with the RCC and incremental, 5m in the depths of the degree of compaction of up 90%-92%. Impact Roller is static shock, vibration and rub it smashes the comprehensive role for large fill, Collapse dry sand and soil filling the compaction.
Asphalt paver Weiping equipment is operating principles of mechanical engineering innovation typical example. Fung plate diesel, liquefied petroleum gas or electric heating and 60 Hz frequency of vibration, and using infrared, ultrasonic or laser leveling, is a multidisciplinary high-tech applications. This leveling the technology can be applied to the ground plane, as amlodipine or fine leveling the slope.
Transfer frequency mechanical vibration is also commonly used for drilling, stone crushing and sieving and Shen pulling piling works. The stone drying can use diesel, fuel oil and coal combustion of various fuels on the asphalt from the barrel, heating and asphalt mixture, stirring and insulation process is the full use of thermal theory of physics. Asphalt emulsion and some are modified chemical reaction physical specific application.
2、drive innovation : universal hydraulic and electric drive
Hydraulic drive in the 20th century, the 1960s applied to the roller, only 10 years on the time has been spread and popularize. Now roller travel, vibration, steering and braking systems has achieved the full hydraulic drive. Hydraulic drive greatly simplified the roller drive and control system design, hydraulic drive a smooth, convenient manipulation effort, easy to achieve variable speed and automation, in general, improve the production efficiency of roller compaction and quality. Now foreign markets have seen very little mechanical transmission of the roller.
Hydrostatic drive technology in the 1970s began to use bulldozers, and will soon be extended to a number of small and medium bulldozers and loaders, the United States John Deere, Caterpillar, Germany Bohai benefit companies and Dole produced by Komatsu of Japan has production and sales pushed Temple hydraulic machines and loaders. Hydrostatic drive not to use hydraulic torque converter, which dispense with the left lane and brake parts and mechanical drive, use of a safety valve on mechanical and hydraulic systems overload protection, and the index of smaller power play biggest index, its remaining power available in the auxiliary machinery operation.
German company Deutsche mark and Lee Bohai Fall of other public companies in 1954 and in 1955 took the lead in developing a hydraulic excavator , but the hydrostatic transmission in large excavator is the popularization and application of the 1970s. Since the early 1980s, excavators and subdivided, is gradually realized - powered, rotary and the hydraulic excavator of. In the international market excavators, were all eliminated various mechanical drive.
Late history of the birth of the road is more mechanical hydraulic drive-based, such as paver, soil stabilizer, Pavement milling machine, hydraulic transmission smoothness help improve the quality of the roads paved. Drilling in the car and drilling machines, hydraulic transmission has replaced the previous aerodynamic, Wheeled modern cranes and machinery also piling work to the whole in the direction of hydraulic development.
Electricity in industrial production while the application has a long history, but in mobile machinery is seldom used. This is because, firstly, to the motor capacity of, a motor with the same power as compared to the hydraulic motor, its weight and bulk to good times, to the machinery space layout brought great difficulties. In addition, the efficiency of electrical transmission over low efficiency and consumption of a large volume of non-ferrous metals. But electric drive can be well realized variable speed, braking and electrical power streaming -- Drive more convenient and easy to large tub, large excavator and large loaders, engine-generator-electric wheels will transfer power. Germany Vogele also been developed for electric power will transfer wheel. Germany Vogele also been developed electric drive an asphalt paver, the aircraft's systems are all rotary motor driven electricity, Only Hopper CDCC and comfort slab leveling tank still use hydraulic transmission. The other is the regional mobile operations in the smaller mining site, the use of electric drive large excavator loaders, Such use of electric drive power transmission cables without the engine installed on the machines.
3、ergonomic innovations : a people-oriented and simplified operation
1980s of the 20th century, Many of the world's largest engineering machinery manufacturing company has invested considerable human and financial resources for modern design methodology of the research and used. Ergonomics is a "people-oriented" design, with emphasis on the machines mutual coordination and crew safety, driving comfort, convenience in the driver's operation and maintenance technologies, such drivers both improved working conditions, and increased production efficiency, and some of the engineering machinery vibration, noise, emissions and the prevention of roller drop from the development of the new standard, and even those laws.
Now all kinds of projects are mechanical design roller defense and falling-object protective devices to protect the personal safety of the drivers, with the cab and are designed and installed. Indoor driving sufficient human space and broad vision, and to take the necessary seals, vibration, noise and temperature control measures. Indoor chairs, pieces of the stick, gauges and the monitor according to ergonomics and design and minimize the manipulation and control of parts. To reduce driver fatigue, to choose the suspension damping chairs, and to develop a gas-liquid system hanging with the cab floor.
Electronic technology, mechanical engineering applications, which greatly simplifies the driver's operational procedures and to the machine's technical performance. The use of electronic control machine can automatically choose the mode of operation, such as excavators to the three operating modes -- boom priority, Rotary priorities and micro-adjustment tandem wheels all vibration and vibration. Electronic monitoring can detect and remove machines system failures, such as engine oil pressure loss. Fan fracture belt drive, hydraulic oil contamination or overheating and oil filter blockage, can promptly lights or audible alarm, by the use of electronic sensor device can handle automatic detection machines quality of the work, If random vibration testing of the degree of compaction roller, automatic detection and adjustment of the asphalt mixture ratio and size distribution outlet temperature.
American muffler technology company developed an electronic silencer, electronic equipment engine exhaust noise analysis of the wave structure, and produce a phase difference of 180 ° with the acoustic interference, This "anti-noise" and the engine exhaust noise offset, which over the purpose of the muffler. Such a muffler -- can be used to eliminate the basic engine noise and the noise indoor driving. Muffler and isolation through the engineering machinery driving indoor noise can be reduced to 70dB (A) below.
In addition, by concentrating on lubrication, automatic lubrication and fault alarm, greatly reducing the engineering and mechanical maintenance workload. Dreiser companies axis articulated loader lubrication cycle extended to 2000h. oil and filter replacement cycle extended to 250h; Caterpillar loader routine maintenance to shorten the time 3.45min. 100 hours use of the technical maintenance for only 6-7min.
4、Creative : industrial design with the environment
Modern science and technology of high-speed development, promoting social progress, for humanity to a high degree of material civilization and spiritual civilization. Industrial design is the product of industrial product design, product also known as the art form. Mechanical Products art forms should be able to demonstrate its function in a rational and external quality of uniformity, the product should reflect the advanced technology and meet the aesthetic requirements of modernity.
For mechanical engineering, said it was "a Paper goods sold," That is an exaggeration, but not to modeling design is certainly not desirable. Modeling the mechanical engineering design of the machine can shape their structure, function and use requirements, paying and with the psychological and physical coordination. This modeling design should include ministries of proper body fluid, color coordination, Instrumentation layout beautiful and easy to operate and intuitive sign in the trademark symbol. Now the world's major companies have attached great importance to the products of industrial design, and a specialized research and design.
A world leader left the compactor manufacturers -- BMW, his third of the mechanical compaction machine modeling experts from the industrial design Louis.L.lepoix design, have a good overall result. The series dismounting replacement filter, transmission pieces, hoses and routine maintenance is very convenient. Adopt modern arc-shaped dip in the cab and the engine hood broadminded, fluent lines, with the flavor of the times. Driving the steering wheel height and angle adjustable, choose a comfortable high back seats adjustable damping. Drivers prepare for a good operating environment. Instrumentation site design, easier to observe and control, tilt hood of the driver to provide a good perspective. Hydraulic steering gear shifted to the cab, driving to reduce indoor heat and noise. Arc-shaped windscreen of the cab and four SUPPORT able to isolate noise and vibration. indoor noise below 70dB (A).
Many other engineering machinery are also different degrees of emphasis on industrial design, layout components such as depression, to reduce the center of gravity of the aircraft; Supporting appropriate to expand the area to increase the machine's stability; about as symmetrical layout, to meet the aesthetic; Appearance removed some of the corner, the edge, to show the fluency, and other lines. Construction Machinery paint more of its industrial design is an important part of the unit should be interesting colors, increase the safety of the working environment, and with the field construction site is pure green fields, coordination, Topping the use of the waist line and increase the level to get off the color machines can increase the concentration of visual stability.
５、artificial intelligence Innovation : intelligent robotic machines
Mechanical engineering in the construction field instead of the manual to expand the functions of the hands and feet, traditional machinery can be resolved in good physical and physiological burden, not to mention the relief of spiritual and psychological burden. Modern engineering machinery should be given its soulful, intelligent engineering machinery is a thinking mind (microcomputer) sensorium (sensors), neural network (electronic transmission). Derrnatopathy (power and transmission), and hand, foot bones (work with devices running) for telecommunications systems integration.
Machine is not electromechanical integration of telecommunications and information technology with a simple, it poses the system must have five functions : ① detection and identification with the objects of their work and working conditions of the function; ② goal with under their own decision-making function; ③ have to respond to the decision-making, implementation support movement functions; ④ with automated monitoring and self-revision process functions; ⑤ z own self-protection and security troubleshooting functions. This is the Intelligent Engineering Machinery some specific goals.
In mechanical engineering intelligent process, from beginning to end, filled with self-learning technology and the use of adaptive technology. Now for the integration of telecommunications technology for the engine and hydraulic system and electrical system of full control machines are being given various feelings and wisdom. In the process with the state of real-time monitoring on the basis of mechanical engineering from the partial automation of the transition to full automation, and toward unmanned remote control and the trend of development. With the intervention of artificial intelligence, engineering machinery will accelerate its modern fast process, Gradual transition to a fully operational wisdom of the target robot. At that time, some new robotic operating procedures will come into being.
現(xiàn)代工程機(jī)械行業(yè)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步
大型機(jī)械式挖掘機(jī)在目前國際國內(nèi)在礦山開采及工程施工中有著廣泛的應(yīng)用，其性能的優(yōu)劣對生產(chǎn)率有很大的影響.在國際市場竟?fàn)幦遮吋ち业慕裉欤绾翁岣弋a(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量是提高其市場競爭力的關(guān)鍵。
目前，我國的大型機(jī)械式挖掘機(jī)在設(shè)計水平，設(shè)計手段及產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量上與國外同類產(chǎn)品相比尚有較大差距.國外已經(jīng)將人一機(jī)一環(huán)境作為一個系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)一考慮，提倡低振動、低噪音的綠色設(shè)計，將現(xiàn)代設(shè)計方法(電子模擬理論、動態(tài)設(shè)計、可靠性設(shè)計等)普遍地應(yīng)用于挖掘機(jī)設(shè)計，使產(chǎn)品設(shè)計現(xiàn)代化，性能可靠。而我國仍然主要采用傳統(tǒng)的仿型設(shè)計，而近年來才將現(xiàn)代設(shè)計方法逐步應(yīng)用到挖掘機(jī)的設(shè)計上，但在這方面工作開展的不得力，主要表現(xiàn)在自行設(shè)計開發(fā)能力不夠，基礎(chǔ)工作做得不完善，尤其在挖掘機(jī)動力學(xué)方面。
挖掘機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)非常復(fù)雜，往往是多發(fā)動機(jī)同時驅(qū)動，同時工作環(huán)境惡劣，外載荷成隨機(jī)性變化，因此在設(shè)計大型礦用挖掘機(jī)的新產(chǎn)品時，為了使其作業(yè)安全，工作順暢，除必要的理論分析和靜強(qiáng)度計算外，還必須要進(jìn)行動力學(xué)分析和計算，以在設(shè)計之初保證機(jī)械的動強(qiáng)度和可靠性。在進(jìn)行這種分析時，土壤的力學(xué)特性必須考慮，而且是重要因素。通過進(jìn)行動力學(xué)研究，才能確定挖掘機(jī)各部件的載荷特性，設(shè)計出質(zhì)量可靠的產(chǎn)品。
從20世紀(jì)80年代到本世紀(jì)初，中外工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品技術(shù)已從一個成熟期走到了現(xiàn)代化時期伴隨著一場新的技術(shù)革命，工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的綜合技術(shù)水平躍上了一個新的臺階。電子技術(shù)、微電腦、傳感器、電液伺服與控制系統(tǒng)集成化改造了傳統(tǒng)的工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品，計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計、輔助制造及輔助管理裝備了工程機(jī)械制造業(yè)，IT網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)也裝備了工程機(jī)械的銷售與信息傳遞系統(tǒng)，從而讓人們看到了一個全新的工程機(jī)械行業(yè)。新的工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品在工作效率、作業(yè)質(zhì)量、環(huán)境保護(hù)、操作性能及自動化程度諸多方面都是以往所不可比擬的，并且在向著進(jìn)一步的智能化和機(jī)器人化方向邁進(jìn)。
1、 作業(yè)原理創(chuàng)新：新法破土與高頻振動
隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)研究水平的不斷發(fā)展，工程機(jī)械的作業(yè)理論也在不斷地創(chuàng)新。工程機(jī)械的作業(yè)原理包括對土石方的切割、破碎、回填，對土工材料的篩分、混合與加熱，對混合料的攤鋪、找平與壓實等。這些作業(yè)理原先是以仿生學(xué)與牛頓力學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)的，而近現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的發(fā)展為工程機(jī)械作業(yè)原理的創(chuàng)新奠定了基礎(chǔ)。例如機(jī)械振動、脈沖、射流、光電效應(yīng)及熱物理學(xué)的應(yīng)用， 為工程機(jī)械節(jié)省資源，改善施工質(zhì)量、提高生產(chǎn)效率、工作可靠性、駕駛舒適性與自動化程度創(chuàng)造了條件。
挖掘機(jī)、推土機(jī)、裝載機(jī)等土方工程機(jī)械切割破土，現(xiàn)在有了無斗銑切法、高頻振動法、液氣射流法及微孔破土法。使用新的破土作業(yè)原理改造的鏟斗、松土器可以開挖高強(qiáng)度的巖土，在一般情況下都可以降低單位土方費(fèi)用與提高生產(chǎn)效率，并且在靠近建筑物挖土?xí)r可代替鉆孔—爆破法施工。
振動壓路機(jī)是利用機(jī)械振動而又要達(dá)成“振地不振人”作業(yè)效果的最有力說明。高頻振動壓實技術(shù)的應(yīng)用是近代動力學(xué)在工程機(jī)械上的重要科研成果，在振動壓路機(jī)上同時應(yīng)用了振動與隔振理論。20世紀(jì)90年代以來，出現(xiàn)了水平振動（振蕩）與垂直振動的定向振動壓實方法，以及無級調(diào)幅振動和不同于簡諧振動的混沌振動等振動壓實作業(yè)原理，并且形成了相應(yīng)系列的振動壓路機(jī)。沖擊式壓路機(jī)打破了原有傳統(tǒng)的圓柱形滾輪結(jié)構(gòu)，使用具有3-5個邊的多邊形壓滾由牽引車拖行，以每秒2-3次順序地沖擊地面。這種劇烈沖擊具有地震波的傳播特性，其壓實深度隨碾壓遍數(shù)而遞增，在5m深處的壓實度可達(dá)90%-92%。沖擊壓路機(jī)具有靜壓沖擊、振動搗實與揉搓的綜合作用，適合大型填方、塌陷土壤和干砂填筑工程的壓實。
瀝青混凝土攤鋪機(jī)慰平工作裝置更是工程機(jī)械作業(yè)原理創(chuàng)新的典型例子。慰平板使用柴油、液化氣或電加熱和72Hz的調(diào)頻振動，并采用紅外線、激光或超聲波找平， 是多學(xué)科高新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。這其中的找平技術(shù)也可以應(yīng)用到平地機(jī)上，作為地平或坡面的精細(xì)找平。
調(diào)頻率機(jī)械振動還通常用于鑿巖、石料破碎與篩分及沉拔樁等工程施工。石料的烘干可以使用柴油、重油和煤粉多種燃料的燃燒器，瀝青的脫桶、加熱及瀝青混合料的攪拌與保溫過程中都充分運(yùn)用了熱物理學(xué)原理。瀝青的乳化與改性都是一些化學(xué)物理反應(yīng)的具體應(yīng)用。
2、傳動方式創(chuàng)新：普及液壓與電氣傳動
液壓傳動在20世紀(jì)60年代開始應(yīng)用到了壓路機(jī)上，只十多年的時間就得到了推廣和普及?，F(xiàn)在壓路機(jī)的行走、振動、轉(zhuǎn)向及制動等系統(tǒng)已實現(xiàn)了全液壓傳動。液壓傳動大大簡化了壓路機(jī)傳動與操縱系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計，液壓傳動平穩(wěn)、操縱方便省力、容易實現(xiàn)無級調(diào)速和自動控制、從總體上提高了壓路機(jī)的生產(chǎn)效率與壓實質(zhì)量。現(xiàn)在國外市場上已經(jīng)很少見到機(jī)械傳動的壓路機(jī)了。
靜液壓傳動技術(shù)于70年代開始應(yīng)用到了推土機(jī)上，并且很快推廣到了一些中小型推土機(jī)和裝載機(jī)上，美國約翰·迪爾公司、卡特彼勒公司、德國利渤海爾公司及日本小松制作所都生產(chǎn)和銷售全液壓推寺機(jī)與裝載機(jī)。靜液壓傳動不使用液力變矩器，還省去了離且器與行車制動器及部分機(jī)械傳動機(jī)構(gòu)，能利用安全閥對機(jī)械和液壓系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)過載保護(hù)，并以較小的索引功率發(fā)揮最大的索引力，其剩余的功率可用在機(jī)器的輔助操作上。
德國的德馬克公司和利渤海爾公司公別于1954年和1955年率先