級(jí)進(jìn)模的熱處理的并行設(shè)計(jì)畢業(yè)課程設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、中英文翻譯、外文翻譯

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附錄 A級(jí)進(jìn)模的熱處理的并行設(shè)計(jì)傳統(tǒng)的級(jí)進(jìn)模設(shè)計(jì)，主要是經(jīng)驗(yàn)或半經(jīng)驗(yàn)，脫離制造過程。在設(shè)計(jì)完成之前,級(jí)進(jìn)模計(jì)劃通常一再修改，從而形成一些弊端。如開發(fā)期長、成本高、效果不實(shí)用。由于對(duì)精確、使用壽命、開發(fā)成本和時(shí)間有很高的要求，現(xiàn)代級(jí)進(jìn)模設(shè)計(jì)和制造應(yīng)該很完全。因此，越來越多的先進(jìn)技術(shù)和創(chuàng)新已經(jīng)被應(yīng)用，例如并行工程、靈活制造、虛擬制造、合作設(shè)計(jì)等。級(jí)進(jìn)模的熱處理是與設(shè)計(jì)、制造和裝配同等重要的，因?yàn)樗鼘?duì)制造、裝配和服務(wù)具有重要影響。級(jí)進(jìn)模的設(shè)計(jì)和制造進(jìn)步很快。但在它們背后熱處理嚴(yán)重滯后。級(jí)進(jìn)模工業(yè)的發(fā)展，熱處理必須保證級(jí)進(jìn)模有好的狀態(tài)及制造、裝配和抗磨損性要求。熱處理可以影響級(jí)進(jìn)模生產(chǎn)比如過硬和軟、裝配。傳統(tǒng)的熱處理過程和方法提出了按設(shè)計(jì)提出的方式。這會(huì)使設(shè)計(jì)者和級(jí)進(jìn)模及熱處理偏離對(duì)方，設(shè)計(jì)者和級(jí)進(jìn)模不能完全實(shí)現(xiàn)熱處理過程中，材料特性、創(chuàng)意設(shè)計(jì)了解甚少的服務(wù)環(huán)境和設(shè)計(jì)思想。這些分歧將影響級(jí)進(jìn)模進(jìn)度。 因此，如果程序設(shè)計(jì)熱處理是在早期設(shè)計(jì)階段，目標(biāo)是縮短開發(fā)時(shí)間、降低成本、穩(wěn)定質(zhì)量， 實(shí)現(xiàn)了從傳統(tǒng)的發(fā)展模式，同時(shí)并行順序?qū)?huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)。并行工程是把電腦整合系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)為載體,在每個(gè)階段開始后，工廠要考慮，例如制造、熱處理、成本等因素，以避免錯(cuò)誤。并行方式駁回有缺陷的連續(xù)方式，給連續(xù)方式帶來一場革命。在當(dāng)前的工作，同時(shí)結(jié)合熱處理的情況下，死亡和發(fā)展模式，并進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的研究和深刻。1 熱處理下的并行處理并行方式與順序方式最終不同。對(duì)于順序方式，主要考慮級(jí)進(jìn)模的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，幾乎沒有考慮到過程，這樣的錯(cuò)誤很容易擴(kuò)散倒退。同時(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)部門很少與組裝、銷售部門和成本核算溝通。這些問題勢(shì)必影響級(jí)進(jìn)模的開發(fā)進(jìn)度和市場前景。而并行方式，政府部門之間的密切關(guān)系，各有關(guān)部門參加級(jí)進(jìn)模的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步，與買家有著密切聯(lián)系。這有利于消除部門之間的矛盾，提高效率，降低成本。在并行方式中的熱處理，沒有經(jīng)費(fèi)的情況后，采取了藍(lán)圖，但在級(jí)進(jìn)模的設(shè)計(jì)，這樣做，有利于優(yōu)化熱處理過程中充分利用潛力的材料。2 CAD/CAM 在級(jí)進(jìn)模熱處理一體化中的應(yīng)用可以看出設(shè)計(jì)和模擬過程是熱處理一體化框架的核心。在信息輸入透過產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)及模塊熱處理過程中產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)熱處理、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)工程將自動(dòng)把尺寸分割為部分繪畫網(wǎng)、模擬溫度場微觀結(jié)構(gòu)分析后熱處理和缺陷可能出現(xiàn)的(如過熱，在燃燒) 然后熱處理過程中，如果被判定是根據(jù)優(yōu)化結(jié)果由立體再現(xiàn)技術(shù)。此外理想工具和夾具、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)處納入該系統(tǒng)。同時(shí)將根據(jù)工程范圍內(nèi)的信息與其它部門共享。這使熱處理過程和優(yōu)化過程，確保良好。2.1 3-D 模型與立體展望技術(shù)對(duì)于熱處理技術(shù) 級(jí)進(jìn)模具的材料、結(jié)構(gòu)和規(guī)模的問題，根據(jù)熱處理及級(jí)進(jìn)?？梢酝ㄟ^ 3-D模型盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)。模型和階段加熱條件下轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樵诩?jí)進(jìn)模具和熱處理工是可行的，因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)突破的計(jì)算階段轉(zhuǎn)變定律，形成跨階段，第一階段重點(diǎn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)熱、熱轉(zhuǎn)移等。例如，立體熱算法進(jìn)行模型/地方取暖和復(fù)雜的印象和不對(duì)稱級(jí)進(jìn)模，ＭＡＲＣ微結(jié)構(gòu)改造模型軟件使用。 計(jì)算機(jī)能把目前的溫度、壓力和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)展示在任意時(shí)間和程序，整個(gè)改造立體配套的溫度場、壓力和微結(jié)構(gòu)領(lǐng)域方面。如果能結(jié)合成本、各種部分成本可以由電腦預(yù)測(cè)。2.2 熱處理過程設(shè)計(jì) 由于特殊的要求編制，硬度、表面粗糙度和在扭曲級(jí)進(jìn)模具熱處理中，包括輸入?yún)?shù)中類型、溫度和輸入溫度和時(shí)間的磨煉，必須正確選擇，是否使用化學(xué)或表面淬火熱處理參數(shù)，必須正確地確定。很難確定完全由電腦參數(shù)。 由于電腦技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展。近十幾年，難以大規(guī)模計(jì)算過。模擬和財(cái)產(chǎn)的權(quán)衡，需要的時(shí)間和成本熱處理后，不難優(yōu)化熱處理過程。2.3 熱處理數(shù)據(jù)庫 熱處理數(shù)據(jù)庫的描述。數(shù)據(jù)庫提供了基礎(chǔ)熱處理過程。一般分為材料熱處理數(shù)據(jù)庫及數(shù)據(jù)庫過程數(shù)據(jù)庫。這是必然趨勢(shì)預(yù)測(cè)和處理成本物資。雖然很難建立一個(gè)成本數(shù)據(jù)庫,必須建立數(shù)據(jù)庫的一系列試驗(yàn)。包括鋼鐵材料數(shù)據(jù)庫等級(jí)、化學(xué)成分、性能及國內(nèi)外級(jí)平行表。 數(shù)據(jù)庫包括熱處理過程、階級(jí)、保溫時(shí)間和冷卻速度。 基于數(shù)據(jù)庫，可熱處理過程中產(chǎn)生的規(guī)則推斷。 2.4 熱處理設(shè)備和工具 熱處理過程被確定后，工具和 CAD/CAE 系統(tǒng)設(shè)備轉(zhuǎn)移設(shè)計(jì)制造的消息到數(shù)控裝置。通過快速成型機(jī)床、夾具和工具的可靠性來判斷。整個(gè)程序用網(wǎng)絡(luò)轉(zhuǎn)移，沒有人為的干擾。3 關(guān)鍵技術(shù) 3.1 耦合溫度、微結(jié)構(gòu)、壓力和成本 熱處理程序是溫度程序、程序強(qiáng)調(diào)、微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的互動(dòng)。三個(gè)因素都影響成本。在加熱和冷卻、壓力和熱轉(zhuǎn)換會(huì)出現(xiàn)在微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。微觀結(jié)構(gòu)和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的溫度變化的溫度和壓力彼此交流的成本。研究這四個(gè)因素相互作用有了很大發(fā)展，但還沒有普遍建立數(shù)學(xué)模型。許多模型試驗(yàn)很好配合，但不能付諸實(shí)施。最困難的分析解決問題的模式，采用數(shù)字方式，計(jì)算有誤。即使如此，比較有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的定性分析方法，使得計(jì)算機(jī)模擬熱處理重大進(jìn)展。3.2 建立和整合模式 級(jí)進(jìn)模具的設(shè)計(jì)、制造、熱處理、裝配、維修等發(fā)展模式。要有自己的模式和數(shù)據(jù)庫. 他們通過彼此的實(shí)體關(guān)系模式成為一個(gè)系列。通過建立和利用強(qiáng)有力的推論機(jī)制，優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的目的是能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)的。產(chǎn)品模型和其他模型建立了關(guān)系。產(chǎn)品款式變化的情況下改變基本模型。事實(shí)上，它是屬于級(jí)進(jìn)模具的數(shù)據(jù)。熱處理后并入系統(tǒng)模型，它不再是一個(gè)孤立的單位，而其他成員關(guān)系密切的系統(tǒng)模型。經(jīng)過搜查，從熱處理數(shù)據(jù)庫的計(jì)算和推理、熱處理程序，受級(jí)進(jìn)模具的幾何模型、制造模型和成本的代價(jià)的限制被獲得。如果不服從限制，系統(tǒng)會(huì)發(fā)出解釋性警報(bào)。各設(shè)計(jì)單位通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)聯(lián)系。3.3 成員之間的和諧與管理復(fù)雜的級(jí)進(jìn)模具，需要項(xiàng)目組之間的密切合作。因?yàn)槊總€(gè)成員都考慮到短期全球級(jí)進(jìn)模具的發(fā)展，必須加以管理和協(xié)調(diào)。首先，每個(gè)項(xiàng)目小組要確立自己的條件和資源管理的要求，加強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)的要求，并在規(guī)定的工作程序，以避免沖突。其次，要發(fā)展計(jì)劃執(zhí)行和監(jiān)督機(jī)制應(yīng)該建立。排除在適當(dāng)發(fā)展情況下的阻塞。4 結(jié)論（1） CAD/CAE 已經(jīng)應(yīng)用到級(jí)進(jìn)模具和熱處理的并行設(shè)計(jì)和作圖中，可以提高效率，很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯的矛盾和問題。（2） 級(jí)進(jìn)模具的發(fā)展是在同一平臺(tái)。在熱處理過程中取得，設(shè)計(jì)者獲得相關(guān)資料及其他設(shè)計(jì)可轉(zhuǎn)讓自營部門的信息平臺(tái)。（3） 制定了正確的發(fā)展，及時(shí)調(diào)整計(jì)劃，可大大縮短開發(fā)時(shí)間，并降低成本。附錄 BHeat Treatment of Die and Mould Oriented Concurrent Design]17[Traditional die and mould design，mainly by experience or semi-experience，is isolated from manufacturing process．Before the design is finalized，the scheme of die and mould is usually modified time and again， thus some disadvantages come into being，such as long development period，high cost and uncertain practical effect． Due to strong desires for precision，service life， development period and cost， modern die and mould should be designed and manufactured perfectly．Therefore more and more advanced technologies and innovations have been applied， for example，concurrent engineering，agile manufacturing，virtual manufacturing，collaborative design，etc．Heat treatment of die and mould is as important as design，manufacture and assembly because it has a vital effect on manufacture，assembly and service life． Design and manufacture of die and mould have progressed rapidly，but heat treatment lagged seriously behind t hem．As die and mould industry develops，heat treatment must ensure die and mould there are good state of manufacture，assembly and wear-resistant properties by request．Impertinent heat treatment can　influence die and mould manufacturing such as over-hard and-soft and　assembly．Traditionally the heat treatment process was made out according to the methods and properties brought forward by designer．This could make the designers of die and mould and heat treatment diverge from each other，for the designers of die and mould could not fully realize heat treatment process and materials properties，and contrarily the designers rarely understood the service environment and designing thought．These divergences will impact the progress of die and mould to a great extent．Accordingly，if the process design of heat treatment is considered in the early designing stage．the aims of shortening development period，reducing cost and stabilizing quality will be achieved and t he sublimation of development pattern from serial to concurrent will be realized．Concurrent engineering takes computer integration system as a carrier，at the very start subsequent each stage and factors have been considered such as manufacturing，heat treating， properties and so forth in order to avoid the error． The concurrent pattern has dismissed the defect of serial pattern，which bring about a revolution against serial pattern．In the present work，the heat treatment was integrated into the concurrent circumstance of the die and mould development，and t he systemic and profound research was performed．1 Heat Treatment Under Concurrent CircumstanceThe concurrent pattern differs ultimately from the serial pattern．With regard to serial pattern， the designers mostly consider the structure and function of die and mould，yet hardly consider the consequent process，so that the former mistakes are easily spread backwards．Meanwhile， the design department rarely communicates with the assembling，cost accounting and sales departments．These problems certainly will influence the development progress of die and mould and the market foreground．Whereas in the concurrent pattern，the relations among departments are close，the related departments all take part in the development progress of die and mould and have close intercommunion with purchasers．This is propitious to elimination of the conflicts between departments，increase the efficiency and reduce the cost．Heat treatment process in the concurrent circumstance is made out not after blueprint and work-piece taken but during die and mould designing．In this way，it is favorable to optimizing the heat treatment process and making full use of the potential of the materials．2 Integration of Heat Treatment CAD/ CAE for Die and Mould　It can be seen from that the process design and simulation of heat treatment are the core of integration frame．After information input via product design module and heat treatment process generated via heat treatment CAD and heat treatment CAE module will automatically divide the mesh for parts drawing，simulation temperature field microstructure analysis after heat treatment and the defect of possible emerging (such as overheat，over burning)，and then the heat treatment process is judged if the optimization is made according to the result reappeared by stereoscopic vision technology．Moreover tool and clamping apparatus CAD and CAM are integrated into this system．The concurrent engineering based integration frame can share information with other branch．That makes for optimizing the heat treatment process and ensuring the process sound．2．1 3-D model and stereoscopic vision technology for heat treatmentThe problems about materials，structure and size for die and mould can be discovered as soon as possible by 3-D model for heat treatment based on the shape of die and mould．Modeling heating condition and phase transformation condition for die and mould during heat treatment are workable ，because it has been broken through for the calculation of phase transformation thermodynamics，phase trans formation kinetics，phase stress，thermal stress，heat transfer ， hydrokinetics etc．For example，3-D heat-conducting algorithm models for equiflux / local heating complicated impression and asymmetric die and mould，and MARC software models for micro structure transformation was used．Computer can present the informations of temperature， microstructure and stress at arbitrary time and display the entire transformation procedure in t he form of 3-D by coupling temperature field，microstructure field and stress field．If the property can be coupled，various partial properties can be predicted by computer．2．2 Heat treatment process designDue to the special requests for strength，hardness，surface roughness and distortion during heattreatment for die and mould，the parameters including quenching medium type， quenching temperature and tempering temperature and time，must be properly selected，and whether using surface quenching or chemical heat treatment the parameters must be rightly determined．It is difficult to determine the parameters by computer fully．Since computer technology develops quickly in recent decades，the difficulty with large-scale calculation has been overcome．By simulating and weighing the property，the cost and the required period after heat treatment，it is not difficult to optimize the heat treatment process．2．3 Data base for heat treatmentA heat treatment database is described in．The database is the foundation of making out heat treatment process．Generally，heat treatment database is divided into materials database and process database．It is an inexorable trend to predict the property by materials and process． Although it is difficult to establish a property database，it is necessary to establish the database by a series of tests．The materials database includes steel grades，chemical compositions，properties and home and abroad grades parallel tables．The process database includes heat treatment criterions，classes ，heat preservation time and cooling velocity．Based on the database，heat treatment process can be created by inferring from rules．2．4 Tool and equipment for heat treatmentAfter heat treatment process is determined，tool and equipment CAD/ CAE system transfers the information about design and manufacture to the numerical control device．Through rapid tooling prototype，the reliability of tool and the clamping apparatus can be judged．The whole procedure is transferred by network，in which there is no manmade interference．3 Key Technique3．1 Coupling of temperature，microstructure ，stress and propertyHeat treatment procedure is a procedure of temperature microstructure stress interaction．The three factors can all influence the property．During heating and cooling，hot stress and transformation will come into being when microstructure changes．Transformation temperature microstructure and temperature microstructure and stress property interact on each other．Research on the interaction of the four factors has been greatly developed，but the universal mathematic model has not been built．Many models fit the test nicely，but they cannot be put into practice．Difficulties with most of models are solved in analytic solution，and numerical method is employed so that the inaccuracy of calculation exists．Even so，comparing experience method with qualitative analysis，heat treatment simulation by computer makes great progress．3．2 Establishment and integration of modelsThe development procedure for die and mould involves design， manufacture，heat treatment， assembly，maintenance and so on．They should have own database and model．They are in series with each other by the entity-relation model．Through establishing and employing dynamic inference mechanism，the aim of optimizing design can be achieved．The relation between product model and other models was built．The product model will change in case the cell model changes．In fact，it belongs to the relation of data with die and mould．After heat treatment model is integrated into the system，it is no more an isolated unit but a member which is close to other models in the system．After searching，calculating and reasoning from the heat treatment database，procedure for heat treatment，which is restricted by geometric model，manufacture model for die and mould and by cost and property，is obtained．If the restriction is disobeyed．the system will send out the interpretative warning．All design cell sare connected by communication network．3．3 Management and harmony among membersThe complexity of die and mould requires closely cooperating among item groups．Because each member is short of global consideration for die and mould development，they need to be managed and harmonized． Firstly，each item group should define its own control condition and resource requested，and learn of the request of up and down working procedure in order to avoid conflict．Secondly，development plan should be made out and monitor mechanism should be established．The obstruction can be duly excluded in case the development is hindered．4 Conclusions（1）Heat treatment CAD/ CAE has been integrated into concurrent design for die and mould and heat treatment is graphed，which can increase efficiency，easily discover problems and clear conflicts．（2） Die and mould development is performed on the same platform．When the heat treatment process is made out，designers can obtain correlative information and transfer self-information to other design departments on the platform．（3） Making out correct development schedule and adjusting it in time can enormously shorten the development period and reduce cost．