四柱液壓機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)【液壓機(jī)本體設(shè)計(jì)】
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實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告
一、實(shí)習(xí)目的：
1．通過(guò)本次實(shí)習(xí)使我能夠從理論高度上升到實(shí)踐高度，更好的實(shí)現(xiàn)理論和實(shí)踐的結(jié)合，為我以后的工作和學(xué)習(xí)奠定初步的知識(shí)。
2．通過(guò)本次實(shí)習(xí)使我能夠親身感受到由一個(gè)學(xué)生轉(zhuǎn)變到一個(gè)職業(yè)人的過(guò)程。
3．本次實(shí)習(xí)對(duì)我的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告起到很重要的作用。
二、實(shí)習(xí)時(shí)間：
2013年1月
三、實(shí)習(xí)地點(diǎn)：
江蘇徐州
四、實(shí)習(xí)單位：
徐州國(guó)成機(jī)械制造有限公司
五、實(shí)習(xí)主要內(nèi)容：
時(shí)間過(guò)得很快，在公司不知不覺(jué)已兩個(gè)月了，由于臨時(shí)調(diào)整，提前進(jìn)入技術(shù)中心接觸了一些工作任務(wù)，這一個(gè)多月來(lái)，極大地豐富了自己關(guān)于零件加工工藝的知識(shí),拓展了自己的知識(shí)面！從工藝文件的編制到工時(shí)定額的確定，到圖紙的更改與設(shè)計(jì)的認(rèn)識(shí)，到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)工藝問(wèn)題的處理，再到簡(jiǎn)單工裝夾具的設(shè)計(jì)，雖然不可能面面俱到，但是基本適應(yīng)了我公司的工作和相關(guān)流程。 從工藝文件的編制方面看，我的工作確實(shí)還有不到位的地方，還有很多地方需要改進(jìn)的地方，比如因?yàn)榇中拇笠?，很多?xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題常常得到忽略，對(duì)于各種材料的熱處理工藝還是比較欠缺，需要進(jìn)一步完善！而我的工藝文件總體上雖然比較詳細(xì)，但是顯得過(guò)于繁瑣，工人對(duì)文字的東西過(guò)于反感，他們還是比較喜歡諸如“按圖車(chē)至尺寸”的文字，但是我卻只能按照我以前的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)，力爭(zhēng)文字簡(jiǎn)單和明了，工藝步驟全面到位，不能夠隨機(jī)應(yīng)變！
液壓機(jī)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)試步驟：
1.開(kāi)箱驗(yàn)收，清點(diǎn)到貨內(nèi)容是否與裝箱單相符，部件、附件、隨機(jī)工具和文件是否齊全，目測(cè)檢查有無(wú)運(yùn)輸中的損壞或污染。
2.把機(jī)組和各部件安裝就位，并進(jìn)行必要的找正和固定。
3.連接機(jī)器中的液壓執(zhí)行器，沖洗較長(zhǎng)的管子和軟售。
4.檢查電源電壓，然后連接動(dòng)力線路和控制線路。根據(jù)需要連接冷卻水泥。檢查泵的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向的正確性。
5.用規(guī)定的油液灌注油箱。加油不要超過(guò)最高液面標(biāo)志。加油過(guò)程中要特別注意清潔。例如打開(kāi)油筒前，要徹底清理筒頂和筒口，以防泥土與其他污染物進(jìn)入油液；向油箱輸送油液時(shí)．只能使用清潔的容器和軟管。最好采用帶有過(guò)濾器的輸油泵。在油箱注油管提供200目的濾網(wǎng)。并確保過(guò)濾器是專(zhuān)為系統(tǒng)所需油液品種所使用。
6.點(diǎn)動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)或使內(nèi)燃機(jī)怠速，檢查旋轉(zhuǎn)方向。
7.在可能的最高點(diǎn)給液壓系統(tǒng)放氣。旋松放氣塞或管接頭d操作換向閻并使執(zhí)行器伸出縮回若干次。逐步加大負(fù)載，提高壓力閥的沒(méi)定值。當(dāng)油箱中不再有泡沫、執(zhí)行器不再爬行、系統(tǒng)不再有異常噪聲時(shí)，表明已放氣良好，旋緊放氣閥(塞)等。
8.在管路內(nèi)充滿油液而所有執(zhí)行器都外伸的情況下，補(bǔ)油至油箱最低液面標(biāo)志。
9.根據(jù)需要給泵殼體注油，打開(kāi)吸油管截止閥。
10.先把壓力控制閻、流量控制閻和變量泵的壓力調(diào)節(jié)器調(diào)整到低設(shè)定值。方向控制閥置于中位。
11.蓄能器應(yīng)充氣到充氣壓力。按絕對(duì)壓力計(jì)算時(shí)，用于蓄能的蓄能器，其充氣壓力應(yīng)為系統(tǒng)最低工作壓力的0.8-0.9倍，但不要低于系統(tǒng)最高工作壓力的25％；用于吸收液壓沖擊和脈動(dòng)的苫能器的充氣壓力應(yīng)為蓄能器回路額定壓力的0.5-0.8倍。 畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告
12.進(jìn)行機(jī)器跑合。逐漸提高設(shè)定值，直到按制造廠的說(shuō)明書(shū)最終調(diào)整壓力控制閥(含壓力繼電器)、流量控制閥、液壓泵變量調(diào)節(jié)器、時(shí)間繼電器等。使機(jī)器滿載運(yùn)行幾小時(shí)，監(jiān)測(cè)穩(wěn)態(tài)工作溫度。
13.重新擰緊螺校和接頭。
14.清理或更換濾芯。
液壓站的使用與故障診斷
優(yōu)質(zhì)的液壓系統(tǒng)是針對(duì)無(wú)故障使用壽命長(zhǎng)而設(shè)計(jì)的，它僅需要很少的維護(hù)，但是少量的維護(hù)對(duì)于得到無(wú)故障工作非常重要。實(shí)踐表明液壓系統(tǒng)失效、損壞等多數(shù)是由于污染、維護(hù)不足和油液選用不當(dāng)造成的。為保證液壓系統(tǒng)處于良好性能狀態(tài)，并延長(zhǎng)其使用壽命，應(yīng)對(duì)其合理使用、并重視對(duì)其進(jìn)行日常檢查和維護(hù)。 液壓站使用中的注意事項(xiàng)如下：
1.低溫下，油溫應(yīng)達(dá)到20℃以上才準(zhǔn)許順序動(dòng)作，油溫高于60℃時(shí)應(yīng)注意系統(tǒng)的工作情況。
2.停機(jī)4h以上的設(shè)備，應(yīng)先使液壓泵空載運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)5min后再起動(dòng)執(zhí)行器工作。3.不許任意調(diào)整電氣控制裝置系統(tǒng)的互鎖裝置，隨意移動(dòng)各限位開(kāi)關(guān)、擋塊
掩塊的位置。
4.各種液壓元、輔件未經(jīng)主管部門(mén)同意，不準(zhǔn)私自調(diào)節(jié)或拆換。
5.液壓站出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)，不準(zhǔn)擅自亂動(dòng)，應(yīng)通知有關(guān)部門(mén)分析原因并排除。除上述幾點(diǎn)外，還應(yīng)按有關(guān)規(guī)定做好對(duì)各類(lèi)液壓件備件及液壓油的管理工作。 液壓系統(tǒng)種類(lèi)繁雜，各有其特定用途和使用要求。為了及時(shí)了解和掌握液壓站和整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行狀況，消除故陳隱患，縮短維修周期，通常應(yīng)采用點(diǎn)檢和定檢的方法對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行檢查。 為了準(zhǔn)確、快速的進(jìn)行故障診斷和排除，一般應(yīng)按所謂“望、聞、問(wèn)、切”流程來(lái)進(jìn)行。即首先通過(guò)觀察和詢問(wèn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)工作人員全面了解液壓系統(tǒng)及主機(jī)的構(gòu)成、功能、主要技術(shù)參數(shù)(如液壓泵和液壓馬達(dá)的轉(zhuǎn)速、轉(zhuǎn)矩、壓力、流量)、電源情況、正確的動(dòng)作循環(huán)及狀態(tài)等，并清楚地了解每個(gè)液壓元件特別是電液伺服閥、比例閥、數(shù)字閥的結(jié)構(gòu)、工作特性和技術(shù)參數(shù)。特別要詢問(wèn)故障現(xiàn)象，應(yīng)索取并結(jié)合故障現(xiàn)象認(rèn)真研究液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖和有關(guān)技術(shù)文件。并對(duì)上述工作做好記錄和標(biāo)記，以備參考。傾聽(tīng)液壓系統(tǒng)起動(dòng)、工作、制動(dòng)和停車(chē)過(guò)程中系統(tǒng)的聲音，管內(nèi)的流動(dòng)或感覺(jué)管子的溫?zé)?，往往可以查明流?dòng)情況。
突然想起魯迅先生的一句話：這里本來(lái)沒(méi)有路，只是走的人多了，也便成了路。生活的路呢？生活的路也是人走出來(lái)的，每個(gè)人一生總要去很多陌生的地方，然后熟悉，而接著又要啟程去另一個(gè)陌生的地方。
在不久就要踏上人生另一旅程的時(shí)候，有時(shí)不免會(huì)感到有些茫然，感到無(wú)助，但生活的路誰(shuí)都無(wú)法預(yù)設(shè)，只能一步一步摸索，但只要方向正確，不要走入歧途，走哪條路都走向光明。
又想起魯迅先生的一句：要用笑臉去迎接悲慘的厄運(yùn)，百倍的勇氣去面對(duì)一切的不幸！每個(gè)人在通往成功的大道上都會(huì)遇到各種這樣或那樣的不快事，有時(shí)或許會(huì)是一場(chǎng)不幸，有的人或許會(huì)一蹶不振，但我覺(jué)得，生活總有許多的跌跌落落，每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該用笑臉去面對(duì)，或許事實(shí)很難做到，但不管怎么樣，人不可以走出自己！永遠(yuǎn)堅(jiān)信自己的方向，把握自己的前途！
順德是美麗的地方，作為初涉社會(huì)的開(kāi)端，這里總有許多回憶和聯(lián)想，面對(duì)殘酷的現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)，每個(gè)人都無(wú)法選擇逃避，除了勇敢面對(duì)，我們也無(wú)從選擇！
通過(guò)這次實(shí)習(xí)，也讓我感受到了自己素養(yǎng)不足，知識(shí)的匱乏和面對(duì)困難的勇氣，卻也磨礪了我的意志，使我有了耐心，學(xué)會(huì)了一個(gè)人靜靜的思考。我相信再大的困難我都有信心去面對(duì)!培養(yǎng)自己的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)眼光，勤于思考，善于總結(jié)。把自己不明白的沒(méi)學(xué)會(huì)的知識(shí)好好向同事學(xué)習(xí)，來(lái)彌補(bǔ)自己的不足。我相信只要今后我繼續(xù)努力下去，我就一定會(huì)做好的。我會(huì)繼續(xù)不斷努力的學(xué)習(xí)專(zhuān)業(yè)理論知識(shí)，不斷學(xué)習(xí)提高自身專(zhuān)業(yè)素質(zhì)，更好的勝任崗位要求。
世界最新機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理念
來(lái)源:中國(guó)科技期刊
摘要:根據(jù)目前國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行機(jī)械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)的主要思維特點(diǎn)，將產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計(jì)方法概括為系統(tǒng)化、結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識(shí)和智能。這幾種方法的特點(diǎn)及其相互間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系，提出產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的努力方向。
關(guān)鍵詞：機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)方法發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
設(shè)計(jì)文件是將語(yǔ)義設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)作為設(shè)計(jì)工具，在其開(kāi)發(fā)的活性語(yǔ)義設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)ASK中，采用結(jié)點(diǎn)和線條組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)描述設(shè)計(jì)，結(jié)點(diǎn)表示元件化的單元(如設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)、功能、構(gòu)件或加工設(shè)備等)，線條用以調(diào)整和定義結(jié)點(diǎn)間不同的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系，由此為設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中的所有活動(dòng)和結(jié)果預(yù)先建立模型，使早期設(shè)計(jì)要求的定義到每一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的具體描述均可由關(guān)系間的定義表達(dá)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程由抽象到具體的飛躍。
系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法
系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：將設(shè)計(jì)看成由若干個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素組成的一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素具有獨(dú)立性，各個(gè)要素間存在著有機(jī)的聯(lián)系，并具有層次性，所有的設(shè)計(jì)要素結(jié)合后，即可實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)所需完成的任務(wù)。
系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)思想于70年代由德國(guó)學(xué)者Pahl和Beitz教授提出，他們以系統(tǒng)理論為基礎(chǔ)，制訂了設(shè)計(jì)的一般模式，倡導(dǎo)設(shè)計(jì)工作應(yīng)具備條理性。德國(guó)工程師協(xié)會(huì)在這一設(shè)計(jì)思想的基礎(chǔ)上，制訂出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)VDI2221技術(shù)系統(tǒng)和產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)方法。
1. 將用戶需求作為產(chǎn)品功能特征構(gòu)思、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和零件設(shè)計(jì)、工藝規(guī)劃、作業(yè)控制等的基礎(chǔ)，從產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)的宏觀過(guò)程出發(fā)，利用質(zhì)量功能布置方法，系統(tǒng)地將用戶需求信息合理而有效地轉(zhuǎn)換為產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)各階段的技術(shù)目標(biāo)和作業(yè)控制規(guī)程的方法。
2. 將產(chǎn)品看作有機(jī)體層次上的生命系統(tǒng)，并借助于生命系統(tǒng)理論，把產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程劃分成功能需求層次、實(shí)現(xiàn)功能要求的概念層次和產(chǎn)品的具體設(shè)計(jì)層次。同時(shí)采用了生命系統(tǒng)圖符抽象地表達(dá)產(chǎn)品的功能要求，形成產(chǎn)品功能系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)。
3. 將機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中系統(tǒng)科學(xué)的應(yīng)用歸納為兩個(gè)基本問(wèn)題：一是把要設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品作為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)處理，最佳地確定其組成部分（單元）及其相互關(guān)系；二是將產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程看成一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)，正確、合理地確定設(shè)計(jì)中各個(gè)方面的工作和各個(gè)不同的設(shè)計(jì)階段。
由于每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)者研究問(wèn)題的角度以及考慮問(wèn)題的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同，進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)采用的具體研究方法亦存在差異。下面介紹一些具有代表性的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法。
4. 設(shè)計(jì)元素法
用五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素（功能、效應(yīng)、效應(yīng)載體、形狀元素和表面參數(shù)）描述“產(chǎn)品解”，認(rèn)為一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素值確定之后，產(chǎn)品的所有特征和特征值即已確定。我國(guó)亦有設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者采用了類(lèi)似方法描述產(chǎn)品的原理解。
5. 圖形建模法
研制的“設(shè)計(jì)分析和引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)”KALEIT，用層次清楚的圖形描述出產(chǎn)品的功能結(jié)構(gòu)及其相關(guān)的抽象信息，實(shí)現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、功能關(guān)系的圖形化建模，以及功能層之間的聯(lián)接。
將設(shè)計(jì)劃分成輔助方法和信息交換兩個(gè)方面，利用Nijssen信息分析方法可以采用圖形符號(hào)、具有內(nèi)容豐富的語(yǔ)義模型結(jié)構(gòu)、可以描述集成條件、可以劃分約束類(lèi)型、可以實(shí)現(xiàn)關(guān)系間的任意結(jié)合等特點(diǎn)，將設(shè)計(jì)方法解與信息技術(shù)進(jìn)行集成，實(shí)現(xiàn)了設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中不同抽象層間信息關(guān)系的圖形化建模。
6. “構(gòu)思”—“設(shè)計(jì)”法
將產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)分成“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計(jì)”兩個(gè)階段。“構(gòu)思”階段的任務(wù)是尋求、選擇和組合滿足設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求的原理解?！霸O(shè)計(jì)”階段的工作則是具體實(shí)現(xiàn)構(gòu)思階段的原理解。
將方案的“構(gòu)思”具體描述為：根據(jù)合適的功能結(jié)構(gòu)，尋求滿足設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求的原理解。即功能結(jié)構(gòu)中的分功能由“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”實(shí)現(xiàn)，并將“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的物理聯(lián)接定義為“功能載體”，“功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的相互作用又形成了功能示意圖(機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)圖)。方案的“設(shè)計(jì)”是根據(jù)功能示意圖，先定性地描述所有的“功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”，再定量地描述所有“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”和聯(lián)接件(“功能載體”)的形狀及位置，得到結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖。Roper，H.利用圖論理論，借助于由他定義的“總設(shè)計(jì)單元(GE)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素(KE)”、“功能結(jié)構(gòu)元素(FKE)”、“聯(lián)接結(jié)構(gòu)元素(VKE)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)零件(KT)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素零件(KET)”等概念，以及描述結(jié)構(gòu)元素尺寸、位置和傳動(dòng)參數(shù)間相互關(guān)系的若干種簡(jiǎn)圖，把設(shè)計(jì)專(zhuān)家憑直覺(jué)設(shè)計(jì)的方法做了形式化的描述，形成了有效地應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有知識(shí)的方法，并將其應(yīng)用于“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計(jì)”階段。
7. 鍵合圖法
將組成系統(tǒng)元件的功能分成產(chǎn)生能量、消耗能量、轉(zhuǎn)變能量形式、傳遞能量等各種類(lèi)型，并借用鍵合圖表達(dá)元件的功能解，希望將基于功能的模型與鍵合圖結(jié)合，實(shí)現(xiàn)功能結(jié)構(gòu)的自動(dòng)生成和功能結(jié)構(gòu)與鍵合圖之間的自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換，尋求由鍵合圖產(chǎn)生多個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)方案的方法。
提倡在產(chǎn)品功能分析的基礎(chǔ)上，將產(chǎn)品分解成具有某種功能的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)模塊化的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，通過(guò)選擇和組合這些模塊化基本結(jié)構(gòu)組建成不同的產(chǎn)品。這些基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以是零件、部件，甚至是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)。
本結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的接口(聯(lián)接和配合部)，并且是系列化、通用化、集成化、層次化、靈便化、經(jīng)濟(jì)化，具有互換性、相容性和相關(guān)性。我國(guó)結(jié)合軟件構(gòu)件技術(shù)和CAD技術(shù)，將變形設(shè)計(jì)與組合設(shè)計(jì)相結(jié)合，根據(jù)分級(jí)模塊化原理，將加工中心機(jī)床由大到小分為產(chǎn)品級(jí)、部件級(jí)、組件級(jí)和元件級(jí)，并利用專(zhuān)家知識(shí)和CAD技術(shù)將它們組合成不同品種、不同規(guī)格的功能模塊，再由這些功能模塊組合成不同的加工中心總體方案。
以設(shè)計(jì)為目錄作為選擇變異機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的工具，提出將設(shè)計(jì)的解元素進(jìn)行完整的、結(jié)構(gòu)化的編排，形成解集設(shè)計(jì)目錄。并在解集設(shè)計(jì)目錄中列出評(píng)論每一個(gè)解的附加信息，非常有利于設(shè)計(jì)工程師選擇解元素。
網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的蓬勃發(fā)展，異地協(xié)同設(shè)計(jì)與制造，以及從用戶對(duì)產(chǎn)品的功能需求→設(shè)計(jì)→加工→裝配→成品這一并行工程的實(shí)現(xiàn)成為可能。但是，達(dá)到這些目標(biāo)的重要前提條件之一，就是實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)效果的三維可視化。為此，不僅三維圖形軟件、智能化設(shè)計(jì)軟件愈來(lái)愈多地應(yīng)用于產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)中，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)以及多媒體、超媒體工具也在產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)中初露鋒芒。目前，德國(guó)等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家正著力于研究超媒體技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)交換標(biāo)準(zhǔn)STEP，以及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)造型語(yǔ)言上基于虛擬環(huán)境的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)交換格式)在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用。
機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)正朝著計(jì)算機(jī)輔助實(shí)現(xiàn)、智能化設(shè)計(jì)和滿足異地協(xié)同設(shè)計(jì)制造需求的方向邁進(jìn)，由于產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)方法的研究起步較晚，目前還沒(méi)有成熟的、能夠達(dá)到上述目標(biāo)的方案設(shè)計(jì)工具軟件。作者認(rèn)為，綜合運(yùn)用文中四種類(lèi)型設(shè)計(jì)方法是達(dá)到這一目標(biāo)有效途徑。雖然這些方法的綜合運(yùn)用涉及的領(lǐng)域較多，不僅與機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)有關(guān)，而且還涉及到系統(tǒng)工程理論、人工智能理論、計(jì)算機(jī)軟硬件工程、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)等各方面的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)，但仍然是產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)必須努力的方向。國(guó)外在這方面的研究已初見(jiàn)成效，我國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者也已意識(shí)到CAD技術(shù)與國(guó)際交流合作的重要性，及其應(yīng)當(dāng)采取的措施。
基于產(chǎn)品特征知識(shí)設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：用計(jì)算機(jī)能夠識(shí)別的語(yǔ)言描述產(chǎn)品的特征及其設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，建立相應(yīng)的知識(shí)庫(kù)及推理機(jī)，再利用已存儲(chǔ)的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)和建立的推理機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)。
機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的方案設(shè)計(jì)主要是依據(jù)產(chǎn)品所具有的特征，以及設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行推量和決策，完成機(jī)構(gòu)的型、數(shù)綜合。欲實(shí)現(xiàn)這一階段的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)，必須研究知識(shí)的自動(dòng)獲取、表達(dá)、集成、協(xié)調(diào)、管理和使用。為此，國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者針對(duì)機(jī)械系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計(jì)知識(shí)的自動(dòng)化處理做了大量的研究工作，采用的方法可歸納為下述幾種。
The worlds Latest Mechanical Design Conceptssource：China Science and Technology JournalAbstract:According to scholars at home and abroad to carry out mechanicaldesign product design features of the main ideas, product design method of theprogramsummarizedassystematic,modularstructure,basedonproductcharacteristics of knowledge and wisdom. The characteristics of these methods andtheir organic connection between them and put forward to achieve the computerproduct design direction.Key words: Mechanical Product Design MethodDevelopment Trends Design documents will be Semantic Web as a design tool inthe design of its Semantic Web activity of the development of ASK, using nodes andlines to describe the design a network, nodes that components of the cell (such asdesign tasks, functions, components or processing equipment, etc. ), used to adjust thelines and definitions between nodes of different semantic relations, thus the designprocess all the activities and results of pre-built models so that the definition of theearly design requirements to the specific description of each structure can be definedby the relationship between the expression, achieved a computer-aided design process,the leap from the abstract to the concrete.Asystematic design methodThe main features of a systematic design method are: the design as designed by anumber of elements of a system, the independence of each design elements, eachelement of an organic link between the existence of, and is layered, with all the designelements , you can design systems to achieve the required task.Systematic design idea in the 70s by the German scholar Professor Pahl andBeitz, the system based on the theory they developed a general pattern of the design,advocacy design work should have organized. German Engineers Association, on thebasis of this design concept to develop a standard VDI2221 technology systems andproduct development design methods.1.The user needs functional characteristics as a product concept, structuredesign and part design, process planning, job control, etc. based on the macro fromthe product development process of starting the use of quality function deploymentmethod and system to user demand information reasonably and efficiently convertedto the various stages of product development, technical goals and operational controlprocedures method.2.The level of the product life of the organism as a system, and means ofliving systems theory, the product design process can be divided into successfulhierarchy of needs to achieve the functional requirements of the conceptual level andproduct level of the specific design. At the same time life-support systems used toexpress the abstract icons of the product functional requirements, system structureformation of product features.3.The mechanical design of the application of systems science into two basicquestions: First, to be designed as a system dealing with the products, the best way todetermine its component parts (modules) and their mutual relations1; is the productdesign process as a system, according to design objectives, a correct and reasonablydetermine the various aspects of the design work and various design stage.Because each designers point of research questions and to consider the questionof emphasis, to design a specific research methods used is also different. Here aresome representative of the systematic design methods.4.Design Element MethodWith the five design elements (functions, effects, effects vector, shape, elements,and surface parameters) describe the product solutions that a product to determinethe value of the five design elements, the product of all the features and characteristicsof the value of i.e. determined. Scholars in China have adopted similar methodsdesigned to describe the products original understanding.5.Graphic modeling methodAnd developed a design analysis and guidance systems KALEIT, with thelevel of clear graphic description of a products functional structure and its associatedabstract information, to the system structure and function relationship of graphicalmodeling, and functional connection between the layers 2.Assistance will be designed to be divided into two aspects of methodology andexchange of information using the Nijssen Information Analysis Method can be usedgraphic symbols, with a rich semantic model structure, can be described as integrationconditions, can be divided into types of constraints can be achieved in relationsbetween any combination of characteristics , the design method to solve integrationand information technology to realize the design process of information betweendifferent abstraction layers between the graphical modeling.6.Concept - Design methodProducts design is divided into concept and design in two stages. Conceptphase of the task is to find, choose and mix to meet the requirements of the originalunderstanding of design tasks. Design stage of work is a concrete realization of theoriginal understanding of the conceptual stage.Of the programs idea of specific described as: In accordance with theappropriate functional structure, seeking to meet the design requirements of theoriginal understanding of the task. The functional structure of the sub-function isperformed by the structural elements to achieve, and structural elements of thephysical connection between the definition of a feature vector, feature vector andstructural elements further the interaction between the formation of the functionaldiagram ( mechanical diagram). The program design is based on functional diagram,the first qualitative description of all of the feature vector and structural elements,and then quantitatively describe all the structural elements and the connection parts( feature vectors), the shape and location to be structure diagram3. Roper, H. usinggraph theory, by means of which he defines as the total design unit (GE), structuralelements (KE), functional structural elements (FKE), connect structural elements(VKE), Structural Parts (KT), structure element part (KET) concepts, as well asdescribe the structure element size, location, and transmission parameters of theinteractions between a number of kinds of schematics, the intuitive designprofessionals have done a formal design method a description of the formation of aneffective application of existing knowledge, methods, and applied to ideas anddesign stage.7.Bond Graph MethodFunction of the composition of system components will be divided into produceenergy, consumed energy, changing energy forms, such as various types of energytransfer, and to use bond graphs to express the function component solution, hoping tofunction-based model and bond graph combine to achieve functional structure theautomatic generation and functional structure with the bond graph automaticconversion between the search for bond graph generated by a number of designmethods.To promote the product on the basis of functional analysis, the product has somefeatures broken down into one or several modular basic structure, by selection andcombination of the basic structure of these modular form into different products.These basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system.The structure should have a standardized interface (connection and co-operationdepartment),andisserialized,universal,integrated,hierarchical,agile,economic-oriented, with interchangeability, compatibility and relevance. Chinascombination of software component technology and CAD technology, variant designcombined with the modular design, according to modular principle of classification,will be divided into descending Machining Center Machine Tool product level,component level, component level and component level, and use expert knowledgeand CAD technology to combine them into different species, different specificationsof functional blocks, and then by the combination of these functions into differentmodules of the overall program processing center.To design a directory as an alternative variation of the mechanical structure ofthe tool, the solution proposed by the design elements of a complete, structured layout,the formation of the solution set design catalogs. And in the solution set designed tocomment on each one listed in the directory solution additional information, is verybeneficial to design engineers select solution elements.The vigorous development of network technology, collaborative design andmanufacturing, as well as the product from the users functional requirements design processing assembly finished product of this realization of concurrentengineering possible. However, an important prerequisite to achieve these goals oneof the conditions is to realize the effect of product design three-dimensionalvisualization. To this end, three-dimensional graphics software, more and moreintelligent design software programs used in the product design, virtual realitytechnology and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product design is also its first debut.At present, Germany and other developed countries are focused on researchhypermedia technology, product data exchange standard STEP, as well as standardvirtual reality modeling language based on a standard exchange format for virtualenvironments) in the product design applications.Mechanical product design is moving in computer-aided realization of intelligentdesign and to meet the needs of distributed collaborative design and manufacture ofdirection, due to the computer product design Study on the implementation startedlate, not yet mature, to achieve the above objectives program design tools4. Authorbelieves that the integrated use of paper, four types of design method is an effectiveway to achieve this goal. Although the integrated use of these methods are moreinvolved in the field, not only with the mechanical design of the field-relatedknowledge, but also to the systems engineering theory, artificial intelligence theory,computer hardware and software engineering, network technology areas such asdomain knowledge, it is still product design must be working for. Abroad in researchin this area has achieved initial success, our scholars have been aware of CAD designtechnology and the importance of international exchange and cooperation, and itsmeasures to be taken.Feature-based design methodology of knowledge The main features are: using acomputer can identify the language to describe the characteristics of the product andits design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to establish the appropriateknowledge base and inference engine, re-use of stored domain knowledge and theestablishment of the inference mechanism to bring computer-aided product design.The mechanical system design is mainly based on the characteristics of a product,and design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to push volume anddecision-making, the completion of body type, the number of synthesis. To achievethis stage of computer-aided design, must study the automatic acquisition ofknowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. To this end,the design and scholars at home and abroad program for the mechanical systemdesign knowledge of the automated processing done a lot of research work, theapproach can be summarized into the following several.
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