2012高考英語 閱讀理解課堂練學案（16）

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1、 2012高考英語：閱讀理解課堂練學案（16） Passage Nine (The Program-Federal Government Helps Minority Business) ? ? ?Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the 1960’s when the Small Business Administration (SBA) began making federally guaranteed loans and government-sponsored management and technical

2、assistance available to minority business enterprises. While this program enabled many minority entrepreneurs to form new businesses, the results were disappointing, since managerial inexperience, unfavorable locations, and capital shortages led to high failure rates. Even 15 years after the program

3、 was implemented, minority business receipts were not quite two percent of the national economy’s total receipts. ? ? ?Recently federal policymakers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the minority business sector by moving away from directly aiding small minority enterpr

4、ises and toward supporting large, growth-oriented minority firms through intermediary companies. In this approach, large corporations participate in the development of successful and stable minority businesses by making use of government-sponsored venture capital. The capital is used by a participat

5、ing company to establish a Minority Enterprise Small Businesses that have potential to become future suppliers of customers of the sponsoring company. ? ? ?MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to relevant management techniques and more job-specif

6、ic experience, as well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop sound business foundations than does simply making general management experience and small amounts of capital available. Further, since potential markets for the minority businesses already e

7、xist through the sponsoring companies, the minority businesses face considerably less risk in terms of location and market fluctuation. Following early financial and operating problems, sponsoring corporations began to capitalize MESBIC’s far above the legal minimum of $500,000 in order to generate

8、sufficient income and to sustain the quality of management needed. MESBIC’s are now emerging as increasingly important financing sources for minority enterprises. ? ? ?Ironically, MESBIC staffs, which usually consist of Hispanic and Black professionals, tend to approach investments in minority firm

9、s more pragmatically than do many MESBIC directors, who are usually senior managers from sponsoring corporations. The latter often still think mainly in terms of the ‘social responsibility approach’ and thus seem to prefer deals that are riskier and less attractive than normal investment criteria wo

10、uld warrant. Such differences in viewpoint have produced uneasiness among many minority staff members, who feel that minority entrepreneurs and businesses should be judged by established business considerations. These staff members believe their point of view is closer to the original philosophy of

11、MESBIC’s and they are concerned that, unless a more prudent course if followed, MESBIC directors may revert to policies likely to re-create the disappointing results of the original SBA approach. 1.Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage? [A] The use of MESBIC’s for ai

12、ding minority entrepreneurs seems to have greater potential for success than does the original SBA approach. There is a crucial difference in point of view between the staff and directors of some MESBIC’s. [C] After initial problems with management and marketing, minority businesses have begun to

13、expand at a steady rate. [D] Minority entrepreneurs wishing to form new businesses now have several equally successful federal programs on which to rely. 2.According to the passage, the MESBIC approach differ s from the SBA approach in that MESBIC’s [A] seek federal contracts to provide market f

14、or minority businesses. Encourage minority businesses to provide markets for other minority businesses. [C] Attempt to maintain a specified rate of growth in the minority business sector. [D] Rely on the participation of large corporations to finance minority businesses. 3.Which of the following

15、 statements about the SBA program can be inferred from the passage? [A] The maximum term for loans made to recipient businesses was 15 years. Business loans were considered to be more useful to recipient businesses than was management and technical assistance. [C] The anticipated failure rate for

16、 recipient businesses was significantly lower than the rate that actually resulted. [D] Recipient businesses were encouraged to relocate to areas more favorable for business development. 4.The author refers to the ‘financial and operating problems’ encountered by MESBIC’s primarily in order to [A

17、] broaden the scope of the discussion to include the legal considerations of funding MESBIC’s through sponsoring companies. call attention to the fact that MESBIC’s must receive adequate funding in order to function effectively. [C] show that sponsoring companies were willing to invest only $500,0

18、00 of government-sponsored venture capital in the original MESBIC’s. [D] Compare SBA and MESBIC limits on minimum funding. 5.It can be inferred from the passage that the attitude of some MESBIC staff member toward the investments preferred by some MESBIC directors can be best described as [A] dis

19、appointing. Indifferent. [C] Shocked. [D] Defensive. Vocabulary 1.implement ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?執(zhí)行，履行 2.growth-oriented ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?增長潛力的，有發(fā)展性的 3.intermediary company ? ? ? ? ? ?中介公司，中間公司 4.venture capital ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?風險資本 5.entrepreneur ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?企業(yè)家，創(chuàng)業(yè)者 6.fluctuation ? ?

20、? ? ? ? ? ? ?波動，漲落，起伏 7.pragmatically ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?實用地 難句譯注 1. ? ? ?Even 15 years after the program was implemented minority business receipts were not quite two percent of the national economy’s total receipts. 【參考譯文】甚至在這個計劃執(zhí)行后15年，少數(shù)民族工業(yè)的收入還不到全國總收入的2％。 2. ? ? ?Recently federal policy mak

21、ers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the supporting large, growth oriented minority firms through intermediary companies. 【參考譯文】最近，聯(lián)邦決策者采取一項措施，旨在加速少數(shù)民族工商業(yè)的發(fā)展，他們不再直接幫助小型的少數(shù)民族企業(yè)，而是轉向通過中間公司來支持規(guī)模較大、有發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ纳贁?shù)民族公司。 3. ? ? ?By making use of government-sponsored venture capita

22、l. 利用政府資助的風險資本。 4. ? ? ?The MESBIC then provides capital and guidance to minority businesses that have potential to become future suppliers or customers of the sponsoring company. 【參考譯文】然后再由MESBIC向那些少數(shù)民族企業(yè)提供資金、進行指導。這些企業(yè)是有成為贊助公司的未來供應商或客戶的潛力的。 5. ? ? ?MESBIC – minority enterprise small business in

23、vestment company 少數(shù)民族小型企業(yè)投資公司。 6. ? ? ?MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to relevant management techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop sound

24、business foundations than does simply making general management experience and small amounts of capital available. 【參考譯文】MESBIC的建立基于這種信念：為已建公司提供方便，使它更容易獲得相關的管理技術更具體的工作經驗以及大筆資金要比簡單地給予一般管理經驗和小筆資金更能使它們獲得機會去建立穩(wěn)固的商業(yè)基礎。 7. ? ? ?The latter often still think mainly in terms of the ‘social responsibility a

25、pproach’ and thus seem to prefer deals that are riskier and less attractive than normal investment criteria would warrant. 【參考譯文】后者――高級經理們――在有大多數(shù)情況下，仍然常常從“社會責任的角度”來考慮問題，因此，他們似乎更傾向于選擇那些比正常投資標準更具風險性，而不太引人注目的項目。 寫作方法與文章大意 ? ? ?文章主要采用因果以及對比的寫作方法。先點出SBA計劃――聯(lián)邦政府對少數(shù)民族去也的贊助（）的失敗及其原因。 ? ? ?為此，聯(lián)邦決策者改變方法

26、，通過中介公司，建立MESBIC。由它來幫助少數(shù)民族企業(yè)――使其獲得相應的管理技術、具體工作經驗和大量資金，甚至潛在的市場――取得了成功。 ? ? ?可內部存在問題，MESBIC的職工和領導者之間的意見分歧，職工的投資觀點更切實際，而領導者仍從“社會責任的角度”來考慮問題，若不改變，有可能重蹈SBA之覆轍。 答案詳解 1. ? ? ?A 運用MESBIC來幫助少數(shù)民族企業(yè)似乎比原來SBA的方法更具成功的可能性。文章一開始就點名SBA（小型企業(yè)管理局）向少數(shù)民族企業(yè)提供聯(lián)邦保證貸款，政府資助管理和技術方面的幫助，結果令人失望。組建成的少數(shù)民族新企業(yè)由于管理上缺乏經驗、地點不佳、資金短缺

27、而導致失敗的情況很多。其他見難句譯注1、2、3。總之在MESBIC支持下：為它的潛在市場提供大量資金等，使它們在地點和市場流通方面風險小的多，從而帶來足夠的收入和保持所需的管理質量。這一切都說明MESBIC比SBA的成功可能性大。 B.MESBIC中的領導者和職工方面在觀點上有著至關重要的分歧。C.經歷了早期管理和市場問題后，少數(shù)民族企業(yè)已開始穩(wěn)步發(fā)展。D.希望組建新公司的少數(shù)民族企業(yè)家已有好幾個成功的聯(lián)邦計劃可依靠。 2. ? ? ?D 依靠打工四向少數(shù)民族企業(yè)投資。見第二段第二句：大公司利用政府資助的風險資本參與成功而又穩(wěn)固的少數(shù)民族企業(yè)的發(fā)展。參與的大公司用這筆資金建立了“少數(shù)民族小

28、型企業(yè)投資公司”（MESBIC） A.尋求為少數(shù)民族企業(yè)提供市場聯(lián)邦合同。B.鼓勵少數(shù)民族企業(yè)為其他少數(shù)民族企業(yè)提供市場。C.試圖在少數(shù)民族部門保持特定的增長率。 3. ? ? ?C 預期加入SBA項目中的公司的失敗率比實際失敗率低得多。文內沒有直接點出，而是從（見第一題注釋）SBA幫助的企業(yè)失敗率很高――令人失望，從而推斷C項結論。 A.給企業(yè)貸款最高期限為15年。B.商業(yè)貸款對企業(yè)來說遠筆管理和技術幫助重要。D.鼓勵接受貸款企業(yè)重新尋找利于企業(yè)發(fā)展的地區(qū)。 4. ? ? ?B 為的是引人注意這一實際情況：MESBIC必須取得足夠的資金才能有效地運轉。這在第三段最后一句：在經歷了早期

29、財政和運行問題后，贊助公司給MESBIC注入的資金遠遠超過了50萬美元的法定最低限額，以獲得足夠的收入并保持所需的管理質量。MESBIC現(xiàn)在正成為日益重要的少數(shù)民族企業(yè)的資金來源。這說明沒有足夠的資金是難以有效運轉的。 A.擴大討論范圍以包括通過贊助公司投資MESBIC的合理性。C.表明贊助公司愿意在原來的MESBIC只投資50萬政府資助的風險資本。D.對比SBA和MESBIC最低投資限額。 5. ? ? ?A 失望。文章最后一段MESBIC的職工――一般是拉美和黑人專業(yè)人員在少數(shù)民族公司的投資上比MEBSIC的領導者更切實際。這些高級經理從社會責任角度看問題，會選擇更具風險性，不太吸引人

30、的項目。觀點分歧使許多少數(shù)民族職工感到不安，他們認為應以公司的業(yè)務爆出來評價少數(shù)民族企業(yè)家及其企業(yè)。者充分說明MEBSIC的職工對領導所青睞的投資項目不滿意和失望。 B.漠不關心。C.震驚。D.持保留態(tài)度。 Passage Ten (The Importance of Independent Thinking) No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is her first duty to ? follow her intellect to whatever conclusion

31、s it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. No that it is solely, of chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is

32、 required. One the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been and many again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will

33、be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended, where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed: where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we canno

34、t hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up fro9m its foundation and the impulse given which

35、 raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings. She who knows only her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be food, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if she s equally unable to refute the reasons of the oppos

36、ite side; if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world the side to

37、which she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should heat the arguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations, That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with he

38、r own mind. She must be able to hear them form persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to e

39、ncounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be tr

40、ue, but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently form them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themsel

41、ves profess. ? ? ? 1.The best title for this passage is [A] The Age of Reason ? ?? ?? ?? The need for Independent Thinking [C] The Value of Reason ? ?? ?? ? [D] Stirring People’s Minds 2.According to the author, it is always advisable to [A] have opinions which cannot be refuted. adopt the

42、point of view to which one feels the most inclination. [C] be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which one disagrees, [D] suspend heterodox speculation in favor of doctrinaire approaches. 3.According to the author, in a great period such as the Renaissance we may expect

43、 to find [A] acceptance of truth ? ?? ?? ?? ? ? controversy over principles ? [C] inordinate enthusiasm ? ?? ?? ?? [D] ? a dread of heterodox speculation 4.According to the author, the person who holds orthodox beliefs without examination may be described in all of the following ways EXCEPT as

44、[A] enslaved by tradition ? ?? ?? ?? ? ? less than fully rational [C] determinded on controversy ? ?? ? [D] ? having a closed mind 5.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements [A] A truly great thinker makes no mistakes

45、. Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of unorthodox reflection, [C] The ?refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one’s own teachers. [D] excessive controversy prevents clear thinking, Vocabulary 1. ?stature ? ?? ?? ?? ?? 高度，境界，狀況 2. ?heterodox ? ?? ?? ?? 不合乎公認的標準的，異端

46、的，異教的 3. ?tacit ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? 心照不宣 4. ?refute ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?反駁 5. ?adversary ? ?? ?? ?? ?對立面，對手，敵人 6. ?plausible ? ?? ?? ?? ?善于花言巧語的/辭令的，似乎有理的/有可能的 7. ?doctrine ? ?? ?? ?? ? 教義，學說 8. ?profess ? ?? ?? ?? ?? 表示，明言，承認，自稱，信奉 難句譯注 1. ? ? ?True gains more even by the errors of one who with du

47、e study and preparation, thinks for himself, then by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. [參考譯文] ?真理甚至從一個經過恰當研究和準備進行獨立思考的人的錯誤中獲得更多的東西，而從那些只是因為不予思考卻持有正確的觀點中獲得的少（一種經過恰當?shù)难芯亢蜏蕚溥M行獨立思考的人犯的錯誤，另一種人是不予思考的卻持有正確的觀點，真理從前者錯誤中獲得的東西比從后者的正確觀點中獲得的要多）。 2. ? m

48、ental slavery ? ? 思想禁錮，精神受奴役狀態(tài) 3. ? ? ? Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to ? ? kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of th

49、e dignity of thinking beings. [結構簡析] ?這是一句以Never否定詞開頭的倒裝句，正常的句序應把never放在句中，形成：the mind of people was never stirred up from its foundations [參考譯文] ?當辯論比開重大課題，重大到足以燃起/激起人們激/熱情的課題時，那么一個民族的思想絕不會從天賦的情感和原始的基礎上升華，甚至使最普通智力的人上升到優(yōu)點莊嚴的思想家水平上。 4. ? ? ?The rational position for her would be suspension of jud

50、gement, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which she feels the most inclination. [參考譯文] ?對她來說理智的立場是停止判斷，而且除非她滿足于這一點，否則，她不是為權威人物的觀點所左右，后者就像世界上蕓蕓眾生一樣，倒向她感覺最傾向的一邊。 5. ? ? ?That is not the way to do justic

51、e to the arguments, or bring them into teal contact with her own mind. [結構簡析] ?do justice to 公平對待，適當處理。 Bring……into contact with 　使和……接觸／聯(lián)系。 [參考譯文] ? 這不是對正確觀點評價的方法，也不能使自己的思想真正接觸到論點的實質。 6. ? ? ?She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the dif

52、ficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. [結構簡析] ? most plausible and persuasive form 很善于辭令和有說服力形式。　　possess oneself of ?獲得，據有，把……占為己有。　　them=arguments?！lse

53、　　否則的話。 7. ? ? ?Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently form them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the

54、word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. [結構簡析] ? ?throw oneself into…position ? 設身處地，使自己處于……位置／地點。 寫作方法與文章大意 這是一篇由一般到具體，重要采用正反對比，推理的寫作方法的文章，邏輯性強，正反論證，句子結構復雜冗長，分兩段給出內容，第一段重點在：偉大的思想家的首要責任是奠定遵循自己智力所得出的結論。由此引起思想家和思想活躍的人民同時代環(huán)境的關系。只有思想后月的時期，才有偉大的思想家和活躍的人民，因為他們可以討論重大主題，而在思想禁錮時期，只能產生個別偉

55、大思想家。第二段具體的論證了獨立思考涉及兩方面，既如自己一方種種，也得知對手的一方種種（內容，推理，論點），才能真正獲得真理。 答案詳解 １. ? ? ?B 獨立思考的必要性。見難句譯注１。這里說明進行獨立思考的人即使犯錯誤，真理也能從中獲得東西，而那些懶于思考人，即使持有正確的觀點，真理也難以獲得東西。第一段還點明思想禁錮時期，即不能進行獨立思考時期，難以討論重大議題，產生不了活躍的人民，絕不會出現(xiàn)像輝煌的文藝復興那種時期（見第二題注）。第二段也是圍繞獨立思考而寫，只是從具體點著眼：人只知自己，不知對方無法獲得真理，只有獨立思考兩方，才能不為權威所左右，不會跟著自己感覺走，最終知道自

56、己的真正主張。 A. 理性時代?！　.　駁斥的價值?！　. ?激發(fā)人民的思想。 ２. ? ? ?C 熟悉有利于自己不同意／反對觀點的論點。這是作者在第二段講述的重要論點。他認為一個人只知自己一方，推理極好，無人能反駁，卻不知對方的推理，也不能夠予以反駁的話，他就無權選擇兩方的任一論點，其理智位置是停止判斷。否則她就會（像世界上蕓蕓眾生那樣）不是為權威所“引導”，就是跟著感覺（的傾向）走。其二，作者提出：光聽自己的老師講述對立面的論點，以及他們所提出的反駁論點。只是不夠的，必須傾聽那些人（他們真正相信對立的觀點）的論點，并為此積極熱情，竭盡全力辯護，才能使自己的思想和獨立論點接觸，公正的

57、作出公正的判斷。 A. 具有不能駁斥的觀點。　　B. 采取個人感覺最傾向的觀點。 D. 停止有利于教條主義研究的異端思考。 ３. ? ? ?B 辯論原則問題。答案在第一段：在思想禁錮的氣氛中，過去，現(xiàn)在可能會產生個別的思想家，但絕不會有思想活躍的人民，在那里有一種心照不宣的慣律：原則決不能討論——認為占據人類心靈的最重大問題的討論應封閉，我們不能期望看到一般高級的思想活動。這種思想活動曾使歷史上某些時期光輝燦爛。而文藝復興就是思想活動的頂峰時期，必然會討論原則問題，所以選B 。 A. ? ? ?接受真理，周經過討論才能接受真理。　C. 過度的熱情。 ?D. 害怕異端思考。 ４. ?

58、? ?C.　在辯論上，堅定不移。這是一道推斷題，一般講：持有未經檢驗的正統(tǒng)信仰的人不會獨立思考，更不會懷疑他所信仰的東西。 A. ? ? ?為傳統(tǒng)所奴役?！. 不怎么理智?！. 頭腦閉塞。這種人必然受傳統(tǒng)思想控制，不理智更不愿接受外界新鮮事物。 ５. ? ? ?B. 在思想方面取得成就的時期就是進行非正統(tǒng)反思的時期。見３題注釋。 A. ?一個真正的思想家不犯錯誤?！. 一個人的老師最能提供所接受思想觀點的反駁?！. 過度的辯論會制止清晰的思考。 Passage Eleven (The Affect of Electricity on Cancer) ? Can elect

59、ricity cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power, the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band of scientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure to electromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other ma

60、lignancies. The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes into contact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, from power lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contrad

61、ictory, it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate—or the worst kind of paranoia. ? ?Now the alarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review, releas

62、ed in draft form late last week, the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidence “suggests a casual link” between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields—those having very longwave-lengths—and leuke

63、mia, lymphoma and brain cancer, While the report falls short of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as “a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans.” ? ?The report is no reason to panic—or even to lost sleep. If there is a ca

64、ncer risk, it is a small one. The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the Whit House. But now no one can deny that the issue must be taken seriously and t

65、hat much more research is needed. At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: When an electric current passes through a wire, tit generates an electromagnetic field that exerts forces on surrounding objects, For many years, scientists dismissed any suggestion tha

66、t such forces might be harmful, primarily because they are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a video terminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength of the earth’s own magnetic field, The electric fields surrounding a power line can be as high as 10 kilovolts per meter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells will be only about 1 millivolt per meter. This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate. H