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附錄A：Hoist crane metal structure
Flows -like in the hoist crane, the majority of tire hoist crane, the crawler crane as well as the partial autohoist and special-purpose flows -like the hoist crane, all installs has clothes rack the bracket arm, and through lifts using its peak block and tackle installs changes lifts the steel wire position, thus realization heavy item fluctuation; Again changes its height of lift and the working radius through the change clothes rack bracket arm length and the angle of tilt. Therefore, maintenance clothes rack bracket arm incompleteness is extremely important. Because the hoist crane rises and falls the heavy item work content the multiplicity and all kinds of work environment, as well as the hoist crane pilot operational level high low status reason (has also contrary operation), these can create clothes rack the bracket arm varying degree damage, even folds the arm or the personnel casualty
On clothes rack the bracket arm steel pipe is specially in the welding place, very easy to appear the crack; This must examine carefully, when necessity applies the magnifying glass careful observation. According to we many year experiences, is very small when the crater place crack, must carry on the regular track inspection, gazes at the crack closely the development change, in order to take the measure promptly. When crack width as big as 1mm above, should the prompt patching. The concrete method is, carries on first to the crack place original crater polishes, removes how many to regard the special details to decide; Then carries on the patching; Finally renovates well then.
When the pit depth achieved the steel pipe the arm thick size, also the pit distortion diameter achieves when 25mm (diameter for 2~5mm) and a straightedge, if the pit position in clothes rack on the bracket arm steel pipe surface, then defers to the method which shown in Figure 1 to determine the pit the depth, soon chooses the good steel ball to put in the pit, if the steel ball apex up just could with right angle under along the contact, we be possible to regard the steel ball by now the diameter for the pit depth. If the pit position in the steel pipe side or under, after may use the butter to stick to first the steel ball carries on again the survey. To this kind of maintenance damage, the available general material quality and the original steel pipe same steel pipe welding reinforcement, namely takes section of steel pipes to divide into along the middle line two half, builds its nose the incline, has exempted the crater to be vertical to clothes rack the bracket arm steel pipe length direction. Must treat in front of welding the original clothes rack bracket arm steel pipe above welds place paints polishes cleanly front, prepares for welds
When clothes rack the bracket arm simple root steel pipe surface damage quite is serious, should adopt its damage serious section of steel pipes removes, welds section of steel pipes the method to carry on processing, but must add on a section inside the steel pipe to strengthen the steel pipe. Front in order to cause to weld strengthens the steel pipe to be able the smooth insertion to remove in a section of clothes rack bracket arm steel pipe, strengthens the steel pipe to be supposed to make the similarly long two sections, and uses the thread successively and welds two ways to carry on the connection. Strengthens steel pipe L1 and L2's length must a section of short 20mm which removes compared to clothes rack the bracket arm steel pipe, also its outer diameter should compared to clothes rack bracket arm steel pipe inside diameter small 20~40 μm, cause to strengthen the steel pipe both to be possible to move in clothes rack the bracket arm steel pipe and no longer becomes less crowded. Will strengthen steel pipe L1 and L2 first inserts clothes rack in separately the bracket arm steel pipe, and will use them the screw joint not to be able to get up, then will screw tight causes two shoulders to depend on strictly, will hold looks strengthens the steel pipe after the position, after will occupy separately its screwtop the position, separately and two will weld its screwtop place the jail already to be possible. Clothes rack the bracket arm steel pipe crater must make the incline, when the steel pipe spool thread perpendicular line included angle for 10°~30° between, like the damage is the multi-root steel pipe, should choose 10°. Here, again earnestly surveys clothes rack the bracket arm steel tube welding good after actual gap size, and refers to the shape which shown in Figure 2, the next section of steel tubing material, the both sides make 30 inclines, cuts open the welding along among in clothes rack in the bracket arm steel pipe gap; Finishing touch, paints then
This time, 4 steel pipes all must weld, therefore should defer to Figure 4 requests the vehicle to make 4 inside diameters to strengthen the tube, after the inside diameter strengthens wall thickness which the tube turning remains to be supposed not to be bigger than clothes rack the bracket arm steel pipe thickness, the middle crater slope must be able to satisfy the strength of a weld the need. At the same time, the entire clothes rack bracket arm 4 steel pipe welding position must stagger, cannot in the identical lateral section, also each steel pipe crater in its spool thread perpendicular line included angle should be 10°.
Welds repairs time must pay attention: Chooses the appropriate welding rod and the material quality reasonable strengthens the steel pipe; Also must pay attention to the ambient temperature in the fall winter season and weld the explanation labor embryo clamping apparatus and so on to entire to weld repairs the quality the influence, as well as the welding circumference welded joint do not have to be vertical with the original steel pipe length direction.
The weak clothes rack bracket arm goes against the sheave pintle the wearing capacity to surpass the full size time 5%, namely should replace. When examination, clothes rack the bracket arm will place in a bearing point, will cause to lift the steel wire to relax, the hand will push the pulley if will rock the quantity to be very big, will have to dismantle with the ruler surveys, otherwise added an oil to be possible.
To connects the crown arm festival (lift hook block and tackle), the middle arm festival (expands and contracts cylinder fixedly), the foundation arm festival (with turnplate, amplitude cylinder, keeps off cord pulley axis) and so on place to sell the axis also to have to inspect frequently. When its wearing capacity achieved when full size 5%, must replace promptly. When inspection, also is places clothes rack the bracket arm in a bearing point, dismantles one, inspects one, again installs one, by root inspection, until checkoff.
Inspects the lift hook the mark and guards against escapes installs whether conforms to the requirement, flaws and so on lift hook whether there is crack, stripping; The lift hook cross section wears, the aperture increase, the torsional deflection, whether exceeds the allowed figure; The lift hook pate and the superficial whether there is weary distortion, the crack and do the correlation sell the axis, the wrap attrition situation. The inspection steel wire specification, the model and the pulley reel matches whether conforms to the design requirement. Steel wire steel wire attachment systems and so on fixed end clamp, line anchor, agreement block whether conforms to the requirement. The steel wire attrition, breaks the silk, the kinking, compressing, the bend, breaks the stock, the corrosion and so on whether exceeds the allowed figure.
Brake establishment, brake pattern whether conforms to the design requirement, brake flaws and so on tension bar, spring whether there is weary distortion, crack; Sells the axis, the spindle, the brake pulley, the brake lining plate whether wears exceeds the allowed figure, hydraulic brake whether oil leak; Applies the brake the gap adjustment, whether brake power conforms to the requirement. The reel body, does the tube reason whether there is fatigue cracking, damage and so on the situations; The rope trough and the tube wall wears whether exceeds the allowed figure; Whether the reel wheel rim highly and does the steel wire twine the layer to match; Guide rope, wireline guide working condition whether conforms to the requirement;
Whether the pulley is equipped with guards against escapes the rope trough installment; Pulley rope trough, wheel rim whether has the crack, the ragged edges, the attrition exceeds the allowed figure and so on the conditions, the pulley rotates whether nimbly. The speed reducer moves when whether there is fierce metal fricative, vibration, shell radiation and so on unusual sound; Whether the axial-tab terminal does seal complete, whether the set bolt does have conditions loosely and so on damage; The speed reducer lubricating oil choice, the oil level height, the vertical speed reducer gun movement, opens the type gear drive lubrication and so on whether conforms to the requirement. Wheel roller face, wheel axle whether has the fatigue cracking phenomenon, the wheel roller face wheel axle wears whether exceeds the allowed figure. Whether in the movement appears gnaws the axle phenomenon. Creates gnaws the axle the reason is any. Does the shaft coupling components whether there is damage, the connection become less crowded, movement impact phenomenon. The shaft coupling, sells the axis, the axis cotter hole, the cushion oak rubber or plastic rings wears whether exceeds the allowed figure. The shaft coupling with two parts which connects whether concentric。
附錄B：起重機(jī)金屬結(jié)構(gòu)
流動式起重機(jī)中，大部分輪胎起重機(jī)、履帶起重機(jī)以及部分汽車起重機(jī)和專用流動式起重機(jī)，都安裝有桁架臂，并利用其頂端的滑輪組通過起升裝置來改變起升鋼絲繩的位置，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)重物的升降；再通過改變桁架臂的長度和傾斜角度來改變其提升高度和工作半徑。因此，保持桁架臂的完好是非常重要的。因?yàn)槠鹬貦C(jī)升降重物作業(yè)內(nèi)容的多樣性和各式各樣的作業(yè)環(huán)境，以及起重機(jī)駕駛員操作水平的高低等原因(有的還違規(guī)操作)，這些都會造成桁架臂不同程度的損傷，甚至折臂或人員傷亡。
在桁架臂鋼管上特別是在焊接處，很容易出現(xiàn)裂紋；這要仔細(xì)地查看，必要時(shí)應(yīng)用放大鏡仔細(xì)觀察。根據(jù)我們多年的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，在焊口處的裂紋很小時(shí)，就要進(jìn)行定期跟蹤檢查，密切注視裂紋的發(fā)展變化，以便及時(shí)采取措施。當(dāng)裂紋的寬度大到1mm以上時(shí)，就應(yīng)及時(shí)補(bǔ)焊。具體的方法是，先對裂紋處的原焊口進(jìn)行打磨，去掉多少則視具體情況而定；然后進(jìn)行補(bǔ)焊；最后整修好即可。
當(dāng)坑的深度達(dá)到鋼管的臂厚尺寸、且坑的變形直徑達(dá)到25mm時(shí)(直徑為2~5mm)和一把直尺，如果坑的位置在桁架臂鋼管的表面上，即可按照圖1所示的方法測出坑的深度，即將選好的鋼球放入坑中，如果鋼球的上頂點(diǎn)剛好能與直角的下邊沿接觸，這時(shí)我們就可以視鋼球的直徑為坑的深度。如果坑的位置在鋼管的側(cè)面或下面，可先用黃油將鋼球粘住后再進(jìn)行測量。對這種維護(hù)的損傷，可用一般材質(zhì)與原鋼管相同的鋼管焊接加固，即取一段鋼管沿中心線分成兩半，將其端部修成斜面，已免焊口垂直于桁架臂鋼管的長度方向。在焊前須將原桁架臂鋼管上面待焊處的涂漆打磨干凈，做好焊前準(zhǔn)備。
當(dāng)桁架臂單根鋼管表面的損傷比較嚴(yán)重時(shí)，應(yīng)該采取將其損傷嚴(yán)重的一段鋼管去掉、重新焊上一段鋼管的方法進(jìn)行處理，但在鋼管里面必須加上一段加強(qiáng)鋼管。為使焊前加強(qiáng)鋼管能順利的插入已去掉一段的桁架臂鋼管內(nèi)，加強(qiáng)鋼管應(yīng)做成同樣長的兩段，并先后采用螺紋和焊接兩種方式進(jìn)行連接。加強(qiáng)鋼管L1和L2的長度須比桁架臂鋼管去掉的一段短20mm，且其外徑應(yīng)比桁架臂鋼管的內(nèi)徑小20~40μm，以使加強(qiáng)鋼管在桁架臂鋼管內(nèi)既可以移動又不再松動。先將加強(qiáng)鋼管L1和L2分別插入桁架臂鋼管內(nèi)，并將它們用螺紋連接起不來，然后擰緊使兩軸肩靠嚴(yán)，持找準(zhǔn)加強(qiáng)鋼管所在位置后，分別將其螺口處在位置后，分別將其螺口處和兩頭焊牢既可。桁架臂鋼管的焊口要做成斜面，與其鋼管軸線垂線夾角為10°~30°之間，如損傷的為多根鋼管時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇10°。至此，再認(rèn)真測量桁架臂鋼管焊好后的實(shí)際缺口尺寸，下一段鋼管料，兩端做成30斜面，沿中間剖開焊接在桁架臂鋼管的缺口上；最后修整，涂漆即可。
此時(shí)，4根鋼管都要重新焊接，因此應(yīng)按照圖4的要求車制4根內(nèi)徑加強(qiáng)管，內(nèi)徑加強(qiáng)管車削后所剩的壁厚應(yīng)不大于桁架臂鋼管的厚度，中間的焊口坡度要能滿足焊接強(qiáng)度的需要。同時(shí)，整個(gè)桁架臂4根鋼管地焊接位置要錯(cuò)開，不能在同一個(gè)橫截面上，且每根鋼管的焊口于其軸線垂線的夾角應(yīng)為10°。
焊修時(shí)須注意：選擇合適的焊條和材質(zhì)合理的加強(qiáng)鋼管；在秋冬季節(jié)還要注意環(huán)境溫度及焊解釋工胎卡具等對整個(gè)焊修質(zhì)量的影響，以及焊接的圓周焊縫不要和原鋼管的長度方向垂直。弱桁架臂頂上滑輪軸的磨損量超過原尺寸的5%時(shí)，即應(yīng)更換。檢驗(yàn)時(shí)，將桁架臂放在一個(gè)支承點(diǎn)上，使起升鋼絲繩放松，手推滑輪如果晃動量很大，就須拆下用尺來測量，否則加些油就可以了。對連接頂部臂節(jié)(吊鉤滑輪組)、中間臂節(jié)(伸縮缸固定)、基礎(chǔ)臂節(jié)(與轉(zhuǎn)臺、變幅缸、擋繩滑輪軸)等處的銷軸也要經(jīng)常檢查。當(dāng)其磨損量達(dá)到原尺寸的5%時(shí)，須及時(shí)更換。檢查時(shí)，也是將桁架臂放在一個(gè)支承點(diǎn)上，拆下一根，檢查一根，再安裝一根，逐根檢查，直至檢查完畢。
檢查吊鉤的標(biāo)記和防脫裝置是否符合要求，吊鉤有無裂紋、剝裂等缺陷；吊鉤斷面磨損、開口度的增加量、扭轉(zhuǎn)變形，是否超標(biāo)；吊鉤頸部及表面有無疲勞變形、裂紋及相關(guān)銷軸、套磨損情況。檢查鋼絲繩規(guī)格、型號與滑輪卷筒匹配是否符合設(shè)計(jì)要求。鋼絲繩固定端的壓板、繩卡、契塊等鋼絲繩固定裝置是否符合要求。鋼絲繩的磨損、斷絲、扭結(jié)、壓扁、彎折、斷股、腐蝕等是否超標(biāo)。
制動器的設(shè)置，制動器的型式是否符合設(shè)計(jì)要求，制動器的拉桿、彈簧有無疲勞變形、裂紋等缺陷；銷軸、心軸、制動輪、制動摩擦片是否磨損超標(biāo)，液壓制動是否漏油；制動間隙調(diào)整、制動能力能否符合要求。卷筒體、筒緣有無疲勞裂紋、破損等情況；繩槽與筒壁磨損是否超標(biāo)；卷筒輪緣高度與鋼絲繩纏繞層數(shù)能否相匹配；導(dǎo)繩器、排繩器工作情況是否符合要求。
滑輪是否設(shè)有防脫繩槽裝置；滑輪繩槽、輪緣是否有裂紋、破邊、磨損超標(biāo)等狀況，滑輪轉(zhuǎn)動是否靈活。減速機(jī)運(yùn)行時(shí)有無劇烈金屬摩擦聲、振動、殼體輻射等異常聲音；軸端是否密封完好，固定螺栓是否松動有缺損等狀況；減速機(jī)潤滑油選擇、油面高低、立式減速機(jī)潤滑油泵運(yùn)行，開式齒輪傳動潤滑等是否符合要求。車輪的踏面、輪軸是否有疲勞裂紋現(xiàn)象，車輪踏面輪軸磨損是否超標(biāo)。運(yùn)行中是否出現(xiàn)啃軌現(xiàn)象。造成啃軌的原因是什么。聯(lián)軸器零件有無缺損，連接松動，運(yùn)行沖擊現(xiàn)象。聯(lián)軸器、銷軸、軸銷孔、緩沖橡膠圈磨損是否超標(biāo)。聯(lián)軸器與被連接的兩個(gè)部件是否同心。