高二英語人教版必修5《Unit 1 Great scientists》期末知識梳理

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111 人教新課標(biāo)版高二必修五Unit 1 Great scientists期末知識梳理 一、訓(xùn)練導(dǎo)入 I.考綱單詞 寫出下列考綱詞匯的詞性和漢義(如果不止一個詞性學(xué)生自行增補詞性及相應(yīng)漢義) 1.painter 2.conclude 3.analyse 4.defeat 5.expert 6.attend 7.expose 8.cure 9.challenge 10.absorb 11.suspect 12.neighbourhood 13.blame 14.pollute 15.handle 16.announce 17.contribute 18.movement 19.backward 20.universe II.核心短語 1.put_______提出 2.apart_______除……之外；此外 3.make_______講得通，有意義 4.draw a_______得出結(jié)論 5.link…_______...將……和……聯(lián)系或連接起來 6.be_______with… 對……嚴(yán)格的 7.make_______for 為……滕地方 8.point of_______態(tài)度，觀點，看法 9.slow_______減速 10.look_______調(diào)查 二、知識精講 I.重點詞匯 1. conclude vi.終結(jié)； 結(jié)束; 推斷； 決定 [典例] 1）The meeting concluded at ten o'clock. 會議于十點鐘結(jié)束。 2）It is hard to conclude. 這很難斷定。 [重點用法] conclusion n. 結(jié)束,結(jié)論 make／draw／reach／come to／arrive at a conclusion下結(jié)論，得出結(jié)論； bring sth. to a conclusion使…結(jié)束； in conclusion作為結(jié)論，最后； 2. attend v. 1)注意；留意；處理(與to連用)=do with 2) 出席；到場： 3)照看；照料：=take care; look after [典例] 1）We'll attend to the problem later． 稍后我們將關(guān)注那個問題。 2）Which doctor is attending you? 哪一個醫(yī)生為你看病? [重點用法] attendance n． 出席，出席的人數(shù)，伺候，照料 attend school上學(xué) attend a lecture/meeting聽講座/出席會議 attend a wedding/ceremony出席婚禮‘/參加典禮 3. expose vt. 1)使暴露, 顯露 2)曝光 3)揭露 [重點用法] exposure n．(在日光、風(fēng)雨、危險中)暴露，暴曬(后接to + n．)；(攝影的)曝光 be exposed to ….置身于……;暴露于… [典例] 1）A real artist can always expose his students to good art and music 稱職的藝術(shù)家總能使學(xué)生接觸美好的藝術(shù)和音樂 2）This film has been exposed. 這片子已經(jīng)感光。 3）He exposed the plan to the newspapers.他向幾家報紙透露了這個計劃。 4）Exposure to the cold wind left my lips feeling dry．我暴露在寒風(fēng)中，覺得嘴唇干裂。 5）As a journalist in the war, she was exposed to many dangers.作為戰(zhàn)地記者,她置身于多種危險中. [重點用法] be absorbed in 全神貫注于;熱衷于; absorb one’s attention吸引某人注意力 [典例] 1）The equipment can absorb moisture from the air這一設(shè)備能從空中吸收水分 2）He is absorbed in study. 他專心讀書。 3）This job absorbs all of my time. 這件工作占用了我的全部時間。 5. blame vt．責(zé)備；譴責(zé)；歸咎于； n．責(zé)怪；(過失、過錯等)責(zé)任 [典例] 1)The careless driver is to blame for the traffic accident happening yesterday． 那個粗心的司機(jī)該為昨天發(fā)生的交通事故負(fù)責(zé)。 2) Who is to blame for the failure? 誰該為這次的失敗負(fù)責(zé)? 3) The student blamed the teacher for his failure．學(xué)生因失敗而怪老師。 [重點用法] blame sb．for(doing)sth． 因(做)某事而指責(zé)某人 blame sth．on sb． 因某事而指責(zé)某人 sb．be to blame for(doing)sth． 因(做)某事某人應(yīng)該受到譴責(zé)； 注意: be to blame 應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé) (無被動形式)。 [典例] 1）Miss Liu instructed a class in math last year. 劉老師去年給一個班學(xué)生上數(shù)學(xué)課. 2）The volunteers often go to an orphan home to instruct orphans. in English 這些志愿者經(jīng)常去孤兒之家去教他們英語. 3）He was instructed when to start through the email. 他從郵件中得到出發(fā)時間的通知 4）He was instructed to sail for New York. 他奉命前往紐約。 [重點用法] instruct sb.( in sth.) 教, 教導(dǎo),傳授技能 instruct sb. to do; instruct wh-命令, 指示, instruct that-clause通知 [典例] 1）He contributed to the church．他向教會捐款。 2）He often contributes to this newspaper．他經(jīng)常向這家報社投稿。 3）Cigarette smoking is a major factor contributing to cancer．吸煙是導(dǎo)致癌癥的主要因素。 [重點用法] contribution. n. 捐獻(xiàn)，貢獻(xiàn)；投稿 contribute…to …向……捐獻(xiàn)(投稿) contribute to…促成，起作用，有助于 make a contribution to／towards向……捐贈；對…作出貢獻(xiàn) 注意: 以上短語中to為介詞； II.重點詞組 1．put forward 提出(建議等)；推薦某人或自己任職位；提名 [典例] 1）He put forward a new plan yesterday．他昨天提出一個新計劃。 2）May I put your name forward as a possible chairman of the committee? 我能否提名你當(dāng)委員會主席? [短語歸納] put on穿上；增加 put on performances演出 put an end to結(jié)束；終止 put off推遲；延期； put one's heart into全神貫注于 put down寫下 put out生產(chǎn)；撲滅 put back放回；送回 put up舉起；張貼 [典例] 1）Apart from a few faults，he is a perfect teacher．除了幾個缺點之外，他是一個很好的老師。 2）Apart from the cost，the dress doesn't suit me．姑且不論價格，這件禮服也不適合我穿。 [短語歸納] in addition to除……之外(還有,包括在內(nèi)) besides 除……之外(還有,包括在內(nèi)) except (for)除……之外除……之外(還有,不包括在內(nèi)) except that 除了…除……之外(還有,不包括在內(nèi)) [典例] What he says makes sense．他說的有道理。 Can you make sense of this poem? 你能明白這首詩的含義嗎? What you say is true in a sense．你所說的在某種意義上是真實的。 [短語歸納] make no sense講不通；無意義 make sense of 了解,明白 in a sense就某種意義而言；在某種意義上 III.重點句型 1. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. 每次瘟疫爆發(fā)，數(shù)以千計的人們在恐懼中死去． [解釋] every time可作連詞使用，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，意為“每次，每當(dāng)”immediately，the moment，directly，instantly等都可以作連詞引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，意為“一……就……” [典例] 1）Every time I meet him，I always think of the things happened between us． 每次見到他，我就想起發(fā)生在我們之間的事情。 2）Immediately he saw the message, he knew he misunderstood his best friend. 一見到紙條，他就知道他誤會了他最好的朋友。 2. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.只有當(dāng)你把太陽放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的運動才能說的清楚． [解釋]Only 引導(dǎo)的狀語放在句首，句子需用半倒裝． 3. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it ….. 他把太陽固定在太陽系的中心位置上，而行星則圍繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)． [解釋]with + 賓語+ v. –ing / v. –ed / to do / adj. / adv. / prep. phrases構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中通常作為狀語，表示背景情況，為方式，原因或條件等． ［典例］ 1）With the old man leading the way, we started towards the forest. 在老者的帶路下，我們向森林進(jìn)發(fā)。 2）She ran and ran with beads of sweat running down her face. 她不停地奔跑，汗珠順著臉頰流下來。 三、語法突破 過去分詞作定語和表語 分詞是動詞的一種非謂語形式，主要起形容詞和副詞的作用，可以作定語、表語或是狀語等分詞有兩種，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞，一種是過去分詞。這兩種分詞在句子中能擔(dān)任的成分大體相同，主要是在“意思”上有主動和被動之分。過去分詞一般有被動和完成兩大特征 過去分詞的定語和表語功能 定 語 表“完成”或“被動” boiled water開水　　　　　　fallen leaves落葉 the risen sun升起的太陽　　selected apples 精選蘋果 spoken English英語口語　　　iced beer冰鎮(zhèn)啤酒 cooked food熟食　　　　　　　fried chips炸土豆條 單個的過去分詞作定語時， 常置于其所修飾的名詞之前。 The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩帶著滿意的表情舉目而視。 We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我們必須使我們的思想適應(yīng)改變了的情況。 過去分詞短語作定語時，須將分詞放在被修飾的詞語之后，功能相當(dāng)于一個定語從句 Near the window，there is a bookshelf filled with many books(=which is filled with many books).靠近窗戶，有一個裝滿書的書架。 Her daughter，brought up by me(=who was brought up by me)has begun to work now.由我?guī)Т蟮乃呐畠含F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)參加工作了。 The concert given by their friends was a success.他們朋友舉行的音樂會大為成功。 表 語 當(dāng)“人”作主語時用過去分詞作表語，表示主語的狀態(tài)或思想感情等 When we heard of it，we were deeply moved.當(dāng)我們聽到這件事時，被深深地感動了。 He seemed quite delighted at the idea.聽到這個想法，他似乎很高興。 過去分詞作表語不要與被動語態(tài)混為一體。分詞作表語表示主語的狀態(tài)，而被動語態(tài)則表示被動的動作 My glasses are broken.我的眼鏡碎了。(狀態(tài)) My glasses were broken by my son. 我的眼鏡被我兒子摔碎了。(動作) On the earth，70% of the surface is covered with water.地球表面70%是被水覆蓋的。(狀態(tài)) I was greatly surprised by a knock at the door. 敲門聲使我大為吃驚。(動作) 【考題印證】 1.（2012上海卷-36）The club, 25 years ago, is holding a party for past and present members. A. founded B. founding C. being founded D. to be founded 【解析】A?？疾榉侵^語動詞作定語。首先，the club“俱樂部”和found“建立”之間應(yīng)該是被動關(guān)系，所以排除B；再根據(jù)時間狀語25years ago，排除表示將來的to be founded和表示正在進(jìn)行的being founded，所以答案為A。 2.（2012浙江卷-11） "It's a such nice place," Mother said as she sat at the table________ for customs. A. to be reserved B. Living reserved C. reserving D. Reserved 【解析】D?？疾榉侵^語—過去分詞。reserve和謂語動詞sat之間沒有連詞，故用非謂語，且和其邏輯主語the table邏輯上構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系，故用過去分詞表示被動、完成的概念，在句子中做后置定語。 3.（2012山東-35）After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope ________. A. providing B. provided C. having provided D. provide 【解析】B?？疾檫^去分詞作定語。句意為：完成并簽名后，請把表格放入我們提供的信封內(nèi)送回。動詞provide與其邏輯主語envelope之間是被動關(guān)系，在句中作定語，相當(dāng)于which is provided。 【真題體驗】 1.（2011全國卷II,15）The island, to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to. A. joining B. to join C. joined D. having joined 2.（2011湖南卷,23）The players from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game . A selecting B to select C selected D having selected 3.（2010湖南卷）So far nobody has claimed the money in the library. A. discovered B. to be discovered C. discovering D. having discovered 4.（2010四川卷）A great number of students said they were forced to practise the piano. A. to question B. to be questioned C. questioned D. questioning 5.（2010北京卷）I’m calling to enquire about the position in yesterday’s China Daily. A. advertised B. to be advertised C. advertising D. having advertised 6.（2010福建卷）In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud. A. sticking B. stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck 7.（2009四川卷）Ladies and gentlemen, please remain __________ until the plane has come to a complete stop. A. seated B. seating C. to seat D. seat 8.（2009北京卷）For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _____ on his own farm. A. grown B. being grown C. to be grown D. to grow 9.（2009上海卷）With the government’s aid, those _____ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements. A. affect B. affecting C. affected D. were affected 10.（2009湖南卷）____ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed our dog. A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten 【答案解析】 1.【解析】C?？疾榉侵^語動詞。句意為“因為有一座橋與大陸連接，那個島嶼很容易去。”join是及物動詞，但空格后沒有賓語，故使用join的過去分詞形式，充當(dāng)表示狀態(tài)或性質(zhì)的形容詞用，選項A、B、D都是主動式，需要后接賓語，因此排除。選C。 2.【解析】C。考查非謂語動詞做定語的用法。句意為“人們期待著從全國各地挑選出來的 運動員能在今年夏季的賽事中給我們帶來榮譽?！眘elect修飾players, 為被動關(guān)系，只有C 選項表被動。故選C。 3.【解析】A?？疾榉侵^語動詞。該空在句中作后置定語修飾the money, 根據(jù)the money與discover的被動關(guān)系, 排除C、D兩項。B項表示的是“將要被發(fā)現(xiàn)” 的意思, 根據(jù)句意“到目前為止還沒有人來認(rèn)領(lǐng)在圖書館被發(fā)現(xiàn)的錢” 可判斷選A項。 4.【解析】C?？疾榉侵^語動詞作定語。question與students 存在被動關(guān)系, question表示的動作也已完成, 故用過去分詞。 5.【解析】A。考查非謂語動詞。句意：我打電話來咨詢下昨天中國日報上刊登職位的信息。the position肯定是被advertise, 此處的分詞可以理解為一個定語從句which was advertised 6.【解析】B。考查remain后接動詞的用法。當(dāng)它做系動詞時, 后面接過去分詞作表語。 7.【解析】A?？疾榉侵^語的用法。remain后可接adj, v-ing, v-ed和to be done 等多種形式做表語, 在該題中可以把seated視為一個形容詞, 所以正確答案為A。 8.【解析】A?？疾榉侵^語動詞。早餐他只喝在自己農(nóng)莊種植出來的新鮮水果的果汁。水果成熟了才會拿來做果汁, 因此用過去分詞作后置定語, 表示已經(jīng)完成及被動的意思。答案A。 9.【解析】C?？疾榉侵^語動詞。句意為：有了政府的援助, 那些受地震影響的人們已經(jīng)搬到新的定居點。affect該用過去分詞affected作后置定語修飾those。答案C。 10.【解析】B。句意為： 郵遞員被咬了兩次，除非我們看管好狗，否則他拒絕給我們投遞信件。The postman與bite之間是被動和完成的關(guān)系，所以答案為:B。在這里，也可以用having been bitten的形式。 四、單元自測 第一節(jié) 單項選擇 1.Our team was ahead during the first half, but we _____ in the last ten minutes. A. were won B. were lost C. were beaten D. won 2. Usually children are allowed to ___________ when they are six years old. A. attend schoolB. attend the schoolC. join schoolD. join the school 3. Professor Hawking stepped into the office I knew that there was no hope. A. Unless B. Now that C. Although D. The moment 4. His failure in the experiment suggested that he ________ his teacher’s proper instructions. A. should not have followed B. should not follow C. mustn’t have followed D. hadn’t followed 5. I suggested that he _____ telephone the manager before he decided. A. telephoned B. would telephone C. telephone D. had to telephone 6. —I'm terribly sorry that I failed to win the game. ? —You are not ________ for all you could do. A. to blame B. pleased C. right D. satisfied 7. Yang Liwei was surrounded by the audience ________ he stepped off the stage. A. until B. through C. now that D. immediately 8. Gathering clouds the coming storm． A. declared B. turned out C. connected D. announced 9. Seeing their son playing computer games all day, the parents don’t know ______ it. A. how to do B. what to do C. how to deal with D. how to do with 10. — So hard ___ in the past few months that he has made great progress in English. — I can see that; only a few mistakes ______ in the exam. A. has he worked; did he make B. he has worked; did he made C. he has worked; he made D. has he worked; he made 11. Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are saying should make any ________.A. value B. sense C. fun D. use 12. Only by shouting at the top of his voice . A. he was able to make himself hear B. he was able to make himself heard C. was he able to make himself hear D. was he able to make himself heard 13. Only after the second tower of the World Trade Centre did people know it was not an accident, but an attack of some kind. A. had hit B. did fall C. was hit D. was fallen 14. Last summer holiday, I went back to my hometown, ________ the neighbors and the house ________ I used to be familiar with were gone. 　　A. only finding; which B. only to find; that C. only to find; whom D. found; that 15. It’s quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth ____ and his eyes _____. A. closing; open B. closed; opened C. closing; opening D. closed; open 第二節(jié) 完形填空（共20小題，每小題1.5分；滿分30分） 閱讀下面的短文，從短文后所給各題的四個選項（A、B、C和D）中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。 A young man was getting ready to graduate from college. For many months he had?? 1?? a beautiful sports car in a dealer’s show-room, and?? 2 his father could well?? 3?? it, he told him that was all he wanted. On the morning of his graduation day, his father called him into his own study and told him how?? 4?? he was to have such a fine son. He handed his son a beautiful gift box.?? 5? but slightly disappointed, the young man? 6??the box and found a lovely leather-bound Bible《圣經(jīng)》. ?7??, he raised his voice at his father and said, “? 8?? all your money you give me a book?” and stormed out of the house,?? 9? the book in the study. He did not contact his father for a whole year?10 one day he realized his father was very old and he should go back to see him. Before he could make the 11, he received a telegram telling him his father had passed away, and willed all of his 12??to him. He flied back home with sadness and regret 13?? his heart. When he 14??his father's important papers , he saw the still new Bible, 15 as he had left it one??year??ago. He opened it and began to?? 16??the pages. Suddenly, a car key?? 17? from an envelope taped behind the book. It had a tag (標(biāo)簽)with the dealer’s name, the? 18??dealer who had the sports car he had?? 19 . On the tag was the?date of his graduation, and the20:PAID IN FULL. 1. A. expected?? ? ? B. enjoyed?? C. admired?? ? D. owned 2. A. finding??? ? ? B. proving?? ??? C. deciding?? ? ? D. knowing 3. A. afford???? ?? B. offer???? ??? C. keep?????? ?? D. like 4. A. encouraged?? ? B. comfortable? ?? C. proud??? ?? ? D. moved 5. A. Nervous?? ? B. Serious?? ??? C. Careful??? ?? D. Curious 6. A. packed?? ? ? B. opened?? ??? C. picked up?? ? D. put aside 7. A. Angrily???? ? B. Eagerly?? ?? ? C. Calmly??? ?? D. anxiously 8. A. At????? ?? B. From??? ?? ? C. With??? ??? D. To 9. A. tearing???? ? ? B. putting??? ?? C. forgetting?? D. leaving 10. A. until??? ?? B. as??? ?? ? C. before??? ? D. unless 11. A. agreement?? B. arrangements??? C. plan?? ? D. dream 12. A. possessions? ?? B. books ?? C. money? D. purchases 13. A. took?? ?? B.??filled? ?? C. made? ??? D. damaged 14. A.?put through B. read through C. get through D. search through 15. A. just? ? B. only?? ??? C. rather?? ? D. much 16. A. clean??? ?? B. read??? ??? C. turn??? ??? D. count 17. A. lost???? ? ? B. came??? ? ? C. appeared?? ? D. dropped 18. A. old???? ?? B. same???? ?? C. special??? ??? D. new 19 A. remembered?? ? B. desired?? ?? C. found?? ? D. met 20. A. words?? ? ? B. information?? C. messages?? D. card 單元自測答案： 第一節(jié) 1—5 CADDC 6—10 ADDCD 11—15BDCBD 第二節(jié) 1—5 CDACD 6—10 BACDA 11—15 BABDA 16—20 CDBBA 111