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哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)華德應(yīng)用技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
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哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)華德應(yīng)用技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
附 錄1
專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r
國(guó)外專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)重型化趨勢(shì) 近年來(lái)，國(guó)外專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)的產(chǎn)量明顯以重型居多，其原因主要是重型專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益好喝重型車(chē)功率大、強(qiáng)度高、有中、小型專(zhuān)用車(chē)無(wú)法替代的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。隨著物流的龐大和公路的高級(jí)化，以及特殊作業(yè)的需要，重型專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)在國(guó)外得到迅速發(fā)展。如德國(guó)的散裝水泥車(chē)噸位均在15t以上；比例時(shí)莫爾公司今年花費(fèi)相當(dāng)大的人力、物力從事50~70t的大型掛車(chē)用牽引車(chē)的研究和生產(chǎn)。比例時(shí)的大型粉罐車(chē)也已進(jìn)行系列化生產(chǎn)，裝載容積為30~60m。
散裝水泥車(chē)的系列化趨勢(shì) 為了提高散裝水泥車(chē)的卸料能力，國(guó)外進(jìn)行了卓有成效的流態(tài)化元件研究，使卸料速度達(dá)到1.5~1.8t/min（國(guó)產(chǎn)散裝水汽車(chē)現(xiàn)行指標(biāo)是1.0~1.3m/min），為提高遠(yuǎn)距離散運(yùn)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，散裝水泥車(chē)的列車(chē)化正在成為今后的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。據(jù)報(bào)道，澳大利亞的公路運(yùn)輸已普遍使用拖帶雙節(jié)掛車(chē)、甚至三節(jié)掛車(chē)的汽車(chē)列車(chē)。1994年，澳大利亞一家掛車(chē)制造廠使用麥克（MACK）8×4牽引車(chē)，拖掛29節(jié)掛車(chē)，列車(chē)總長(zhǎng)429m，有效質(zhì)量500t，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率3657kW，每節(jié)掛車(chē)均為三軸式，雙軸結(jié)構(gòu)前轉(zhuǎn)向架和三聯(lián)式后軸。
一車(chē)多用化的趨勢(shì) 為提高專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)的適應(yīng)性，以滿(mǎn)足各種特殊需要，有趨勢(shì)表明國(guó)外正在謀求專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)的一車(chē)多用化，使專(zhuān)用車(chē)功能由單一向多功能發(fā)展，如1990年如本昭和飛機(jī)公司退出了多用途廂式專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)，該車(chē)車(chē)廂為二重結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，裝備了散裝貨物用的傳送帶，既能一般貨運(yùn)又可運(yùn)輸散裝物料。
專(zhuān)用底盤(pán)專(zhuān)業(yè)化趨勢(shì) 日本豐田等大汽車(chē)公司的專(zhuān)用的盤(pán)均已實(shí)現(xiàn)系列化、專(zhuān)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)。近年來(lái)，國(guó)外不少汽車(chē)廠專(zhuān)門(mén)從事專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)底盤(pán)生產(chǎn)，尤其重視專(zhuān)用底盤(pán)的系列化專(zhuān)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)、滿(mǎn)足專(zhuān)用車(chē)的特殊需要。
我國(guó)專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
集團(tuán)化發(fā)展趨勢(shì)明顯 80年代初期開(kāi)始，汽車(chē)行業(yè)經(jīng)歷了“六五”、“七五”十年發(fā)展已基本形成“三大、三小、兩微”、“四輕、二中、三重”基本型汽車(chē)生產(chǎn)基地的格局，由分散走向集中、聯(lián)合、集團(tuán)化。
專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)產(chǎn)品正向調(diào)整生產(chǎn)組織結(jié)構(gòu)和產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、向規(guī)模化趨勢(shì)發(fā)展，專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)的生產(chǎn)集中度增加 從1992年的專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)產(chǎn)量看，主機(jī)廠生產(chǎn)的專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)占專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)產(chǎn)量的53%，已超出一半，另一半是由五六百家專(zhuān)用車(chē)廠生產(chǎn)，生產(chǎn)集中度明顯增加。從另外一方面看，生產(chǎn)分散仍較突出，據(jù)初步統(tǒng)計(jì)，全國(guó)生產(chǎn)自卸車(chē)的廠家130個(gè)，但絕大多數(shù)廠家產(chǎn)量均在200輛以下。以青島專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)廠為例，該廠從日本引進(jìn)技術(shù)生產(chǎn)自卸車(chē)的舉升缸、液壓元件等專(zhuān)用裝置，自卸車(chē)年產(chǎn)能力已達(dá)3000輛，但每年只能生產(chǎn)800~1000輛，形成“吃不飽”的局面。由此看出，調(diào)整組織專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)的生產(chǎn)規(guī)模也是一個(gè)很大的趨勢(shì)。
國(guó)內(nèi)外專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
重型化 國(guó)外在運(yùn)輸和各作業(yè)領(lǐng)域使用的專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)明顯以重型居多。這是因?yàn)橹匦蛙?chē)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益好、功率大有利于綜合利用。
重型化趨勢(shì)直接依賴(lài)于國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展得需要，基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)建設(shè)的需要。油田開(kāi)發(fā)建設(shè)、礦山開(kāi)發(fā)建設(shè)、電站和水利建設(shè)等都需新增重型專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)；交通運(yùn)輸建設(shè)發(fā)展、如高速公路建設(shè)和投入使用，都需要重型半掛、集裝箱運(yùn)輸專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)的發(fā)展。
目前世界上有20多個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)總重15t以上的重型汽車(chē)，年產(chǎn)達(dá)60多萬(wàn)輛，其中重型專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)占重型汽車(chē)產(chǎn)量的70%以上。
重型車(chē)的發(fā)展，在很大程度上取決于重型專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)的發(fā)展。目前我國(guó)重型專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)生產(chǎn)廠家有80多個(gè)，都沒(méi)有形成較大批量生產(chǎn)。我國(guó)的專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)占全國(guó)載貨汽車(chē)保有量和年產(chǎn)量的比例不到15%，而重型專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)年產(chǎn)量尚不到專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)年產(chǎn)量的10%。與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比較差距很大，關(guān)鍵是目前我國(guó)尚缺乏較高水平和質(zhì)量的重型專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)底盤(pán)?？梢?jiàn)，重型專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)的開(kāi)發(fā)生產(chǎn)，無(wú)論在品種上或批量上都具有廣闊的發(fā)展前景。
輕型化 我國(guó)的專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)過(guò)去一直是以中型為主，現(xiàn)在的趨勢(shì)一是往“大”走，如上所述，大型適于公路運(yùn)輸；二是往“小”走，小型適用于走街串巷。隨著國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，城市需要大量的生活用車(chē)、環(huán)衛(wèi)用車(chē)、醫(yī)療用車(chē)、市政用車(chē)等各種輕型專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)。
客廂式乘用車(chē)和各種輕型專(zhuān)用車(chē)，已成為輕型車(chē)市場(chǎng)的組成部分。6~8座的輕型車(chē)以及“MVP”輕轎，可適用于公務(wù)用車(chē)及大中城市出租車(chē)；14~20座乘用車(chē)，適用于城市公交“中巴”和城郊短途客運(yùn)，特別是鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)發(fā)展，農(nóng)村、縣城對(duì)輕型客車(chē)的需求量在不斷增長(zhǎng)；旅游事業(yè)的的發(fā)展，需要開(kāi)發(fā)生產(chǎn)高檔豪華輕型客車(chē)，根據(jù)我國(guó)的具體情況，尤其是20~30座中檔輕型客車(chē)的生產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)。
專(zhuān)用車(chē)的轎車(chē)化趨勢(shì)也在悄悄興起。上海申聯(lián)專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)公司利用上海牌轎車(chē)改裝轎車(chē)客貨兩用車(chē)也批量生產(chǎn)；一汽集團(tuán)利用奧迪轎車(chē)的車(chē)身，裝在輕型車(chē)“Pick-up”底盤(pán)上，改裝成奧迪“轎卡”將批量投入市場(chǎng)。
“四高”化 專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)在適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)發(fā)展需求的同時(shí)，隨著材料的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步，在不斷提高專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)產(chǎn)品的檔次。開(kāi)發(fā)生產(chǎn)“四高”化（高水平、高技術(shù)、高質(zhì)量、高附加值）的專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)，以滿(mǎn)足國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展得需求，替代進(jìn)口，使專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)產(chǎn)品的出口具有一定的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。
目前，高速公路運(yùn)輸車(chē)、高速公路專(zhuān)用服務(wù)車(chē)、裝載20m以上的飛機(jī)加油車(chē)、機(jī)場(chǎng)專(zhuān)用運(yùn)輸車(chē)、城市建設(shè)專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)、高層建筑消防車(chē)、散裝顆粒物料運(yùn)輸車(chē)、沙漠油田特種運(yùn)輸車(chē)、高空、技術(shù)、高水平下作業(yè)特種曲臂作業(yè)車(chē)，以及超重、超大貨物運(yùn)輸專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)等，眾多國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展急需的高技術(shù)、高水平、高質(zhì)量、高附加值的專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)新產(chǎn)品急待開(kāi)發(fā)生產(chǎn)。
附 錄2
SPECIAL VEHCLE DEVELEPMENTS
Foreign specialized automobile products development trend
special automobile ChongXingHua trend in recent years, the foreign specialized automobile yield significantly in heavy majority, the main reason is heavy special-purpose automobile economic benefit tastiness heavy vehicle power, high strength, medium and small irreplaceable special advantages. With logistics huge and highways, and special activity high-level needs, heavy special-purpose automobile in foreign rapid development. Such as German car tonnage in bulk cement 15t above all, When scale Moore companies spend quite a big this year manpower and material resources in 50 ~ 70t large trailer with tractor in the research and production. When scale of large powder tanker also have conducted a series production, load capacity is 30 ~ 60m.
bulk cement car serialization trend in order to improve the bulk cement car of unloading capacity, foreign conducted fruitful fluidized device research, make the unloading speed reached 1.5 ~ 1.8 t/min (china-made bulk water car current index is 1.0 ~ 1.3 m/min), in order to improve economic efficiency, long-distance scattered shipped bulk cement car train change is become the future developing trend. According to reports, Australia's highway transportation already widespread use towage double festival trailer, even three trailer car trains. In 1994, an Australian trailer manufacturers use mike (MACK) 8 x 4 tractor, dragging hang 29 knots six-wheelers, train presidents, effective quality 429m 500t, engine power 3657kW, each section trailer will be three shaft type, multi-axial structure before bogie and sanlian type rear axle.
a car for improving the multi-purpose trend of specialized automobile adaptability, to meet various special needs, there's a trend that foreign currently seeking a special automobile, exclusive of car multi-purpose function by a single multi-functional development, such as 1990 if the zhao and aircraft company withdrew from multi-purpose van, special vehicle, the car compartment for double structure design, equipment for bulk cargo with the conveyor belt, already can general freight transport bulk material and.
special chassis specialized tendency Japan Toyota and other large car company dedicated disks are already realize seriation, specialized production. In recent years, the foreign many car factory specializes in special-purpose automobile chassis production, especially attention special chassis serialization of specialized production, meet a. special needs.
Our special automobile development trend
collectivization development tendency obvious in the early 1980s began, auto industry has experienced "June", "the seventh decade development has basically formed" three, jumps, two tiny ", "four light, no.2, triple" basic auto production base pattern, from scattered toward concentration, joint, collectivize.
special-purpose automobile products positive adjusting production organization structure and product structure, into a large-scale trends, special vehicle production concentration increases from 1992 the special-purpose automobile yield look, shock-resistant production of specialized automobile accounted for special automobile yield 53%, already exceeded half and half by five or six hundred special depot production, production concentration increased obviously. On the other hand, producing scattered was still prominent, according to preliminary statistics, the national production equipments factory 130, but most are in 200 car manufacturer production below. Special car factory in Qingdao as an example, the factory production equipments imported from Japan technology of lifting cylinder, hydraulic components, and other special device, mov annual ability has reached 3,000 car, but each year can produce 800 ~ 1000 cars, form "do not have enough to eat" aspect. From that, the adjustment of the organization specialized automobile production scale is also a big trend.
At home and abroad the development trend of specialized automobile products
Heavy change abroad in transportation and each homework fields use of specialized automobile obvious in heavy shower. This is because the heavy trucks good economic returns, large power to comprehensive utilization.
Heavy change trend directly depend on the economic development, need peaked based industrial construction needs. Oilfield development and construction, mining construction, power stations and construction of water conservancy etc are required to add heavy special automobile, Transportation construction development, such as highway construction and put into use, the need for heavy half hanged, container transportation special-purpose automobile development.
Of the world's total weight more than 20 countries production 15t more heavy vehicles, with an annual output of more than 60 million vehicles, including heavy special-purpose automobile accounted for 70% of the heavy duty truck production.
Heavy vehicle development, depends largely on the development of heavy special-purpose automobile. At present our country heavy special-purpose automobile manufacturers have more than 80, all failed to form a large quantities. China's special automobile accounts for the bills of auto possession and annual output is less than 15%, and the proportion of specialized automobile annual output is less than heavy duty 10% of specialized automobile production. Compared with the developed countries, the key difference is at present our country lacking higher level and quality of heavy special automobile chassis. Visible, heavy special automobile, no matter in the development and production of varieties or batch of broad development prospects.
light-duty our special vehicle in the past has been centered on the medium is given priority to, now the trend is to "big" go, as described above, large suitable for highway transportation, 2 it is to "small" go, small applies to ZouJieChuanHang. With the development of national economy, city life requires a lot of transport and transport, medical treatment sanitation transport and municipal transport etc. Various light special vehicle.
6 ~ 8 seats in small and "MVP" QingJiao, can be applied to public transport and medium cities taxi, 14 ~ 20 seats passenger cars, suitable for urban transit "sino-pakistani" and suburban shortrange passenger, especially the development of township enterprises, rural, counties of light bus in a growing demand, Tourism development, the need to develop manufacture deluxe light buses, according to the specific situations of China, especially the 20 ~ 30 seats midrange light bus production development.
A cars tendency in silently rise. Shanghai plant special-purpose automobile companies use ShangHaiPai car modified car station wagon also batch production. Faw group using audi car body, packed in small "Pick - up" chassis, converted into a audi "sedan chair card" will batch in market.
"four high" of specialized automobile in adapt to market development needs of material at the same time, along with the development and progress of specialized automobile, continuously improve the grade of the product. Development and production of "four high" change (high level and high technology, high quality and high added value) of the special automobile, in order to satisfy national economy development to demand, import substitute, make special automobile products in the export has certain competitive power.
At present, the highway transport vehicles and highway special designed, loading peg20m above refuel aircraft car, airport special truck, urban construction special automobile, high-rise building fire truck, bulk grain material vechile, special vehicle, high altitude desert oilfield, technology, high level under special music arm homework assignments, as well as being overweight, super car specialized automobile transport of goods, numerous national economic development in urgent need of high technology, high level and high quality and high value-added special-purpose automobile new product development and production of htac.
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