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編號(hào)
無錫太湖學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
相關(guān)資料
題目： PLC在混凝土攪拌站中的應(yīng)用
信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化專業(yè)
學(xué) 號(hào)： 0951295
學(xué)生姓名： 孫天奇
指導(dǎo)教師： 陳浩 （職稱：高級(jí)工程師）
（職稱： ）
2013年5月25日
目 錄
一、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告
二、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文資料翻譯及原文
三、學(xué)生“畢業(yè)論文（論文）計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度、檢查及落實(shí)表”
四、實(shí)習(xí)鑒定表
無錫太湖學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
開題報(bào)告
題目： PLC在混凝土攪拌站中的應(yīng)用
信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 專業(yè)
學(xué) 號(hào)： 0951295
學(xué)生姓名： 孫天奇
指導(dǎo)教師： 陳浩 （職稱：高級(jí)工程師 ）
（職稱： ）
2012年11月25日
課題來源
從1903年德國(guó)建造世界上第一座預(yù)拌混凝土攪拌站以來，商品混凝土作為獨(dú)立的產(chǎn)業(yè)己有100多年的歷史。隨后，美國(guó)于1913年，法國(guó)于1933年建立了自己的攪拌站。二次大戰(zhàn)后，尤其是60年代到70年代，由于各國(guó)抓緊發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)，醫(yī)治戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的創(chuàng)傷，混凝土攪拌站得到了快速發(fā)展。在70年代左右出現(xiàn)的可編程控制器采用計(jì)算機(jī)儲(chǔ)存程序和順序執(zhí)行的原理，使得人們很容易地學(xué)習(xí)使用。將混凝土攪拌站和PLC控制程序相結(jié)合可以大大的減少勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和工作時(shí)間。
科學(xué)依據(jù)
1、課題的科學(xué)意義
在建筑行業(yè)中使用最多的材料是各種強(qiáng)度的混凝土。不同強(qiáng)度的混凝土是由不同比例的水泥、砂子、石子和水混合攪拌而成。本課題研究?jī)?nèi)容是利用PLC技術(shù)，使混凝土攪拌站實(shí)現(xiàn)全自動(dòng)地配制各種強(qiáng)度的混凝土?，F(xiàn)在國(guó)內(nèi)的混凝土的運(yùn)算制作大部分是由人工完成的，理論上PLC可以代替人工運(yùn)算混凝土的配合比以及對(duì)原材料的稱重。使用PLC技術(shù)不僅可以提高生產(chǎn)效率，而且還能減輕工人勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，并確保生產(chǎn)的混凝土符合國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
2、PLC應(yīng)用在混凝土攪拌站研究狀況及其發(fā)展前景
隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的飛速發(fā)展，許多大型的基礎(chǔ)工程及建筑工程相繼開工。在工地上需要用到大量的優(yōu)質(zhì)的混凝土，而且人們的環(huán)保意識(shí)日益增強(qiáng)，為了配合和諧社會(huì)的建設(shè)、減少城市噪聲污染，政府會(huì)要求施工使用的混凝土進(jìn)行集中的生產(chǎn)和管理。這樣會(huì)使混凝土的配料精度提高，并且要求生產(chǎn)速度要快質(zhì)量要好。因此混凝土生產(chǎn)過程中攪拌設(shè)備的自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)越來越受到人們的重視?？删幊炭刂破骶哂锌煽啃愿?、功能完善、編程簡(jiǎn)單直觀等優(yōu)點(diǎn)可以有效的彌補(bǔ)繼電器控制系統(tǒng)的缺失。
國(guó)外生產(chǎn)的攪拌站一般生產(chǎn)率在50m3/ h～300m3/h，對(duì)于商品混凝土生產(chǎn)，攪拌站形式應(yīng)用比較普遍，尤其在大型工程中被采用。我國(guó)混凝土攪拌站的研制是從50年代開始的，在其發(fā)展過程中，型式的選取和主要技術(shù)參數(shù)基本上是根據(jù)用戶要求和參考國(guó)外產(chǎn)品的自由狀態(tài)。國(guó)標(biāo)GB10171-88《混凝土攪拌站(樓)分類》和GB10172-88《混凝土攪拌站技術(shù)條件》的頒布實(shí)施，將混凝土攪拌站(樓)的研制和生產(chǎn)納入了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)管理的軌道，為其發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。產(chǎn)品技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和預(yù)拌混凝土標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求中，對(duì)于混凝土攪拌站的技術(shù)指標(biāo)已達(dá)到發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家水平。當(dāng)今國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的混凝土攪拌站質(zhì)量迅速提高，逐步取代了進(jìn)口攪拌站，在國(guó)內(nèi)已經(jīng)占主導(dǎo)地位，其控制系統(tǒng)也得到快速發(fā)展。
國(guó)內(nèi)大型混凝土攪拌站生產(chǎn)廠商包括:三一重工、珠海志美、上海華建、南方路機(jī)等。自八十年代以來，我國(guó)混凝土機(jī)械有兩次戰(zhàn)略性產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，對(duì)行業(yè)的發(fā)展起到了舉足輕重的作用：一是八十年代初期混凝土攪拌機(jī)的升級(jí)換代，由雙錐反轉(zhuǎn)型、立軸和臥軸強(qiáng)制式混凝土攪拌機(jī)替代鼓筒型攪拌機(jī)，現(xiàn)在這三大系列產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)性能己達(dá)到國(guó)外同類機(jī)型的先進(jìn)水平，從質(zhì)量到數(shù)量上基本滿足了國(guó)內(nèi)需求;二是八十年代末到九十年代初“發(fā)展一站三車(即混凝土攪拌樓、混凝土攪拌輸送車、臂架式混凝土泵車和散裝水泥車)，把我國(guó)商品混凝土機(jī)械搞上去”的戰(zhàn)略，推動(dòng)了混凝土機(jī)械行業(yè)的第二次產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，反映了混凝土機(jī)械行業(yè)穩(wěn)定、持續(xù)、全面發(fā)展的深層次要求。經(jīng)過科研院所和生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的共同開發(fā)，適時(shí)引進(jìn)國(guó)外先進(jìn)的混凝土泵和混凝土攪拌輸送車技術(shù)，使我國(guó)在商品混凝土機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)、制造能力和水平都有了很大提高，一些產(chǎn)品已有批量生產(chǎn)，其技術(shù)水平與當(dāng)今世界水平同步，減少了進(jìn)口，節(jié)約了外匯，取得了較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益。在“十五”乃至2010年期間，我國(guó)要建設(shè)一大批大型煤礦、油田、電站、機(jī)場(chǎng)、港口、高速鐵路、高等級(jí)公路等重點(diǎn)工程，同時(shí)也要進(jìn)行大量的城市道路、城鎮(zhèn)住宅的開發(fā)與建設(shè)，這都需要大量的混凝土。所以現(xiàn)在正是大力發(fā)展混凝土機(jī)械的大好時(shí)機(jī)，作為“一站三車”中的一站，混凝土攪拌樓占有舉足輕重的地位。
3、應(yīng)用前景
根據(jù)ARC的調(diào)查和估計(jì)，2000年是PLC的市場(chǎng)達(dá)到1億4千5百萬美元，2001年差不多又增長(zhǎng)了一倍，所以PLC與工業(yè)、建筑等領(lǐng)域的結(jié)合的前景是非常廣闊的前景。
研究?jī)?nèi)容
① 了解混凝土攪拌站的工作原理，國(guó)內(nèi)外的研究發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀；
② 完成混凝土攪拌站的接線圖；
③ 完成I/O模塊；
④ 熟練掌握S7-200的使用，在使用編寫梯形圖；
⑤ 完成設(shè)計(jì)說明書的撰寫，并翻譯外文資料1篇。
擬采取的研究方法、技術(shù)路線、實(shí)驗(yàn)方案及可行性分析
了解完混凝土攪拌站所有設(shè)備之后，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其工作的原理和各個(gè)設(shè)備之間運(yùn)行的先后順序。于是可以先確定各個(gè)設(shè)備起到的作用，在整個(gè)混凝土攪拌站中起到的作用。比如說水泥料倉起到儲(chǔ)存、運(yùn)送、計(jì)量水泥的功能，配料站可以儲(chǔ)藏砂子、石子和添加劑等原料。傳送帶可以將輸出的原料送到攪拌機(jī)中，不同重量比的水泥、砂子、石子和水在攪拌機(jī)中攪拌一定時(shí)間后就可以得到不同標(biāo)號(hào)的混凝土了。
控制混凝土攪拌站的所有設(shè)備可以由PLC進(jìn)行控制。因?yàn)樗邆溥壿嬁刂?、定時(shí)、計(jì)數(shù)等功能，完全可以控制混凝土攪拌站中各個(gè)設(shè)備的先后啟動(dòng)順序?？刂茊?dòng)時(shí)間。
根據(jù)三年多所學(xué)的專業(yè)知識(shí)及通過參閱電器控制與PLC應(yīng)用、PLC控制系統(tǒng)工作方式的分析和研究及相關(guān)圖冊(cè)資料，綜合考慮混凝土的制造成本和周期，本人擬采用的總體方案是：事先在PLC中輸入不同混凝土標(biāo)號(hào)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單位的水泥、砂子、石子和水的重量比。當(dāng)用戶要制作混凝土?xí)rPLC可自行運(yùn)算，將基本數(shù)值乘以需要制作的混凝土的重量。程序通過運(yùn)算得到的混凝土原料的重量，然后PLC控制各個(gè)設(shè)備的運(yùn)行輸出定量的原料，經(jīng)過攪拌機(jī)的攪拌得到用戶指定標(biāo)號(hào)、重量的混凝土。
該設(shè)計(jì)方案經(jīng)慎重考慮，多次試驗(yàn)，多次論證，應(yīng)該是切實(shí)可行的。
研究計(jì)劃及預(yù)期成果
研究計(jì)劃：
2012年11月12日-2012年11月27日：按照任務(wù)書要求查閱論文相關(guān)參考資料，填寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告書。
2012年11月28日-2012年2月10日：填寫畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告,學(xué)習(xí)并翻譯一篇與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的英文材料。
2013年2月15日-2013年2月27日：完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告。
2013年3月1日-2013年3月10日：混凝土攪拌站接線圖。
2013年3月11日-2013年3月 26 日：I/O分配表、梯形圖。
2013年4月 1 日-2013年5月10日：畢業(yè)論文撰寫。
2013年5月 10日-2013年 5月20日：畢業(yè)論文修改工作。
成果：
通過編寫的程序混凝土攪拌站能夠有效的節(jié)約時(shí)間生產(chǎn)成本和制作出符合國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的混凝土?？梢詼?zhǔn)確的生產(chǎn)不同標(biāo)號(hào)的混凝土。
特色或創(chuàng)新之處
（1）能解決生產(chǎn)效率低、勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大的問題，還大大提高了效率。
已具備的條件和尚需解決的問題
已具備的條件：設(shè)計(jì)過程中所需要的各種軟硬件資源和相關(guān)產(chǎn)品實(shí)物照片。
尚需解決的問題：相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)資料的缺乏，對(duì)一些程序部分的具體編寫指導(dǎo)，以及在實(shí)際中運(yùn)行的測(cè)試。
指導(dǎo)教師意見
指導(dǎo)教師（簽名）： 年 月 日
教研室（學(xué)科組、研究所）意見
系主任（簽名）： 年 月 日
系意見
主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽名：
年 月 日
英文原文
PLC technique discussion and future development
Along with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise.
The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best path
We come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only; And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide.
The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculations of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the big power after the electric appliances, but the exportation equipments direct conjunction of the small power can.
PLC internal containment have the CPU of the CPU, and take to have an I/ O for expand of exterior to connect a people's address and saving machine three big pieces to constitute, CPU core is from an or many is tired to add the machine to constitute, mathematics that they have the logic operation ability, and can read the procedure save the contents of the machine to drive the homologous saving machine and I/ Os to connect after pass the calculation; The I/ O add inner part is tired the input and output system of the machine and exterior link, and deposit the related data into the procedure saving machine or data saving machine; The saving machine can deposit the data that the I/ O input in the saving machine, and in work adjusting to become tired to add the machine and I/ Os to connect, saving machine separately saving machine RAM of the procedure saving machine ROM and dates, the ROM can do deposit of the data permanence in the saving machine, but RAM only for the CPU computes the temporary calculation usage of hour of buffer space.
The PLC anti- interference is very and excellent, our root need not concern its service life and the work situation bad, these all problems have already no longer become the topic that we fail, but stay to our is a concern to come to internal resources of make use of the PLC to strengthen the control ability of the equipments for us, make our equipments more gentle.
PLC language is not we imagine of edit collected materials the language or language of Cs to carry on weaving the distance, but the trapezoid diagram that the adoption is original after the electric appliances to control, make the electrical engineering teacher while weaving to write the procedure very easy comprehended the PLC language, and a lot of non- electricity professional also very quickly know and go deep into to the PLC.
Is PLC one of the advantage above and only, this is also one part that the people comprehend more and easily, in a lot of equipments, the people have already no longer hoped to see too many control buttons, they damage not only and easily and produce the artificial error easiest, small is not a main error perhaps you can still accept; But lead even is a fatal error greatly is what we can't is tolerant of. New technique always for bringing more safe and convenient operation for us, make we a lot of problems for face on sweep but light, do you understand the HMI? Says the HMI here you basically not clear what it is, also have no interest understanding, change one inside text explains it into the touch to hold or man-machine interface you knew, and it combines with the PLC to our larger space.
HMI the control not only is reduced the control press button, increase the vivid of the control, more main of it is can sequence of, and at can the change data input to output the feedback with data, control in the temperature curve of imitate but also can keep the manifestation of view to come out. And can write the function help procedure through a plait to provide the help of various what lies in one's power, the one who make operate reduces the otiose error. Currently the HMI factory is also more and more, the function is also more and more strong, the price is also more and more low, and the noodles of the usage are wide more and more. The HMI foreground can say that think ° to be good very.
At a lot of situations, the list is a smooth movement that can't guarantee the equipments by the control of the single machine, but pass the information exchanges of the equipments and equipments to attain the result that we want. For example fore pack and the examination of the empress work preface, we will arrive wrapping information feedback to examine the place, and examine the information of the place to also want the feedback to packing. Pass the information share thus to make both the chain connect, becoming a total body, the match of your that thus make is more close, at each other attain to reflect the result that mutually flick.
The PLC correspondence has already come more body now its value, at the PLC and correspondence between PLCs, can pass the communication of the information and the share of the dates to guarantee that of the equipments moderates mutually, the result that arrive already to repair with each other. Data conversion the adoption RS232 between PLC connect to come to the transmission data, but the RS232 pick up a people and can guarantee 10 meters only of deliver the distance, if in the distance of 1000 meters we can pass the RS485 to carry on the correspondence, the longer distance can pass the MODEL only to carry on deliver.
The PLC data transmission is just to be called a form to it in a piece of and continuous address that the data of the inner part delivers the other party, we, the PLC of the other party passes to read data in the watch to carry on the operation. If the data that data in the watch is a to establish generally, that is just the general data transmission, for example today of oil price rise, I want to deliver the price of the oil price to lose the oil ally on board, that is the share of the data; But take data in the watch for an instruction procedure that controls the PLC, that had the difficulty very much, for example you have to control one pedestal robot to press the action work that you imagine, you will draw up for it the form that a procedure combine with the data sends out to pass by.
The form that information transport contain single work, the half a work and the difference of a workers .The meaning of the single work also is to say both, a can send out only, but a can receive only, for example a spy he can receive the designation of the superior only, but can't give the superior reply; A work of half is also 2 and can send out similar to accept the data, but can't send out and accept at the same time, for example when you make a phone call is to can't answer the phone, the other party also; But whole pair works is both can send out and accept the data, and can send out and accept at the same time. Be like the Internet is a typical example.
The process that information transport also has synchronous and different step cent: The data line and the clock lines are synchronous when synchronous meaning lie in sending out the data, is also the data signal and the clock signals to be carry on by the CPU to send out at the same time, this needs to all want the specialized clock signal each other to carry on the transmission and connect to send, and is constrained, the characteristics of this kind of method lies in its speed very quick, but correspond work time of take up the CPU and also want to be long oppositely, at the same time the technique difficulty also very big. Its request lies in canting have an error margins in a dates deliver, otherwise the whole piece according to compare the occurrence mistake, this on the hardware is a bigger difficulty. Applied more and more extensive in some appropriative equipments, be like the appropriative medical treatment equipments, the numerical signal equipments...etc., in compare the one data deliver, its result is very good.
And the different step is an application the most extensive, this receive benefit in it of technique difficulty is opposite and want to be small, at the same time not need to prepare the specialized clock signal, its characteristics to lie in, its data is partition, the long-lost send out and accept, be the CPU is too busy of time can grind to a stop sex to work, also reduced the difficulty on the hardware, the data throw to lose at the same time opposite want to be little, we can pass the examination of the data to observe whether the data that we send out has the mistake or not, be like strange accidentally the method, tired addition and eight efficacies method etc., can use to helps whether the data that we examine to send out have or not the mistake occurrence, pass the feedback to carry on the discriminator.
A line of transmission of the information contains a string of and combine the cent of: The usual PLC is 8 machines, certainly also having 16 machines. We can be an at the time of sending out the data a send out to the other party, also can be 88 send out the data to the other party, an and 8 differentiations are also the as that we say to send out the data and combine sends out the data. A speed is more and slowly, but as long as 2 or three lines can solve problem, and can use the telephone line to carry on the long range control. But combine the ocular transmission speed is very quick of, it is a string of ocular of 25600%, occupy the advantage in the short distance, the in view of the fact TTL electricity is even, being limited by the scope of one meter generally, it combine unwell used for the data transmission of the long pull, thus the cost is too expensive.
Under a lot of circumstances we are total to like to adopt the string to combine the conversion chip to carry on deliver, under this kind of circumstance not need us to carry on to deposited the machine to establish too and complicatedly, but carry on the data exchanges through the data transmission instruction directly, but is not a very viable way in the correspondence, because the PLC of the other party must has been wait for your data exportation at the time of sending out the data, it can't do other works.
When you are reading the book, you hear someone knock on door, you stop to start up of affair, open the door and combine to continue with the one who knock on door a dialogue, the telephone of this time rang, you signal hint to connect a telephone, after connecting the telephone through, return overdo come together knock on door to have a conversation, after dialogue complete, you continue again to see your book, this kind of circumstance we are called the interruption to it, it has the authority, also having sex of have the initiative, the PLC had such function .Its characteristics lie in us and may meet the urgently abrupt affairs in the operation process of the equipments, we want to stop to start immediately up of work, the whereabouts manages the more important affair, this kind of circumstance is we usually meet of, PLC while carry out urgent mission, total will keep the current appearance first, for example the address of the procedure, CPU of tired add the machine data etc., be like to stick down which the book that we see is when we open the door the page or simply make a mark, because we treat and would still need to continue immediately after book of see the behind. The CPU always does the affair that should do according to our will, but your mistake of give it an affair, it also would be same to do, this we must notice.
The interruption is not only a, sometimes existing jointly with the hour several inside break, break off to have the preferred Class, they will carry out the interruption of the higher Class according to person's request. This kind of breaks off the medium interruption to also became to break off the set. The Class that certainly break off is relevant according to various resources of CPU with internal PLC, also following a heap of capacity size of also relevant fasten.
The contents that break off has a lot of kinds, for example the exterior break off, correspondence in of send out and accept the interruption and settle and the clock that count break off, still have the WDT to reset the interruption etc., they enriched the CPU to respond to the category while handle various business. Speak thus perhaps you can't comprehend the internal structure and operation orders of the interruption completely also, we do a very small example to explain.
Each equipment always will not forget a button, it also is at we meet the urgent circumstance use of, which is nasty to stop the button. When we meet the Human body trouble and surprised circumstances we as long as press it, the machine stops all operations immediately, and wait for processing the over surprised empress recover the operation again. Nasty stop the internal I/ O of the internal CPU of the button conjunction PLC to connect up, be to press button an exterior to trigger signal for CPU, the CPU carries on to the I/ O to examine again, being to confirm to have the exterior to trigger the signal, CPU protection the spot breaks off procedure counts the machine turn the homologous exterior I/ O automatically in the procedure to go to also, be exterior interruption procedure processing complete, the procedure counts the machine to return the main procedure to continue to work. Have 1:00 can what to explain is we generally would nasty stop the button of exterior break off to rise to the tallest Class, thus guarantee the safety.
When we are work a work piece, giving the PLC a signal, counting PLC inner part the machine add 1 to compute us for a day of workload, a count the machine and can solve problem in brief, certainly they also can keep the data under the condition of dropping the electricity, urging the data not to throw to lose, this is also what we hope earnestly.
The PLC still has the function that the high class counts the machine, being us while accept some dates of high speed, the high speed that here say is the data of the in all aspects tiny second class, for example the bar code scanner is scanning the data continuously, calculating high-speed signal of the data processor DSP etc., we will adopt the high class to count the machine to help we carry on count. It at the PLC carries out the procedure once discover that the high class counts the machine to should of interruption, will let go of the work on the hand immediately. The trapezoid diagram procedure that passes by to weave the distance again explains the high class for us to carry out procedure to count machine would automatic performance to should of work, thus rise the Cla