2019-2020年高考英語大題精做08完形填空說明文含解析新人教版.doc

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2019-2020年高考英語大題精做08完形填空說明文含解析新人教版 說明文往往圍繞一個問題從不同的側(cè)面來加以說明，通常結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，因此也是高考完形填空題中較難理解的一種文體。其主要特點為： 1. 開頭點題 在說明文類的完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出說明的對象，這是掌握說明細節(jié)的前提。 2.結(jié)構(gòu)清晰 說明文一般按一定的順序展開。理清文章的說明順序，對于正確把握文意和上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，選擇正確答案具有重要意義。 3.難度較大 說明文往往采用比較正式的文體，表述準確嚴謹，生詞術(shù)語較多，句子較長，結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜。 4.遣詞用字簡練 說明文一般采用簡練的語言，按一定的方法介紹事物的類別、性質(zhì)、特點、構(gòu)造、成因、關(guān)系或事物的運動變化、發(fā)展的過程及其規(guī)律。 5.條理清晰 說明文十分講究條理性，一般采取時間順序、空間順序、邏輯順序或認知順序來說明事物或事理。 【解題技巧】 1. 快速弄清文章大意 對于此類文章我們結(jié)合選擇項，進行粗讀或略讀，對文章的大意要先有一個大體的了解。說明文往往生詞較多，而題材又比較廣泛，所以閱讀時，首先要能夠掌握文章的大意。 2. 弄清楚說明的順序 把握了說明順序，就能準確把握文章的脈絡(luò)，加強對整篇文章的理解。 3. 把握文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)，理清事實細節(jié) 把握語篇特征對理解文意與答題極為有利。說明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表達清楚的、邏輯比較嚴密的短文。在閱讀這類文章時，我們一定要仔細研讀文章的開頭和結(jié)尾，從主題句著手，找出支持句，然后尋找文章的結(jié)論。這時，我們還要特別注意，不要被表面的一些細節(jié)所迷惑，我們在理解細節(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上，還要斟酌文字的內(nèi)涵意義，從而對文章進行深層次的理解。 4. 注重上下文語境 應(yīng)逐句精讀短文，逐題分析選項，對特定的語境作深入的理解，克服＂思維定勢＂，根據(jù)全文大意和詞不離句、句不離文的原則逐項填空。 5. 熟練做題方法，遵循四個原則： （1）上下一致。每個選擇項必須從全文出發(fā)，從大處著手，避免孤立地分析每一空格，造成誤選。 （2）語法正確。從語法地角度去考慮動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)以及詞類用法。 （3）邏輯合理。在完形填空題中，邏輯推理非常重要，有時每個選擇項從語法上講都正確，但是有的是不合語境邏輯的。 （4）符合搭配。英語中固定搭配很多，需要熟練掌握，才能做好此類題目。 體裁 文章話題 詞數(shù) 建議時間 難度 自測正確率 說明文 一種新型管理理論——授權(quán)管理及其作用。 382 15分鐘 ★★★☆☆ In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work. In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (專制的) managers. Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making — all members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western panies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will bee more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach mon goals in a way that traditional 8 managers cannot. A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment (授權(quán)) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of management layers in panies. After de-layering in this way, a pany may be 11 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations bee more profitable under the new organization, rather than less. Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 15 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them. 1. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike 2. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme 3. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise 4. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above 5. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging 6. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply 7. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression 8. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male 9. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing 10. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating 11. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. pared 12. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally 13. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure 14. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene 15. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness 【文章大意】本文是說明文，介紹了現(xiàn)代社會中一種新型管理理論——授權(quán)管理及其作用。 正確。 5. C 根據(jù)前段可知本文討論的是管理學的理論，此處是說，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。故C項正確。 6. B refer to提到，談到；contribute to做貢獻，導致；object to反對；apply to適用于。此處是說，亞洲人使用的是協(xié)商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求對管理的過程作出自己的貢獻。故B項正確。 7. A agreement同意；practice練習，做法；election選舉；impression印象。此處是說，亞洲人使用協(xié)商式的管理方法，這種方法是建立在共同協(xié)商的基礎(chǔ)上的，西方人也想模仿這樣的管理方法。故A項正確。 12. B economically經(jīng)濟地；traditionally傳統(tǒng)地；inadequately不充分地；occasionally偶爾地。根據(jù)后句Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control可知授權(quán)管理是一種新型的管理方法，與傳統(tǒng)的管理模式不一樣。故B項正確。 13. D deny否認；admit承認；assume假定，設(shè)想；ensure保證，確保。授權(quán)管理是一種新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理環(huán)節(jié)，保證了整個商業(yè)計劃被采用。根據(jù)句意可知D正確。 14. A virtual虛擬的；ineffective無效果的，低效率的；day-to-day日常的；on-the-scene現(xiàn)場的。根據(jù)后句where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses可知在這種新型的管理方法中，人們都是通過郵件和網(wǎng)絡(luò)聯(lián)系，說明這是一種新型通過虛擬網(wǎng)絡(luò)進行管理的方法。故A項正確。 15. C opinion觀點；risk冒險；performance表現(xiàn)；attractiveness魅力。根據(jù)后半句＂in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them＂可知我們評價員工的表現(xiàn)是根據(jù)他們的產(chǎn)品，而不是他們的工作時間。故C項正確。 Cloze 2（xx·新課標全國卷I） 體裁 文章話題 詞數(shù) 建議時間 難度 自測正確率 說明文 各種形式的活動，如果人們經(jīng)常做，都會產(chǎn)生厭倦情緒。 249 17分鐘 ★★★☆☆ As a general rule, all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine (常規(guī)) basis. As a matter of fact, we can see this 　1　at work in people of all 　2　.For example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about 　3　with their new toys. But their 　4　soon wears off and by January those 　5　toys can be found put away in the basement. The world is full of 　6　stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someone’s 　7　interest. When parents bring home a pet, their child 　8　bathes it and brushes its fur. Within a short time, however, the 　9　of caring for the animal is handed over to the parents. Adolescents enter high school with great 　10　but are soon looking forward to 　11　.The same is true of the young adults going to college. And then, how many 　12　, who now plain (抱怨) about the long drives to work, 　13　drove for hours at a time when they first 　14　their driver’s licenses(執(zhí)照)?Before people retire, they usually 　15　to do a lot of 　16　things, which they never had 　17　to do while working. But 　18　after retirement, the golfing, the fishing, the reading and all of the other pastimes bee as boring as the jobs they 　19　.And, like the child in January, they go searching for new 　20　. 1. A. principle B. habit C. way D. power 2. A. parties B. races C. countries D. ages 3. A. working B. living C. playing D. going 4. A. confidence B. interest C. anxiety D. sorrow 5. A. same B. extra C. funny D. expensive 6. A. well-organized B. colorfully-printed C. newly-collected D. half-filled 7. A. broad B. passing C. different D. main 8. A. silently B. impatiently C. gladly D. worriedly 9. A. promise B. burden C. right D. game 10. A. courage B. calmness C. confusion D. excitement 11. A. graduation B. independence C. responsibility D. success 12. A. children B. students C. adults D. retirees 13. A. carefully B. eagerly C. nervously D. bravely 14. A. required B. obtained C. noticed D. discovered 15. A. need B. learn C. start D. plan 16. A. great B. strange C. difficult D. correct 17. A. time B. money C. skills D. knowledge 18. A. only B. well C. even D. soon 19. A. lost B. chose C. left D. quit 20. A. pets B. toys C. friends D. colleagues 【文章大意】本文通過舉例說明這樣一個道理：各種形式的活動，如果人們經(jīng)常做，都會產(chǎn)生厭倦情緒。 1. A 其實，我們可從各年齡段的人們身上看到這個準則是如何起作用的。第一段的第一句出現(xiàn)短語As a general rule，本空填principle呼應(yīng)名詞rule。 13. B 而當他們剛剛拿到駕照時，他們翹首企盼(eagerly)一次開好幾個小時。eagerly＂渴望地＂，符合文意。 14. B obtain＂得到＂。這里指考取駕照。 15. D 在退休前，人們通常計劃(plan)做很多事情。 16. A 這些事情是他們上班時沒有時間做的大事(great things)。 17. A 參見上題解析。他們上班太忙了，沒有時間(time)做這些事情。 18. D 但是，退休后不久(soon)，像打高爾夫、釣魚、閱讀及其他所有的消遣方式都變得沒有意思了。 19. C 那些消遣方式就像他們剛離開(leave)的工作一樣，非常乏味。 20. B 這些退休老人遭遇的處境，就像一月的孩子一樣，開始找新玩具(toys)，尋求刺激了。 Cloze 3（xx·新課標全國卷Ⅰ） 體裁 文章話題 詞數(shù) 建議時間 難度 自測正確率 說明文 身勢語在交際中的重要性 246 18分鐘 ★★★★☆ Body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! It speaks 　1　than words. According to specialists, our bodies send out more 　2　than we realize. In fact, non-verbal(非言語) munication takes up about 50% of what we really 3　. And body language is particularly 　4　when we attempt to municate across cultures. Indeed, what is called body language is so 　5　a part of us that it’s actually often unnoticed.And misunderstandings occur as a result of it. 　6　, different societies treat the 　7　between people differently. Northern Europeans usually do not like having 　8　contact(接觸)even with friends, and certainly not with 　9　. People from Latin American countries, 　10　, touch each other quite a lot. Therefore, it’s possible that in 　11　, it may look like a Latino is 　12　a Norwegian all over the room. The Latino, trying to express friendship, will keep moving 　13　. The Norwegian, very probably seeing this as pushiness, will keep 　14　— which the Latino will in return regard as 　15　. Clearly, a great deal is going on when people 　16　. And only a part of it is in the words themselves. And when parties are from 　17　cultures, there’s a strong possibility of 　18　. But whatever the situation, the best 　19　is to obey the Golden Rule: treat others as you would like to be 　20　. 1. A. straighter B. louder C. harder D. further 2. A. sounds B. invitations C. feelings D. messages 3. A. hope B. receive C. discover D. mean 4. A. immediate B. misleading C. important D. difficult 5. A. well B. far C. much D. long 6. A. For example B. Thus C. However D. In short 7. A. trade B. distance C. connections D. greetings 8. A. eye B. verbal C. bodily D. telephone 9. A. strangers B. relatives C. neighbours D. enemies 10. A.in other words B. on the other hand C.in a similar way D.by all means 11. A. trouble B. conversation C. silence D. experiment 12. A. disturbing B. helping C. guiding D. following 13. A. closer B. faster C.in D. away 14. A. stepping forward B. going on C. backing away D. ing out 15. A. weakness B. carelessness C. friendliness D. coldness 16. A. talk B.travel C. laugh D. think 17. A. different B. European C. Latino D. rich 18. A. curiosity B. excitement C. misunderstanding D. nervousness 19. A. chance B. time C. result D. advice 20. A. noticed B. treated C. respected D. pleased 【文章大意】本文主要講身勢語在交際中的重要性，并舉了一些相關(guān)的例子。 8.C 根據(jù)下文可知，北歐人通常不太喜歡＂身體＂接觸。 9.A 本句中提到北歐人甚至不喜歡與朋友進行身體接觸，由此可知他們當然不會與＂陌生人＂進行身體接觸。 10.B 上一句提到北歐人不喜歡身體接觸，而本句提到拉美國家的人身體接觸很多，所以用on the other hand， 表示＂另一方面＂，與上文形成對比。 11.B 身勢語在＂交談＂中才能體現(xiàn)出來，其余選項都與交際的關(guān)系不密切。 12.D 根據(jù)＂People from Latin American countries， , touch each other quite a lot.＂可知，在交談中，拉丁美洲人看起來總是＂跟著＂挪威人滿房間跑。 13.A 由上文內(nèi)容可知，拉丁美洲人會不斷地靠近，以示親近。 14.C 北歐人不喜歡身體接觸，由此可知挪威人很可能認為這種親近行為很粗魯并不斷＂后退＂。 15.D 拉丁美洲人不斷靠近對方以示親近，可對方不斷后退躲避，由此可知，拉丁美洲人會將這種行為看做 ＂冷淡＂。 16. A 文敘述的是身勢語，身勢語屬于＂交談＂的范疇。顯然，當人們交談的時候，很多東西在進行。只有很少一部分是用語言來完成的。 Cloze 1(xx安徽?。⑼钅习诵＃⒏呷温?lián)考) 體裁 文章話題 詞數(shù) 建議時間 難度 自測正確率 說明文 人際交往中一個重要的原則 303 17分鐘 ★★★☆☆ People are always asking what the most important element to a healthy relationship is. The 　1　is there are many. But there is one really important thing that all great and healthy relationships have in mon—　2　. Yes, of course, there are some little 　3　lies even in the best of relationships—　4　surprises or unexpected birthday parties—but the truth is that happy couples municate honestly and don’t 　5　to protect their own interests. So how can you have more open 　6　in your own relationship? First, remember that honesty is the best policy even 　7　your partner might not like what you have to say. Yes, it may be 　8　to tell your guy that you don’t like one of his friends. But lying or holding things　9　will make things worse in the long run. The next thing to be 　10　is to say what you have to say 　11　. If your partner feels ?　12　,he will be less? 　13　to what you have to say and may even bee defensive. Your delivery is of utmost importance when you are discussing sensitive issues. Think through what you want to say 　14　before you bring it up. You don’t want to 15　the person that you love. You just want them to be 　16　of the truth. One last thing to keep in mind about municating openly is that it enhances your relationship. If you aren’t honest about any dirty little 　17　you may have, they will probably e up eventually and 　18　you in the backside. And if you keep things to yourself, your relationship will not be based on the truth, which? 　19　a solid foundation. Hard? 　20　the truth may be sometimes, honesty really is the best policy. 1. A. phenomenon B. truth C. theory D. evidence 2. A. honesty B. enthusiasm C. cooperation D. persistence 3. A. red B. purple C. white D. black 4. A. security B. privilege C. anniversary D. ambition 5. A. lie B. bargain C. plain D. interact 6. A. appreciation B. reputation C. selection D. munication 7. A. why B. when C. how D. where 8. A. tough B. immediate C. plicated D. plain 9. A.in B. on C. above D. back 10. A. serious about B. proud of C. expert at D. worthy of 11. A. obviously B. rudely C. nicely D. smoothly 12. A. puzzled B. attacked C. astonished D. satisfied 13. A. creative B. relative C. sensitive D. receptive 14. A. slightly B. thoroughly C. frequently D. briefly 15. A. suspect B. convince C. insult D. frighten 16. A. afraid B. aware C. ashamed D. capable 17. A. uniforms B. secrets C. blankets D. courts 18. A. train B. consult C. understand D. bite 19. A. picks out B. turns on C. makes for D. es across 20. A. although B. while C. until D.as 【語篇解讀】文章介紹人際交往中一個重要的原則——要以誠相待。 1.B根據(jù)下文＂but the truth is that happy couples municate honestly＂可知，真相有很多。truth真相。故選B。 2.A根據(jù)下文＂municate honestly＂可知，但是有一個真正重要的，所有非常好的和健康的關(guān)系共同具備的東西是誠實。honesty誠實。故選A。 6.D根據(jù)下文＂One last thing to keep in mind about municating openly＂可知，那么你怎樣才能在你自己的 關(guān)系中進行更坦率的交流呢？munication交流。故選D。 7.B句意：首先要記住即使當你的伙伴也許不喜歡你不得不說的內(nèi)容時，誠實仍然是最上策。when當…… 時候。故選B。 8.A根據(jù)下文＂that you don’t like one of his friends.＂可知，也許告訴你的伙伴你不喜歡他的其中一位朋 友有困難。tough困難的。故選A。 13.D根據(jù)下文＂to what you have to say＂可知，他會更不愿意接納你必須說的。receptive接受的。故選D。 14.B句意：在你談到某事之前，徹底地想清楚你想要說的。thoroughly完全地，徹底地。故選B。 15.C根據(jù)下文＂You just want them to be? ?????of the truth.＂可知，你不想侮辱你愛的那個人。insult侮辱。 故選C。 16.B句意：你只是想他們知曉真相。aware意識到。故選B。 17.B根據(jù)下文＂if you keep things to yourself,＂可知，如果你對于你也許有的任何不雅的小秘密不坦誠的話， 它們可能最終會出現(xiàn)，咬你的后背。secrets故選B。 18.D根據(jù)下文＂in the backside＂可知，它們可能最終會出現(xiàn)，咬你的后背。bite咬。故選D。 19.C句意：如果你把事情藏在心底，你的關(guān)系不是建立在事實之上，而事實有助于建立堅實的基礎(chǔ)。make for導致，有助于，走向。故選C。 20.D句意：盡管真相有時候可能會不近人情，但是誠實確實是最上策。使用as引導的倒裝句，表示讓步狀 語。故選D。 Cloze 2(xx河北省衡水中學高三第二次模擬考試) 體裁 文章話題 詞數(shù) 建議時間 難度 自測正確率 記敘文 節(jié)約錢買圣誕禮物 298 18分鐘 ★★★★☆ Hello, Mr. Wi-Fi. Life without you is next to impossible. We’re happy to sing your name from morning till evening, sometimes till dawn.?　1　I know you help me, sometimes you’re making me do things with?　2　attention. Many times I promise myself that I’ll　3　my feelings towards you, but you’re?　4　me closer and closer… You’ve entered both my home and my?　5　. You’re just a window for our?　6　and information. But we people aren’t?　7　only with the window. So we open all our?　8　for you. Is this a(n)?　9　or some kind of attachment? If this is an illness, is it curable? And if this is an attachment will you?　10　me to the lifelong togetherness? We want you 24/7. Can’t you take a few days off so that both you and I can?　11　? You’re a poison—not a slow one but a super?　12　poison which holds our mind and makes us dance?　13　its tune. Nowadays you’re so?　14　that anyone can buy and make you our?　15　. You’ll never be bothered about our health but we’ll?　16　be concerned about your “health”. Because you acpany us everywhere and never let us be alone. If you were a?　17　person made of flesh and blood(血肉之軀)would we love you the same? You?　18　us with your numerous talents and we even can’t get rid of you. We’re all your??　19　. Sometimes I wonder how people in the previous generations?　20　, but if they did why can’t we? 1.A.Now that B. Only if C. Though D. When 2.A.praised B. increased C. focused D. divided 3.A.keep in B. bring back C. approve of D. give up 4.A.drawing B. pushing C. forcing D. observing 5.A.space B. soul C. society D. workplace 6.A.entertainment B. argument C. expansion D. struggle 7.A.strict B. satisfied C. generous D. busy 8.A.thoughts B. eyes C. exits D. doors 9.A.disease B. inspiration C. routine D. phenomenon 10.A.remend B. instruct C. mit D. adapt 11.A.persist B. relax C. progress D. balance 12.A.raw B. ambiguous C. strong D. fast 13.A.to B. against C. from D. within 14.A.affordable B. valuable C. conventional D. attractive 15.A.addition B. expert C. panion D. instrument 16.A.sometimes B. always C. never D. seldom 17.A.selfish B. dishonest C. responsible D. real 18.A.control B. scold C. fort D. challenge 19.A.friends B. salves C. colleagues D. employers 20.A.suffered B. connected C. survived D. surfed 【文章大意】本文為一封書信。講述的是作者和其他人對Wi-Fi的依賴，沒有Wi-Fi的生活幾乎不可能，大家都成了Wi-Fi的奴隸。最后作者反思如果先輩們沒有做到Wi-Fi也能生存，我們?yōu)槭裁床恍校? 1.C Now that既然；Only if只有；Though盡管，雖然；When當……時。句意：雖然我知道你幫助我，但有時你使我做事注意力分散。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)選C。 8.D thoughts想法；eyes眼睛；exits出口；doors門。句意：所以我們?yōu)槟愦蜷_了所有的門。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)選D。 9.A disease疾??；inspiration激勵，靈感；routine常規(guī)，慣例；phenomenon現(xiàn)象。根據(jù)下文“If this is an illness,”可知此處句意為“這是一種疾病還是某種依戀？”根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)選A。 10.C remend推薦，建議；instruct指示；mit承諾；adapt適應(yīng)，改編。句意：如果這是一種依戀，你會向我承諾終生在一起嗎？根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)選C。 11.B persist堅持；relax放松；progress進步；balance平衡。句意：難道你不能休幾天假以便于你和我都可以放松一下嗎？根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)選B。 12.D raw生的；ambiguous含糊的，不明確的；? strong強壯的，堅強的；fast快速的。句意：你是一種毒藥——不是一種慢性毒藥而是一種超級快的毒藥，它控制我們的思維，使我們跟著它的曲調(diào)跳舞。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)選D。 13.A to根據(jù)，跟著；against反對，違背；from從；within在……內(nèi)。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)選A。dance to跟著……跳舞。 14.A affordable買得起的；valuable有價值的；conventional傳統(tǒng)的；attractive有吸引力的。根據(jù)下文的“…that anyone can buy”可知此處應(yīng)選“買得起的”，故選A。 15.C addition增加，添加；expert專家；? panion伙伴，同伴；instrument器械。根據(jù)上文可知此處表示“使你成為我們的伙伴，故選C。 16.B sometimes有時；always總是，一直；never從不；seldom很少。句意：你從不為我們的健康擔心，但是我們卻一直關(guān)心你的健康。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)選B。 Cloze 3（xx上海市建平中學高三上學期期中考試） 體裁 文章話題 詞數(shù) 建議時間 難度 自測正確率 說明文 網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全問題。 400 16分鐘 ★★★★☆ The?? Term?? ＂CYBERSPACE＂?? was?? coined?? by?? William Gibson, a science-fiction writer. He first used it in a short story in 1982, and expanded on it a couple of years later in a novel Neuromancer. His 1　creation turned out to be remarkably prescient（有先見之明）. Cyberspace has bee shorthand for the puting devices, networks, fiber-optic cables, and wireless links that bring the internet to billions of people around the world. The 　2　made by these technologies have brought tremendous benefits to everyone who uses the web to 　3　 humanity’s collective store of knowledge every day. But there is a darker side to this extraordinary invention. Data 　4 are being ever bigger and more mon. Last year over 800m records were lost, mainly through attacks. Among the most prominent recent 　5 has been Target, whose chief executive stood down from his job in May, a few months after the giant retailer 　6 that online intruders had stolen millions of digital records about its customers, including credit- and debit-card details. The? potential? damage,? though,? extends? well? beyond? such?　7 intrusion.? Wider 　8　_have been raised by the realization of a growing numbers of cyber-warriors being recruited by countrie