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1、單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),*,Chapter 3,3.1 What is Morpheme?,什么是語(yǔ)素？,3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology,語(yǔ)素和形態(tài)學(xué),3.1.2 Types of Morphemes,語(yǔ)素的類(lèi)型,3.1.3 Morphological change,and Allomorph,形態(tài)學(xué)的變化和詞素變體,We saw that some words can be analyzed into smaller components.,Ex.,chairman chair,man,townhall
2、town,hall,boys boy,-s,checking check,-ing,disappointment dis-,appoint,-ment,1、Morphemes 語(yǔ)素,Definition:,The,smallest,unit,of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning,a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without,destroying or drastically,altering the mean
3、ing.,語(yǔ)素是最小的語(yǔ)言單位，不能再進(jìn)一步劃分為更小的單位而不破壞或徹底改變其詞匯意義或語(yǔ)法意義。,such as:chair,dog,cup and so on.,2.Morphology 形態(tài)學(xué),Morphology:,The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics.形態(tài)學(xué)是語(yǔ)言學(xué)的一個(gè)分支。,It studies the internal structure of words,and the rules by which words are formed.它研究詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)造規(guī)則。,E.G.,purify pu
4、r(e),-ify,amplify(放大)simplify(簡(jiǎn)單化),electrify(充電)falsify(偽造),A new verb can be created by adding,-ify,to an adjective.,3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology,語(yǔ)素和形態(tài)學(xué),3.1.2 Types of Morphemes,語(yǔ)素的類(lèi)型,3.1.3 Morphological change,and Allomorph,形態(tài)學(xué)的變化和詞素變體,1、,Free,morpheme and,Bound,morpheme,自由語(yǔ)素和黏著語(yǔ)素,A.,Freemorpheme
5、s,:Those that may occur alone,those which may make up words by themselves.(可以單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)，獨(dú)自構(gòu)成單詞。),E.g.,dog,nation,close,mono-morphemic words（單語(yǔ)素詞）.,All mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.,Compounds（復(fù)合詞）:there are poly morphemic words(多語(yǔ)素詞),which,consist,wholly of free morphemes,.,e.g.paymaster,moonwal
6、k,babysit,godfather,sunflower.,B.Bound morphemes(黏著語(yǔ)素):,They cannot occur alone.(不能單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)),They must appear with at least one different morpheme.（至少有一個(gè)不同的語(yǔ)素）,e.g.dog,s,nation,al,dis,close.,distempered,dis temper -ed,bound morphemes,free morphemes,2.Root,affix and stem 詞根，詞綴，詞干,Root,（詞根）,:,the base for
7、m of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its,meaning,that,is to,say,it,is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed.,(,詞根是構(gòu)成詞的基礎(chǔ)成分，不能再作進(jìn)一步分析而不破壞其意義。也就是說(shuō)，把一個(gè)詞的所有詞綴去掉之后的部分就是詞根。,),eg,:,friend,as in,un,friend,liness,.,All words contain a root morpheme.,所有的
8、詞都至少包含一個(gè)詞根詞素。,Roots may be,Free,（自由語(yǔ)素）,:,those that can stand by themselves,eg,:,black in,blackboard,blackbird,;,Bound,（黏著語(yǔ)素）,:,those that cannot stand by themselves,eg,:,-,ceive,in,receive,perceive,conceive,.,B.,Affix,（詞綴）,:,is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when a
9、dded to another morpheme（the root or stem).詞綴是那些只能附著于另一個(gè)詞素（詞根或詞干）上的一類(lèi)語(yǔ)素的總稱(chēng)。,Normally divided into:,prefix,(,dis-,un,-,)前綴 dislike undo,suffix,(-ize,-tion,)后綴 colonize revolution,Infix（-ee-）中綴 feet,A word,root,prefix,suffix,determine,The meaning of a word,change,The meaning of a word,determine,The ch
10、aracteristic of a word,C.Stem 詞干,any morpheme or combination of morpheme to which an inflectional affix can be added.,詞干是指能夠附加上屈折詞綴的語(yǔ)素或語(yǔ)素組合,friends,friend,friendships,friendship,請(qǐng)看課本,54,圖,3、,Inflectional affix and derivational affix 屈折詞綴和派生詞綴,A.Inflectional affixes,very often only add,a minute or de
11、licate grammatical meaning to the stem.屈折詞綴常常在詞干后面添加一個(gè)微小的或微妙的語(yǔ)法意義。例如：toy,s,walk,s,Jonh,s,Derivational affixes,often change the,lexical meaning.派生詞綴常常改變?cè)~匯意義.,B.Inflectional affixes do not change the Word class they attach to.屈折詞綴不改變?cè)~類(lèi)。,Derivational affixes might change the word class派生詞綴可能改變?cè)~類(lèi),C,.Inf
12、lectional affixes are conditioned by,Nonsemantic linguistic factors outside the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence.屈折詞綴受到的限制是非語(yǔ)義性的語(yǔ)言因素，這一因素在它們所依附的詞以外，但是在短語(yǔ)或句子之內(nèi)。,Eg.The boy likes to Likes就是由句子的主語(yǔ)決定的。,Derivational affixes are more often based on simple meaning distinctions.派生詞綴更多是根
13、據(jù)簡(jiǎn)單的意義區(qū)別。,例如，clever和cleverness之間的選擇依賴(lài)于我們要談?wù)撔再|(zhì)“clever”還是要談?wù)撎幱诼斆鞯臓顟B(tài)“cleverness”,D,.Inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes.屈折詞綴絕大部分是后綴。如：drum,s,walk,s,Mary,s,Derivational affixes can be prefixes or suffixes.派生詞綴可以是前綴也可以是后綴。E.g.,de,part,on,line,teach,er,work,able,3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology,語(yǔ)素和形態(tài)學(xué),3
14、.1.2 Types of Morphemes,語(yǔ)素的類(lèi)型,3.1.3 Morphological change,and Allomorph,形態(tài)學(xué)的變化和詞素變體,Allomorph,An allomorph(詞素變體)is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.,同一語(yǔ)素在不同環(huán)境中出現(xiàn)時(shí)的不同表現(xiàn)形式。,Allomorphs in prefixes,morpheme,negative morpheme,in-,morph1:im morph2:ir mor
15、ph3:il,im,possible,ir,regular,il,legal,A morpheme may take various shapes or forms.,allomorphs,Allomorphs in suffix,morpheme,noun morpheme,-ion,morph1:tion morph2:ation morph3:sion,descrip,tion,moderniz,ation,deci,sion,descri,be,modern,ize,deci,de,-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation,are the,positional variants,
16、of the same suffix.,allomorphs,Other instances are such as the variation of plural forms（復(fù)數(shù)形式）of nouns:,e.g.s,-es,-en,-ee-,and so on,cat dog,horse,s,z,iz,morpheme,morph,morph,morph,allomorphs,PLURAL,Morphological change形態(tài)變化,研究當(dāng)代詞匯與古詞匯的不同,inflectional changes in affix,屈折詞綴的不同,e.g.第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)做主語(yǔ)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞形式,ancient form present form,-eth -s,-es,do do(e)th does,go goeth goes,find findeth finds,The change of verb form and plural form of noun,名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的變化,seedes/wayes seeds/ways,Thou,ye,yee you,Thy your,第二人稱(chēng)單數(shù),
語(yǔ)言學(xué)morpheme
