Unit 1《School lige》Grammar and usage課件4（33張PPT）（牛津譯林必修1）

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Unit 1 School life Grammar,一、句 子的成份,1、主語(yǔ) 2、謂語(yǔ) 3、賓語(yǔ) 4、表語(yǔ) 5、狀語(yǔ) 6、補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 7、定語(yǔ),,主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. He was shot dead,He thought it important. He pushed the door open.,He lives in London. Shall we do it tomorrow?,She is a beautiful girl. She is an experienced teacher.,由動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成，注意時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一致,用在 vt 的后面，是動(dòng)作的承受者,用在 link-v后面，表述主語(yǔ)的特征、狀態(tài) 、身份等,修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句句子,二、句 子的種類,1、簡(jiǎn)單句 (只有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞),2、并列句 (有兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞以上，用并列連詞連接起來(lái)，他們的地位是平列的),3、復(fù)合句 (有連個(gè)以上的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其中一個(gè)是主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其他都是從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 ),She is laughing. She opened the door. She is a girl.,主 + 謂（vi） 主 + 謂（vt） + 賓 主 + 謂 (link-v) +表,She is a girl and he is a boy. She is a girl and comes from Beijing. She is clever but doesn’t work hard.,I didn’t go out because it rained a lot. I want to be a doctor when I grow up.,三、從句：,1、This is true. what he said is true.,,,,主語(yǔ)從句,2、This is true. This is what I want to say.,,,,表語(yǔ)從句,5、She is a beautiful girl. She is a girl who is beautiful.,3、I know this boy. I know what you mean.,,,,賓語(yǔ)從句,4、she lives in London. she lives where there is big tree.,狀語(yǔ)語(yǔ)從句,,,,,,,,定語(yǔ)從句,The Attributive Clause,1.定義：attributive clause is clause to modify a nun or pron in a complex sentence.,,2.關(guān)鍵詞：先行詞， 關(guān)系代詞，關(guān)系副詞,eg.This is the car which he bought last year.,先行詞,,定語(yǔ)從句,,,,關(guān)系代詞,eg.This is the house where I lived.,,,,先行詞,關(guān)系副詞,定語(yǔ)從句,關(guān)系代詞:,關(guān)系副詞：,who whom that which whose,when where why,Relative pron: （引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)）,,主: who that 賓: who whom that 定: whose,,B: referring to an object:,,主: which that 賓: which that 定: whose,,A: referring to a person:,不管是人作賓語(yǔ)還是物賓語(yǔ) 關(guān)系代詞都可以省略。,1.That middle-aged woman ________ is talking to the headmaster is our new teacher. 2.The guest _______________ we had been waiting for finally arrived. 3.Do you know the boy _______________ your daughter writes to. 4.I know a young man ______ sister is a nurse in that hospital. 5.The girl _______ life he saves is now a college student. 6.This book is for students ______ native language is not Chinese.,,,A:,who/that,who/ whom/that/( ),who/ whom/that( ),whose,whose,whose,先行詞為人,1.Have you got the present _________ came this morning. 2.In the week __________followed I got to know the young man quite well. 3.Thank you very much for the present____________ you sent me. 4.Is this the place _____________ we are going to visit? 5.It was the meeting _____ importance I did not realize at the time. 6.We visited a few factories _____ products had a good market in china today.,B:,that/which,that/which,that/ which/(),that/ which/(),whose,whose,先行詞為物,that 的特殊用法： 先行詞為all everything anything nothing any more one等不定代詞（指物） 先行詞被all every no some any little much 等詞修飾（指物） 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾 或者先行詞本身為序數(shù)詞或最高級(jí)。 先行詞被the only, the last, the very, the same 等修飾的時(shí)候 先行詞既有人又有物 主句是以who 或which 等開頭的特殊疑問句 關(guān)系代詞在定于中做表語(yǔ) 先行詞為time(次數(shù))和way(方法)時(shí),先行詞是way 后面關(guān)系代詞可以是that / in which / ( ),,I did everything ____ I could to help you. He told me all _____ he knows There is little _____ remains to be said. Is there any question ______ troubles you much No film ____ I have seen is better than this one. The first English novel ______ I read was Robinson Crusoe. This is one of the most exciting football games _____ I have ever seen. The only thing _____ we would do is to gather all our money to help the sick. The last place ______ we visited in the countryside was a farm. He talked about the teachers and schools _______ he had visited. Who ___ has seen the TV film doesn’t admire it? Which is the best book _____ you can find? He is not the man ___ he used to be. My hometown is not the village____ it used to be Is this the first time ____ you’ve come to China? This is the way _____ we looked after the orphan. I didn’t like the way_____ she spoke to me.,I， who_____ (be) your close friend, will try my best to help you out. He who______ (do) not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. Mr. Herpin is one of the foreigners who ____ (be) working in China. Mr. smith is the only one of the those foreigners who _____ (be) working in China.,主謂一致,1.從句中謂語(yǔ)要注意和先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)和時(shí)態(tài)上的一致 2. one of … 復(fù)數(shù) the (only) one of … 單數(shù),am,does,are,is,,Relative adverb: （引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)成分）,表時(shí)間: when 表地點(diǎn): where 表原因: why (先行詞為reason),注：但在不少情況下，可以不用when，特別是在某些句型和某些狀語(yǔ)從句中可用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句或可以省略when It was the first time that I had serious trouble with my boss. She made me feel at home the moment( the day/time) I arrived.,I still remember the day ________ I first got to Paris. There are moments ________ I forget all about it. This is the hour ___________ the place is full of children. This is the place_________ I first met Mr. Robinson. I always wanted to have a single room ________ I could do my home work. This is the desk________ I put my book. They went to the place________ they believed they could find some fruit. That is the reason__________ I didn’t join their group. That was the reason _________ Mac refused to speak at the meeting.,when,when,when,where,where,where,why,why,where,,I will never forget the day _______________ I joined the League. September 18,1913 is the day ___________ we will never forget. That was the day __________Ann left school on.,,Is this the factory ____________ your father works? This is the factory__________ we visited last year. Is this factory ____________we visit last year?,Do you know the reason ____________ he was late for school. That was the reason ___________ Mac gave me the other day. That was the reason __________ Mac refused to speak for at the meeting.,,關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的運(yùn)用和區(qū)別 選擇用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞，看先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?如從句中缺少主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，則選擇關(guān)系代詞 如從句中缺少狀語(yǔ)，則選擇關(guān)系副詞 所以：知道是定語(yǔ)從句， 現(xiàn)看從句，看從句中是否缺少不可缺少的成分，缺少 關(guān)系代詞； 不缺少 關(guān)系副詞,when,,(which/ that/),(which/that),the one (that),where,(which/ that/),why,(which/ that/),(which/that),Prep + relative pron:,A: 關(guān)系副詞可以用相應(yīng)的介詞加關(guān)系代詞來(lái)代替 B:需要加上介詞句子意思才完整或者固定詞組,C:復(fù)合介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞,關(guān)系代詞作從句中介詞的賓語(yǔ):,He is the man who I am looking after. He is the man who I am looking for.,1.介詞可放關(guān)代前或從句中,一般在不影響句子或詞組的含義時(shí)，介詞可前可后,某些固定詞組短語(yǔ)中，一般不拆開，介詞仍應(yīng)該跟在動(dòng)詞之后,2.若介詞在關(guān)系代詞前,關(guān)系代詞只用whom or which,不可用who or that; 所以 表人 用 prep + whom 表物 用 prep + which,3.若介詞在從句中,作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)代可省略;若介詞在關(guān)系代之前,關(guān)系代詞不可省.,1.When根據(jù)具體情況可拆分成： on which in which at which during which 2. 介詞必須放在which的前面。,10 o’clock is the time when our plane arrives. 10 o’clock is the time at which our plane arrives. 10 o’clock is the time which our plane arrives at.,1.Where根據(jù)具體情況可拆分成： in which on which at which from which 等 2.介詞可放which前，也可以放在從句中,This is the hotel where I often stay. This is the hotel at which I often stay. This is the hotel which I often stay at.,Why拆分的具體情況 1.why= for which 2.the reason 在主句中作主語(yǔ) 不可改成for which,Do you know the reason why he refused to come? Do you know the reason for which he refused to come? The reason why he refused to come is not clear. The reason for which he refused to come is not clear.,I still remember the day ________ I first got to Paris. There are moments ________ I forget all about it. This is the hour ___________ the place is full of children. This is the place_________ I first met Mr. Robinson. I always wanted to have a single room ________ I could do my home work. This is the desk________ I put my book. They went to the place________ they believed they could find some fruit. That is the reason__________ I didn’t join their group. That was the reason _________ Mac refused to speak at the meeting.,on which,at which,during which,in which,in which,in which,for which,for which,on which,,I will never forget the day _______________ I joined the League. September 18,1913 is the day ___________ we will never forget. That was the day __________Ann left school on.,,Is this the factory ____________ your father works? This is the factory__________ we visited last year. Is this factory ____________we visit last year?,Do you know the reason ____________ he was late for school. That was the reason ___________ Mac gave me the other day. That was the reason __________ Mac refused to speak for at the meeting.,,關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的運(yùn)用和區(qū)別 選擇用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞，看先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?如從句中缺少主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，則選擇關(guān)系代詞 如從句中缺少狀語(yǔ)，則選擇關(guān)系副詞 所以：知道是定語(yǔ)從句， 現(xiàn)看從句，看從句中是否缺少不可缺少的成分，缺少 關(guān)系代詞； 不缺少 關(guān)系副詞,when,,(which/ that/),(which/that),the one (that),where,(which/ that/),why,(which/ that/),(which/that),/ on which,/ in which,/ for which,1.If you move to that house, you will have neighbors _________ your wife is to quarrel. 2.Do you know the comrade ________ we are talking? 3.The knife __________ we cut the bread is very sharp. 4.His naughty grandson has taken away his glasses, _____________ the old man can see nothing. 5.This is the worker, ________ the book was written. 6.The Yellow River is the second longest river in China, _________ more than 10 bridges have been built. 7.The man, _________ I learned the news, is an engineer. 8.That’s the question ____________ the class will have a discussion. 9. It rained all night and all day, _____ which time the ship broke into pieces. 10.He is a man__________ no one has better right to speak.,B:,with whom,to whom,with which,without which,by whom,over which,from whom,about which,during,than whom,C:,1.The professor is an ordinary-looking little man, on the nose of whom there is a pair of thick glasses. 2. There are many girls here, none of whom like football. 3.China has a lot of famous writers, one of whom is Lu Xun. 4.China has a lot of islands, one of which is Taiwan. 5. The tower is 40 meters high, on the top of which we can see quite a large part of city. 6. I used to live in a house, in front of which grew a tall tress. 7.I have a lot of friends, some of whom are college students. 8.I saw some tress, the leaves of which were black with disease.,1. whose在定語(yǔ)從句中作adj.使用，相當(dāng)于所有格的his, her, its, their。 2. whose +n. = the + n. + of which the + n. + of whom,,p.s. 關(guān)系代詞Whose 也可以拆分如下：,He is the student whose composition won the first prize. He is the student the composition of whom won the first prize. I love the house whose windows face the lake. I love the house the windows of which face the lake.,,Restrictive attributive clause & non-restrictive attributive clause,限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)前面的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行限制修飾，缺少它，意思不能成形。 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)前面的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，有無(wú)不改變句子基本含義。,在三種情況下只能用非限制定語(yǔ)從句： 1.先行詞為專有名詞（人名、地名） 2.先行詞為獨(dú)一無(wú)二的東西 3.整個(gè)句子,,Which 只能放在先行詞之后（一般作主語(yǔ)） As 可放在先行詞之前（一般作賓語(yǔ)）,The elephant is like a wall, ______ anyone can see. He didn’t has the exam, _______makes his father mad,as,which,Mr. Li, who is very old, is our director. My daughter, whose body is slim, still wants to lose some weight. The clock struck thirteen, which made everyone laugh. My money is in my bedroom, where I always keep it. You have to wait till May, when she is back.,在非限中，無(wú)論介詞放在關(guān)代之前或在從句之中，其中的關(guān)代詞均不可省略。,This boy, with whom I used to play, is now a writer. This boy, whom/ who I used to play with, is now a writer. I love Sunny, to whom I’m getting married pretty soon. I love Sunny, whom/ who I’m getting married to pretty soon.,注： 關(guān)于as用作關(guān)系代詞,一、 as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句 二、as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,You’d better not buy such books as you don’t understand. I have never seen the same thing as was told by my grandma. She doesn’t believe I am such a person as I appear. Such as flatter you often might not be honest.,賓語(yǔ),主語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),主語(yǔ),一、在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,As is known to all, Wuxi is famous for its Tai Lake. We have to work hard, as we can see at the moment. He was born in Wuxi, as the book mentions, and never left here. He turned out to be successful, as we could expected He turned out to be successful, which was expected. As 意為“正如”，其引導(dǎo)的定從位置靈活，但which引導(dǎo)的定從只能放句后。,二、在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,同學(xué)們,來(lái)學(xué)校和回家的路上要注意安全,同學(xué)們,來(lái)學(xué)校和回家的路上要注意安全,