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湘潭三峰數(shù)控機(jī)床有限公司
參觀實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告
指導(dǎo)老師 鄧朝暉
前言：隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展，磨削加工技術(shù)成為先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的重要領(lǐng)域，磨削具有高幾何精度，低速進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)穩(wěn)定性，減少震動(dòng)，減少熱變形；而磨削加工的要求不斷增高，這讓我們學(xué)習(xí)磨削加工技術(shù)帶來(lái)了挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇。在以往學(xué)習(xí)生活對(duì)磨床接觸甚少，便需外面公司學(xué)習(xí)了解，因此，鄧?yán)蠋煱才帕舜舜稳ハ嫣度鍞?shù)控機(jī)床有限公司參觀實(shí)習(xí)。
公司簡(jiǎn)介：公司以國(guó)家高效磨削工程技術(shù)研究中心為依托，并與桂林桂北磨床和湖南大學(xué)、湘潭大學(xué)、湖南科技大學(xué)等多家高校形成戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟的關(guān)系，具備雄厚的產(chǎn)品研發(fā)能力和先進(jìn)的制造工藝，是國(guó)內(nèi)數(shù)控精密磨床制造企業(yè)中具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的重點(diǎn)企業(yè)之一。所研發(fā)生產(chǎn)的多功能全數(shù)控磨床、磨削加工中心、對(duì)稱(chēng)式坐標(biāo)磨床屬?lài)?guó)內(nèi)首創(chuàng)，獲得了多項(xiàng)國(guó)家發(fā)明專(zhuān)利，其中高檔多功能全數(shù)控磨床和磨削加工中心的工藝智能應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)軟件填補(bǔ)了國(guó)內(nèi)空白。 公司主要產(chǎn)品有： SFMK6020多功能數(shù)控磨床、 SFMK6315磨削加工中心、 SFM6312內(nèi)存式平面磨床、SFMK4016內(nèi)存式平面磨床、 SFMM7132精密數(shù)控平面磨床、 SFM7130平面磨床、 普通臥軸平面磨床系列等。 公司長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向、以技術(shù)創(chuàng)新為本，以服務(wù)用戶(hù)為宗旨，秉承以人為本，科技領(lǐng)先，誠(chéng)信經(jīng)營(yíng)，創(chuàng)知名品牌的方針，在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的大湖中逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定、持續(xù)、快速的發(fā)展，用心鑄造“三相”品牌，不斷開(kāi)拓創(chuàng)新，為市場(chǎng)研制更多高精、高效、智能化的產(chǎn)品。
參觀過(guò)程：在學(xué)長(zhǎng)的帶領(lǐng)下，我們首先參觀了托板內(nèi)存式M7140/N平面磨床和臥軸炬臺(tái)平面磨床。橫向進(jìn)給和縱向進(jìn)給均采用液壓控制，垂直進(jìn)給采用滾珠絲杠控制，了解滾珠絲杠的工作原理，滾珠絲杠副又名滾珠絲桿副、滾珠螺桿副。是由絲杠及螺母二個(gè)配套組成的。是目前傳動(dòng)機(jī)械中精度最高也是最常用的傳動(dòng)裝置。滾珠絲桿副是在絲杠與螺母間以鋼球?yàn)闈L動(dòng)體的螺旋傳動(dòng)元件。它可將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹本€運(yùn)動(dòng)，或者將直線運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樾D(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。因此滾珠絲杠副既是傳動(dòng)原件，也是直線運(yùn)動(dòng)與旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)相互轉(zhuǎn)化元件。滾珠絲杠副在絲母部分的構(gòu)造上有獨(dú)到之處。按滾珠的循環(huán)方式可分為彎管式絲杠副與絲母之間設(shè)有滾珠轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)溝道,滾珠對(duì)溝道產(chǎn)生軸向負(fù)載,滾珠在絲杠軸周?chē)鰸L動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)之后,進(jìn)入鑲在絲母內(nèi)部的彎管口內(nèi),并沿彎管再次向負(fù)載區(qū)循環(huán),從而進(jìn)行無(wú)限滾動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)。這種產(chǎn)品是滾珠絲杠副中品種最豐富的普及型產(chǎn)品，可廣泛用于各種用途。另外還有回球器式和端環(huán)境式
砂輪架由殼體，主軸及其軸承，傳動(dòng)裝置及滑鞍等組成；砂輪架中的砂輪主軸及其支承部分的結(jié)構(gòu)將直接影響工件的加工精度和表面粗糙度，這是砂輪架部件的關(guān)鍵部分，它應(yīng)保證砂輪架主軸具有較高的回轉(zhuǎn)精度、剛度、抗震性和耐磨性。
砂輪架殼體用螺釘緊固在滑鞍上，他可繞滑鞍上的定心圓柱調(diào)整位置。磨削時(shí)，滑鞍帶著砂輪架沿墊板上的導(dǎo)軌作橫向進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)。
參觀了蝸輪蝸桿的安裝過(guò)程，由渦輪、蝸桿軸承及及伺服電機(jī)組成以控制垂直方向進(jìn)給。
砂輪修整器的構(gòu)造安裝及修整演示過(guò)程; 定期修整可使砂輪保持良好的磨削性能和正確的幾何形狀，避免出現(xiàn)砂輪的鈍化、堵塞和外形失真，常使用的修整工具是金剛石筆。操作時(shí)，修整工具位置過(guò)高、修整方向不當(dāng)（如逆砂輪旋轉(zhuǎn)方向，傾斜角過(guò)大過(guò)?。┗蛐拚窟^(guò)大，都會(huì)使砂輪產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈振動(dòng)，或引起金剛石筆啃刀，嚴(yán)重的還會(huì)導(dǎo)致砂輪破裂。正確的操作方法是：金剛石筆處于砂輪中心水平線下1～2mm處，順砂輪旋轉(zhuǎn)方向，與水平面的傾斜角為5°～10°左右。修整時(shí)要用力均勻，速度平穩(wěn)，一次修整量不要過(guò)大。操作者應(yīng)站在砂輪的側(cè)方安全位置，不可站在砂輪正面操作?！⌒拚蟮纳拜啽仨氈匦陆?jīng)回轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)后，方可使用。
操作平臺(tái)以V行槽和平面槽相結(jié)合以保證定位精度；將加工使用過(guò)的平臺(tái)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)平整度通過(guò)調(diào)整兩端高度調(diào)節(jié)。最后，以其中一臺(tái)磨床做了操作演示，我們有一個(gè)整體工作原理效果。
參觀總結(jié)：通過(guò)此次在湘潭三峰數(shù)控機(jī)床有限公司參觀實(shí)習(xí)，收貨頗豐，在以前磨床是一個(gè)很模糊的概念轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樵砬逦鸂顟B(tài)，讓人豁然開(kāi)朗起來(lái)！從大概念上來(lái)說(shuō)磨床的加工運(yùn)動(dòng)并不復(fù)雜，就是一個(gè)分三個(gè)方向的進(jìn)給。但是每部分都有許多輔助零件，回想起來(lái)那就有點(diǎn)腦殼疼了！我想就讓這些問(wèn)題在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中慢慢被我弄清楚，并且最好能將其改善。一步步在熟悉磨床這個(gè)工種；我想在通過(guò)進(jìn)一步的查看資料，剖析磨床原理和先進(jìn)加工技術(shù)。
姓名 周 武 學(xué)號(hào) 1103010305
班級(jí) 3 班 學(xué)院 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告
題目 立柱移動(dòng)式MK7125型精密數(shù)控平面磨床砂輪架及其垂直進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)和砂輪修整器設(shè)計(jì)
姓名 周 武
學(xué)院 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院
專(zhuān)業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
學(xué)號(hào) 1103010305
指導(dǎo)老師 鄧朝暉 教授
二〇一五年 三月 二十一日
湖南科技大學(xué) 2015 屆畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開(kāi)題報(bào)告
題 目
立柱移動(dòng)式MK7125型精密數(shù)控平面磨床砂輪架
及其垂直進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)和砂輪修整器設(shè)計(jì)
作者姓名
周武
學(xué)號(hào)
1103010305
所學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造
及其自動(dòng)化
1、 研究的意義，同類(lèi)研究工作的國(guó)內(nèi)外現(xiàn)狀
背景和研究意義
磨床是磨料磨具為工具進(jìn)行加工切削的機(jī)床，廣泛應(yīng)用于零件的精加工，尤其是淬硬鋼件、高硬度特殊材料及其非金屬材料的精加工。在模具制造領(lǐng)域，磨床也是不可缺少的工藝裝備。近年來(lái)，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的及工業(yè)的發(fā)展，各種高硬度材料日益增多，汽車(chē)和高端芯片產(chǎn)業(yè)也迅猛發(fā)展，對(duì)機(jī)器和儀器零件的精度和表面粗糙度要求越來(lái)越嚴(yán)，磨削加工就顯得尤為重要。此外，高端磨削和強(qiáng)力磨削工業(yè)的發(fā)展使磨削效率進(jìn)一步提高，因此，磨床的使用范圍日益擴(kuò)大。目前，他在金屬切削機(jī)床中所占的比重已經(jīng)達(dá)到13%~27%。1997年歐洲機(jī)床展覽會(huì)的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)表明，25%的企業(yè)認(rèn)為磨削技術(shù)是他們應(yīng)用的最主要加工技術(shù)?；谀ゴ苍诂F(xiàn)代制造業(yè)中的重要作用，本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的課題為設(shè)計(jì)一臺(tái)用于機(jī)械及工具模具制造業(yè)的精密數(shù)控平面磨床，用砂輪周邊磨削平面既可以磨削臺(tái)階平面，也能加工各種難加工材料。這個(gè)不光可以使我們能夠綜合應(yīng)用四年以來(lái)所學(xué)的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)，為今后的深造和就業(yè)打好基礎(chǔ)，還可以使我們對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外機(jī)械制造業(yè)、磨床行業(yè)有進(jìn)一步的認(rèn)識(shí)和了解。
國(guó)內(nèi)外研究狀況
平面磨床相對(duì)于車(chē)床、銑床等采用數(shù)控系統(tǒng)較晚，應(yīng)為他對(duì)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的特殊要求。近十幾年來(lái)，借助CNC技術(shù)，磨床上砂輪的連續(xù)修整，自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償，自動(dòng)交換砂輪，多工作臺(tái)，自動(dòng)傳送和裝夾工件等操作功能得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，數(shù)控技術(shù)在平面磨床上逐漸普及。在近年漢諾威、東京、芝加哥、及國(guó)內(nèi)大型機(jī)床展覽會(huì)上，CNC磨床在整個(gè)磨床展品中已占大多數(shù)，如德國(guó)BLOHM公司，ELB公司等著名磨床制造廠已經(jīng)不再生產(chǎn)普通磨床，日本的岡本、日興等公司也成批生產(chǎn)全功能CNC平磨，在開(kāi)發(fā)高檔數(shù)控平磨的同時(shí)，積極發(fā)展中、低檔數(shù)控平磨。
目前，磨床設(shè)備的綜合性能，在我國(guó)的整體制造水平與國(guó)外先進(jìn)水平相比，仍然有很大的差距。研究和開(kāi)發(fā)具有能耗低，效率高，適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)的精密磨床是符合我國(guó)國(guó)情的。
2、 研究目標(biāo)、內(nèi)容和擬解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題（根據(jù)任務(wù)要求進(jìn)一步具體化）
本次設(shè)計(jì)的目標(biāo)為：
1、 磨床總體布局設(shè)計(jì)；
2、 砂輪架設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算，繪制砂輪架機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)裝配圖；
3、砂輪架垂直進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)，伺服電機(jī)和滾珠絲杠副設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算，繪制垂直進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)裝配圖，繪制相關(guān)零件圖；
3、砂輪修整器設(shè)計(jì)，繪制砂輪修整器機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)裝配圖；
4、磨床數(shù)控系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)和選用；
5、翻譯制定的英文專(zhuān)業(yè)文獻(xiàn)；
6、撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文（說(shuō)明書(shū)）。
設(shè)計(jì)（研究）的重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)：
立柱移動(dòng)式MK7125型精密數(shù)控平面磨床砂輪架及其垂直進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)和砂輪修整器設(shè)計(jì)，其中包括進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)中滾珠絲杠副及伺服電機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算，進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)裝配圖及相關(guān)零件圖的繪制以及其數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)、選用、硬件線路圖的繪制。
3、 擬采取的研究方法、步驟、技術(shù)路線
擬采用的途徑（研究手段）：
1． 收集、查閱各種文獻(xiàn)資料，初步了解數(shù)控平面磨床的整體布局及進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)，進(jìn)行精密數(shù)控磨床整體布局的設(shè)計(jì)；
2． 運(yùn)動(dòng)形式設(shè)計(jì)后，進(jìn)行砂輪架垂直進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)，伺服電機(jī)和滾珠絲杠副設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算，垂直進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)裝配圖，繪制相關(guān)零件圖；
3． 查閱手冊(cè)，翻譯、參考英文文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算，用Auto CAD軟件繪制進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)的裝配圖、零件圖及數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的硬件連線圖；
4． 設(shè)計(jì)中遇到的疑點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)問(wèn)題通過(guò)廣泛查閱文獻(xiàn)資料、組內(nèi)同學(xué)相互討論及在指導(dǎo)教師的安排下在湘潭三峰數(shù)控機(jī)床有限公司進(jìn)行認(rèn)識(shí)實(shí)習(xí)，對(duì)精密數(shù)控平面磨床的結(jié)構(gòu)有進(jìn)一步的認(rèn)識(shí)。
4、 擬使用的主要設(shè)計(jì)、分析軟件及儀器設(shè)備
CAD、Pro/E、SolidWorks
5、 參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 關(guān)慧貞、馮辛安等編著.機(jī)械制造裝備設(shè)計(jì).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2010
[2] 李伯民,趙波主編.現(xiàn)代磨削技術(shù).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2003
[3] 任敬心等主編.磨削原理.北京:電子工業(yè)出版社,2011
[4] 張建民等編著. 機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì).北京:高等教育出版社, 2010
[5] 易紅. 數(shù)控技術(shù). 北京: 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2005
[6] 聞邦春主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)（第五版）.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2010
[7] 姚峻. CIMT2009平面磨床、復(fù)合磨床展品評(píng)述. 精密制造與自動(dòng)化,2009(2):1-6
[8] 管懷蓉.數(shù)控平面磨床的電控設(shè)計(jì).機(jī)電技術(shù),2010年第5期：73-75
[9] 夏長(zhǎng)鳳. 基于SINUMERIK 802D 的數(shù)控平面磨床電氣控制系統(tǒng).機(jī)械工程與自動(dòng)化 ,2010(6):178~180
注：
1、開(kāi)題報(bào)告是本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的一個(gè)重要組成部分。學(xué)生應(yīng)根據(jù)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）任務(wù)書(shū)的要求和文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研結(jié)果，在開(kāi)始撰寫(xiě)論文之前寫(xiě)出開(kāi)題報(bào)告。
2、參考文獻(xiàn)按下列格式（A為期刊，B為專(zhuān)著）
A：[序號(hào)]、作者（外文姓前名后，名縮寫(xiě)，不加縮寫(xiě)點(diǎn)，3人以上作者只寫(xiě)前3人，后用“等”代替。）、題名、期刊名（外文可縮寫(xiě)，不加縮寫(xiě)點(diǎn)）年份、卷號(hào)（期號(hào)）：起止頁(yè)碼。
B：[序號(hào)]、作者、書(shū)名、版次、（初版不寫(xiě)）、出版地、出版單位、出版時(shí)間、頁(yè)碼。
3、表中各項(xiàng)可加附頁(yè)。
湖 南 科 技 大 學(xué)
英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯
學(xué) 生 姓 名： 周 武
學(xué) 院： 機(jī) 電 工 程 學(xué) 院
專(zhuān)業(yè)及班級(jí)： 機(jī) 設(shè) 三 班
學(xué) 號(hào)： 1103010305
指 導(dǎo) 教 師： 鄧 朝 暉
2015 年 5 月 20 日
中文譯文
數(shù)控系統(tǒng)在平面磨床上應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
現(xiàn)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，中、小批量零件的生產(chǎn)占產(chǎn)品數(shù)量的比例越來(lái)越高，零件的復(fù)雜性和精度要求迅速提高，傳統(tǒng)的普通機(jī)床已經(jīng)越來(lái)越難以適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)的要求，而數(shù)控機(jī)床具有高精度、高效率、一機(jī)多用，可以完成復(fù)雜型面加工過(guò)程的特點(diǎn)，特別是計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展并廣泛應(yīng)用于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中，數(shù)控裝置的主要功能幾乎全有軟件來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，硬件幾乎能通用，從而使其更具加工柔性，功能更加強(qiáng)大。
制造業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)已從早期降低勞動(dòng)力成本、產(chǎn)品成本，提高企業(yè)整體效率和質(zhì)量的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，發(fā)展到全面滿(mǎn)足顧客要求，積極開(kāi)發(fā)新產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，將面臨知識(shí)—技術(shù)—產(chǎn)品的更新周期越來(lái)越短，產(chǎn)品批量越來(lái)越小，而對(duì)質(zhì)量、性能的要求更高，同時(shí)社會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)、綠色制造的意識(shí)不斷加強(qiáng)。因此敏捷先進(jìn)的制造技術(shù)將成為企業(yè)贏得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和生存、發(fā)展的主要手段。計(jì)算機(jī)信息技術(shù)和制造自動(dòng)化技術(shù)的結(jié)合越來(lái)越緊密，作為自動(dòng)化柔性生產(chǎn)重要基礎(chǔ)的數(shù)控機(jī)床 .在生產(chǎn)機(jī)床中所占比例將越來(lái)越多。
數(shù)控平磨現(xiàn)狀及主要數(shù)控系統(tǒng)
平面磨床相對(duì)于機(jī)床、銑床等采用數(shù)控系統(tǒng)較晚，因?yàn)樗麑?duì)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的特殊要求。近十幾年來(lái)，借助CNC技術(shù)，磨床上砂輪的連續(xù)休整，自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償，自動(dòng)交換砂輪，多工作臺(tái)，自動(dòng)傳送和裝夾工件等操作工程得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，數(shù)控技術(shù)在平面磨床上的逐步普及。在今年漢諾威、東京、芝加哥、及國(guó)內(nèi)等大型機(jī)床展覽會(huì)上，CNC磨床在整個(gè)磨床展品已占大多數(shù)，如德國(guó)BLOHM公司，ELB公司等著名磨床制造廠已經(jīng)不再生產(chǎn)普通磨床，日本的岡本，日興等公司也成批生產(chǎn)全功能CNC平磨，在開(kāi)發(fā)高檔數(shù)控平磨的同時(shí)，積極發(fā)漢中、低檔數(shù)控平磨。
前幾年德國(guó)ELB公司生產(chǎn)的BRILLIANT系列二坐標(biāo)CNC成型磨床，其垂直和橫向?yàn)閿?shù)控軸，縱向?yàn)橐簤嚎刂疲拜喰拚捎冒惭b在工作臺(tái)上的金剛石滾輪，適用范圍較廣；SUPER-BRILLIANT系列是三坐標(biāo)CNC平面和成型磨床，床身用天然花崗巖制成，幾何精度較高，導(dǎo)軌用直線滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌，機(jī)械驅(qū)動(dòng)無(wú)反沖，從而保證工件有較好的表面光潔度；BRILLIANT-FUTURE為以上二個(gè)系列的改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品，床身用人造花崗巖制成，縱向用靜壓導(dǎo)軌，齒形帶傳動(dòng)，垂直和橫向都貴為預(yù)加荷直線滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌，滾珠絲杠傳動(dòng)，三軸CNC控制AC伺服電機(jī)，0.5um的測(cè)量分辨率。同時(shí)ELB公司開(kāi)發(fā)了具有當(dāng)代最新技術(shù)的磨床產(chǎn)品，即以機(jī)電一體化和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)的CAM-MASTER系列柔性加工單元，CAD-MASTER系列和COMPACT-MASTER系列磨削加工中心，控制軸最多可達(dá)24軸，另外由于全面推行模塊化設(shè)計(jì)，使專(zhuān)用磨床制造周期縮短，ELB公司還開(kāi)發(fā)了多種高效專(zhuān)用磨床，如SFVGA100/2專(zhuān)用磨床，具有可傾斜磨頭，連續(xù)休整，緩進(jìn)給，斜切入磨削功能，用十一根CNC控制軸，如同一臺(tái)磨加工中心。同時(shí)還可以配用其他型號(hào)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，以滿(mǎn)足不同用戶(hù)的需求。
目前，隨著半導(dǎo)體集成度的不斷提高，新推出的系統(tǒng)在外形上越來(lái)越小，結(jié)構(gòu)上越來(lái)越緊湊，功能上增加了遠(yuǎn)程通訊，遠(yuǎn)程診斷，多機(jī)聯(lián)網(wǎng)等等；操作界面向WINDOWS系統(tǒng)靠近，增加鼠標(biāo)，遙控器等操作件，F(xiàn)ANUC公司今年主要推出18I,16I,.20I，21I系統(tǒng)，SIEMENS是840D、810D、803D均為結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊型系統(tǒng)。還有一些廠商如：臺(tái)灣精密機(jī)械研究發(fā)展中心開(kāi)發(fā)的PA800NT系列CNC控制器，就使用了WINDOWS NC操作系統(tǒng)，和NT及時(shí)多工處理核心，單節(jié)程序處理速度達(dá)2000塊/秒，單節(jié)預(yù)讀處理數(shù)可達(dá)1000塊，具有AART（預(yù)適應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)技術(shù)）及參數(shù)最佳化學(xué)習(xí)功能，可使跟隨誤差趨近于零，軟件加工路徑濾波器可降低切削過(guò)程中，因加速度變化過(guò)大所產(chǎn)生的機(jī)械共振，從而改善表面粗超度；配用伺服靈活，具備+，- 10V類(lèi)比伺服界面，同時(shí)提供國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的SERCOS數(shù)字伺服通訊界面；PLC程序設(shè)計(jì)有梯形圖，結(jié)構(gòu)語(yǔ)句、功能塊、指令碼、流程圖等五種語(yǔ)法，便于設(shè)計(jì)、溝通和維護(hù)；具有計(jì)算機(jī)遠(yuǎn)程通訊，即時(shí)遠(yuǎn)程維護(hù)功能；控制軸和主軸最多可擴(kuò)展到64軸，I/O可擴(kuò)展到792/528點(diǎn)，采用奔騰處理器，高度PLC處理速度達(dá)到25K。
還有的平磨制造廠雖然采用數(shù)控主機(jī)廠的系統(tǒng)，但自行開(kāi)發(fā)軟件，使用之更適合平面和成型磨削，如德國(guó)JUNG公司以西門(mén)子SINUMERIK810為基礎(chǔ)，采用該公司專(zhuān)用軟件，用JUNG KONTUR編程語(yǔ)言對(duì)砂輪進(jìn)行成型修整，并有圖形輔助操作功能。日本岡本公司在FANUC公司數(shù)控系統(tǒng)硬件上，開(kāi)發(fā)了OPL語(yǔ)言用于磨削加工，等等。
當(dāng)今直線電機(jī)、動(dòng)平衡技術(shù)、工藝的日益發(fā)展應(yīng)有，又大大提高了機(jī)床的工效，適宜的測(cè)量技術(shù)應(yīng)用對(duì)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)發(fā)利用，增強(qiáng)機(jī)床的電器自動(dòng)化控制功能如虎添翼。
一種替代無(wú)心磨床技術(shù)，即通過(guò)進(jìn)給使用平面磨床無(wú)心磨床。在新的方法，一個(gè)緊湊的無(wú)心磨床單位，導(dǎo)板，超聲波履帶，一個(gè)刀片，其各自持有人組成，安裝在一個(gè)平面磨床工作臺(tái)，并通過(guò)進(jìn)給的無(wú)心磨床操作執(zhí)行導(dǎo)板位于工件被送入空間之間的砂輪和超聲波履帶。超聲波履帶，粘接到金屬?gòu)椥泽w的壓電陶瓷器件生產(chǎn)，在小角度傾斜，以便提供足夠的力量來(lái)控制工件的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，并沿其軸線養(yǎng)活超聲波橢圓振動(dòng)的工件。在本文中，工件的運(yùn)動(dòng)控制測(cè)試進(jìn)行首先要確保工件轉(zhuǎn)速和通過(guò)進(jìn)給率可以完全控制超聲波履帶，這是進(jìn)行高精度磨削操作是必不可少的。然后，主要工藝參數(shù)，如工件的偏心角，切削，超聲波履帶傾斜角度的加工精度（即工件的圓柱和工件的圓度）施加電壓幅度的影響進(jìn)行了澄清實(shí)驗(yàn)。所獲得的結(jié)果表明：（1）工件轉(zhuǎn)速可以通過(guò)改變外加電壓幅度調(diào)整，而其通過(guò)進(jìn)給率可以通過(guò)改變施加電壓的幅度和超聲波履帶傾斜角度調(diào)整;（2）最佳偏心角為6°，一個(gè)更大的切削，一個(gè)較小的傾斜角度，或更高的外加電壓是更好地為更高的加工精度;（3）工件的圓柱度和圓度從初始值16.63μm和14.86μm的改善最后的最佳磨削條件下的1.49微米和0.74微米。?
另一方面，履帶型無(wú)心磨床也有吸引了來(lái)自工業(yè)和學(xué)術(shù)界的關(guān)注。設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)平面真空靜水履帶增加高精度應(yīng)用的負(fù)載能力和剛度履帶無(wú)心磨床。楊等人。提出了動(dòng)態(tài)模型展示靜水的成效為提高穩(wěn)定性的履帶。調(diào)查履帶無(wú)心磨床的基礎(chǔ)夾具機(jī)制系統(tǒng)，并提出了一個(gè)理論模型來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)駕駛粉磨系統(tǒng)解決夾具穩(wěn)定的能力。開(kāi)發(fā)的2-D幾何模型預(yù)測(cè)履帶無(wú)心磨床的凸角的生成和與模型分析了磨削過(guò)程。?
從生產(chǎn)成本角度來(lái)看，兩種類(lèi)型的無(wú)心磨床是非常適合為小品種和largevolume的生產(chǎn)，因?yàn)檠b載/卸載工件是非常容易和快速。然而，無(wú)心磨床一種特殊用途的機(jī)器和比較昂貴的，把它在缺點(diǎn)為大品種和小批量的生產(chǎn)，近年來(lái)迅速增加的需求。作為一種解決方案這個(gè)問(wèn)題。?（2005年）提出一個(gè)新的無(wú)心磨床技術(shù)，可以在執(zhí)行平面磨床，以前。這種方法是基于概念超聲波履帶無(wú)心磨床由吳等人開(kāi)發(fā)的。?（2003年，2004年）。的方法，一個(gè)緊湊的單元為主的超聲波橢圓振動(dòng)履帶，一個(gè)刀片，其各自持有人安裝在一個(gè)平面磨床工作臺(tái)。該函數(shù)超聲波履帶是結(jié)合舉行的圓柱形工件與刀片，并控制工件轉(zhuǎn)速其上端面的橢圓運(yùn)動(dòng)。?
根據(jù)磨削工件的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)車(chē)輪，三種類(lèi)型無(wú)心磨床操作執(zhí)行中所提出的方法：切線，進(jìn)給類(lèi)型，進(jìn)給類(lèi)型，并通過(guò)進(jìn)給類(lèi)型。切向進(jìn)給類(lèi)型（2010年）創(chuàng)建的，考慮到模型2-D磨床加工系統(tǒng)，以澄清工件的彈性變形四舍五入的過(guò)程和工藝參數(shù)的影響工件的圓度，模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)結(jié)果。進(jìn)一步，吳某和徐某（2010）提出了一個(gè)實(shí)際為增加材料去除率，而最終的工件圓度保持在切向進(jìn)料型的高層次的方法。在進(jìn)給類(lèi)型，徐和吳（2011）實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)它的性能提出了一個(gè)模擬的方法預(yù)測(cè)工件四舍五入過(guò)程。得到的仿真和實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，在偏心角時(shí)為6°，高加工精度可以得到下一個(gè)較低的砂輪進(jìn)給速度，更大的切削和更快的工件旋轉(zhuǎn)速度。本文件的目的是驗(yàn)證進(jìn)給型無(wú)心磨床平面磨床上進(jìn)行。為此，首先相應(yīng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置通過(guò)進(jìn)給類(lèi)型無(wú)心磨床是構(gòu)建通過(guò)修改其次是現(xiàn)有相切的進(jìn)給類(lèi)型工件運(yùn)動(dòng)控制測(cè)試，以確保工件轉(zhuǎn)速和進(jìn)給通過(guò)率可以完全控制超聲波的履帶，以實(shí)現(xiàn)高精度研磨作業(yè)。一旦工件的干涉順時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)砂輪磨的實(shí)際行動(dòng)開(kāi)始，在軸向送入工件轉(zhuǎn)速的NW砂輪的方向，在一個(gè)的VFA通過(guò)進(jìn)給率。一旦工件通過(guò)修整面積，所需的股票去除率達(dá)到和火花的過(guò)程開(kāi)始，直到它失去與砂輪的接觸。此外，刀片是楔形頂角（通常稱(chēng)為葉片角度）和價(jià)值60度一般設(shè)置在最佳的工件上哈里森和皮爾斯（2004）四舍五入狀況證明。?
英文原文
Digital system in the horizontal grinder application of the status quo and development
Modern industrial production,small and large parts for the production of products of the increasing proportion of parts complexity and precision requirements rapidy increase , the traditional general machine tools has become increasingly difficult to met the requirements of modern production ,and a high-precision CNC machine tools,high-efficiency,the use of a manchine can complete comple type face processing characteristics ,in particular the rapid development of computer technology and the widespread use of digital systems,digital devices from almost all major software functions to achieve ,almost to a hardware ,thereby making it more flexible processing ,functional stronger.
Manufacturing competition from lower labour costs early, product cost and improve their overall efficiency and qualitiy of competition ,to meet customer demands comprehensive ,actively develop new products competitive ,will face knowledge—technical—updated products has become shorter and shorter, an increasing number of small products, and the quality ,performance requirements are higher ,Meanwhile community to environmental protection ,the growing awareness of green manufacturing .therefore advanced manufacturing technology will be quickly won the competition and survival of the enterprise ,the principal means of development .Computer information technology and manufacturing automation tas an important foundation for digital machine in the production of machine tools to share more. First digital Ping finds the status quo and digital systems primaril 3First, digital ping finds the status quo and digital systems primarily .
Horizontal grinder compared to the lathe,milling machine,using digital systems later,the special requirements because of its digital sustems.In the past decade,with the technical facility,grinder,the grinding wheel for repair,automatic compensation,automatic exchange grinding wheel,and more workstations,such as automatic transmission and Zhuangjia working inoperable realized,and digital technology in the horizontal grinder ,gradually spread.In recent Hanover,Tokyo,Chicago,and other large domestic machine tool exhibition,CNC grinder throughout the grinder,for the majority of the exhibits,such as Germany Blohm company ELB conpanies such famous grinder factories no longer proudce ordinary grinder Japanese Forces,Japan,low digital ping himself.
German production company a few years ago ELB brilliant series two Coordinates facility shaped grinder,the vertical and horizontal axis for digital,vertical for hydraulic control,grinding wheel repair work platform installed in a roller diamonds,the application of brodader;SUPER-BRILLIANT series is one-dimensional and shaped grinder Ssnzuobiao facility,the beds are manufactured using natural granite,high geometric accuracy,slide away from straight rolling guide,driving without recoiling machinery,thus ensuring a better working surface smoothness;BRILIANT-FUTURE series of improvements to the above two products,using artificial granite bed was produced by static pressure vertical guide,Chixing belt transmission,vertical and horizontal guide for pre reinforced straight rolling guide,Gunzhusigang transmission,three-axis CNC control AC servo electrical,measuring 0.5m 16ug image.ELB company has also developed the latest
Technology grinder contemporary products,and integration with computer and technology-based series of soft skills CAM-MASTER processing modules CAD-MASTER series and COMPACT-MASTER series grinding processing center,a maximum of up to 24 axis control axis,As the full implementation of modular
Design and anufacture of dedicated grinder cycle shortened ELB company has also developed a variety of highly efficient dedicated grinder ,such as SFVG100/2 dedicated grinder ,which will tilt Motou ,continuous improvements, toease into ,processing center . British and Amrrican companies JONES&SHIPMAN A-B company developed A-B8600 digital systems for igital FORMAT5 type ping himself form the facility hydraulic control valves ,driven vertical movement can be governor, to the use of horizontal and Motou into Gunzhusigang deputy ,Electrical DC servo –driven, intermittent style grinding wheel repair ,CRT graphics simulation showed .Also be used with other types of digital systems to meet different user requirements.
Currently ,the semiconductor master degrees continual incrase in the newly introduced system in the appearance of smaller ,more compact strccture functions increased distance ommuications ,remote diagnosis ,multiple plane networking etc ;Interface to the Window operating system to increase the mouse .remote operation of vehicles .Fanuc major company this year launched 18,16I,20I,21Isystem Siemens is 840D,810D,802D are tight structure type system .There are a number of manufacturers such as : Taiwan Precision CNC controls on the use of the window operating system of NC ,and NT immediate multi-processing core ,single-section procedures for processing speed 2000 pieces /s,single-section pre-1000 time to deal with a few pieces ,with Aart (pre –adaptation technologies) and the parameters of the best learing function would follow error convergence to zero , the software processing path filter to reduce maching process generated by the acceleration changes excessive mechanical resonance ,thereby improving surface roughness ; with the use of servo flexible ,with+, -10v analogy servo interface It also provides international standards SERCOS digital servo communications interface design Tixingtu ；PLC procedures ,structure expressions, functional pieces ,instructions code ,flowcharts , five facilitate design, communication and maintenance; long-range communications with the computer, instant remote maintenance functions; control can be extended to a maximum axle and spindle axis 64. I/O points which can be expanded to 792/528 point, the introduction of Pentium processors, high-speed Plc processing speed to 25K.There grinding factory CNC system OEMs, but self-developed software, use it more suitable for flat and profile grinding, such as the German the JUNG company Siemens SINUMERIK810, based on using the company's proprietary software, programming Jung KONTUR Language molding trim wheel and graphics auxiliary operation. Okamoto,
Japan FANUC CNC system hardware development the OPL language for grinding, and so on. Today's linear motor, balancing the increasing development of technology, process should greatly improve the ergonomics of the machine, the development and utilization of appropriate measurement techniques the application of numerical control system, enhance the machine's electrical automation control functions even more powerful.
This paper presents an alternative centerless grinding machine technology, that is, through feed surface grinder centerless grinder. In the new method, a compact centerless grinder units, guides, ultrasonic crawler, a blade of their respective holders, mounted in a surface grinder table at the workpiece is fed into and through feed centerless grinding machine operation is performed guides the space between the grinding wheel and the ultrasonic crawler. Ultrasonic crawler, the metal elastic body is bonded to the piezoelectric ceramic production, inclined at a small angle in order to provide sufficient strength to control the rotational movement of the workpiece, and feed the ultrasonic elliptical vibration of the workpiece along its axis. In this article, the movement of the workpiece control we must first ensure that the workpiece speed and feed rate can completely control the ultrasonic crawler, which is a high-precision grinding operation is essential. Then, the main process parameters, such as the eccentric angle of the workpiece, the cutting, the ultrasonic crawler inclination angle of the machining accuracy of the applied voltage amplitude (i.e., the roundness of the cylindrical workpiece and the workpiece) were clarified experiment. The results obtained show that: (1) the workpiece rotational speed can be adjusted by changing the amplitude of the applied voltage, by feedrate can be changed by applying a voltage magnitude and the ultrasonic crawler inclination angle of adjustment; (2) the top of the eccentric angle of 6 °, a larger cutting a smaller inclination angle, or the higher the applied voltage is better for higher machining accuracy; (3) and roundness of cylindrical workpiece from the initial value 16.63μm 14.86μm improvement Finally, the optimum grinding conditions under 1.49 microns and 0.74 microns.
On the other hand, crawler-type centerless grinder also attracted the attention from industry and academia. designed the vacuum of hydrostatic crawler increase load capacity and stiffness of the track centerless grinding machine for high-precision applications in a plane. proposed the effectiveness of the dynamic model display hydrostatic crawler improve stability. survey tracked the basis of centerless grinder fixture mechanism system, and presents a theoretical model to predict driving grinding system the ability to resolve the fixture stable. In addition, developed a 2-D geometric model forecast track centerless grinder lobe generation and model analysis of the grinding process.
From the production cost point of view, the two types of the centerless grinding machine is very suitable for the production of small species and largevolume the loading / unloading of the workpiece is very easy and fast. However, the centerless grinding machine a special-purpose machines and more expensive, it disadvantages a large variety and small batch production, in recent years, the rapid increase in demand. As a solution to this problem, the authors propose a new centerless grinding machine technology, you can perform surface grinder before. This method is based on the concept of ultrasonic crawler centerless grinding machine developed by Wu et al. (2003, 2004). Method, a compact unit based ultrasonic elliptical vibration crawler, a blade of their respective holders installed on a surface grinder table. This function ultrasonic crawler cylindrical workpiece is held in conjunction with the blade and control the workpiece speed on the end face of the elliptical motion.
According to the relative movement of the workpiece grinding wheel, three types of centerless grinding operation is performed in the proposed method type: tangent feed type, feed type, and through the feed. The tangential feed type, Xu. (2010) created, taking into account the model 2-D grinding machine, in order to clarify the elastic deformation of the workpiece rounding process and process parameters workpiece roundness, simulation experiments confirm the results. Further, Wu and Xu (2010) proposed an actual increase in the material removal rate, and the final roundness maintained in the tangential feed of the high-level method. Feed type, Xu and Wu (2011) experiments confirmed its performance a simulated forecastWorkpiece rounding process. The simulation and experimental results obtained show that the eccentric angle 6 °, high machining accuracy can be obtained under a lower grinding wheel feed rate, the greater the cutting and faster workpiece rotation speed. The purpose of this document is to verify that feed type centerless grinder surface grinder. To do this, first the corresponding experimental device through the feed type centerless grinding machine is constructed by modifying the second is the existing tangent to feed type workpiece motion control tests to ensure that the speed of the workpiece and into the pass rate can completely control ultrasonic crawler, achieve high-precision grinding operations. Then grinding the actual operation carried out to clarify the effects of the main process parameters, such as the eccentric workpiece stock removal, ultrasonic crawler tilt angle and perspective applied voltage, the amplitude of the machining accuracy, i.e. the cylindrical workpiece round. 2. Surface grinder feed centerless grinding operation principles.
Figure 1 illustrates the principle of operation through feed centerless grinding method and detailed experimental device construction. Establish the instrument by installing the grinding unit, composed of an ultrasonic elliptical vibration, the holders of the track, blades and holders, guide plate and the bottom plate to a surface grinder table. Grinding units, the crawler sub-structure bonding the piezoelectric device ceramic (PZT) separated the two electrodes (a and b) to the metal elastomer stainless steel (SUS 304). When both A (AC) signal phase difference (VA = the VP-PSIN (2 feet), VB = VP-PSIN (2 ft +), wherein (more than 20 kHz frequency f and VP-P) and the amplitude AC voltage) application of piezoelectric ceramics, bending and longitudinal ultrasonic vibration is very pleased to ultrasonic crawler. The synthetic vibration displacement in both directions, create an oval face metal elastomer (2005) motion. Therefore, the friction between the ultrasonic track the movement of the workpiece, the elliptical motion can be controlled through the workpiece. Constraints between the workpiece, the grinding wheel, the relative position of the blade and ultrasonic crawler wheel To determine ? eccentric angle (see Figure 1 (a)). When the ultrasonic crawler is parallel to the grinding wheel axis, i.e. gamma = 0 ° (hereinafter referred to as the tilt angle), the crawler generated by the frictional force FF between the workpiece and the ultrasonic elliptical motion in the x direction only, and is used to control the rotational movement of the workpiece, In the tangential feed type (Wu et al, 2005; Xu et al, 2010), and the feed type (2011) centerless grinder, so that the circumferential speed of the workpiece the same as the track surface of the end face of the bending vibration velocity. However, through the feed type centerless grinding the workpiece need not only rotational movement, but also through the feed motion along the z-direction, and therefore the ultrasonic crawler is, in a small angle of inclination, i.e. gamma ≠ 0 (see Figure 1 (a)), to provide adequate components FFA, friction, to control the workpiece through the feed motion. As can be seen, in traditional feed centerless grinder small taper lead size grinding wheel across a greater area of ??the wheel major stock removal shown in FIG. 1 (b), wherein the the trimming depth and HD trimming length. After the wheel, set at a given distance from the ultrasonic crawler track on the end face, the workpiece is located in the space between the grinding wheel and the ultrasonic crawler guides and Fed. Once the interference with the workpiece clockwise rotation of the actual action of the grinding wheel in the axial direction into the NW direction of the wheel speed of the workpiece in a VFA feed rate. Once the workpiece through the trimming area, the desired stock removal rate and the spark process begins, until it loses contact with the grinding wheel. In addition, the blade is wedge angle (often referred to as the blade angle) and the value of 60 degrees is generally set in the best workpiece Harrison and Pierce (2004) rounded prove. Experimental apparatus and the workpiece motion control test.
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