2019-2020年高中魔法英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講義 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞.doc
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2019-2020年高中魔法英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講義 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的各種觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度,如需要、猜測(cè)、意愿或懷疑等。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有詞義,但不完全,是所謂的“輔助性”動(dòng)詞,在句中不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)。 一、 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特征和形式 A. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的各種形式見(jiàn)下表: 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 may might can could must have to ought to will would shall should need dare used to 否定式 may not might not cannot/can not could not must not do not have to ought not to will not would not shall not should not need not dare not used not to did not use to 簡(jiǎn)略否定式 maynt(老式英語(yǔ),現(xiàn)在不常見(jiàn)) mightnt cant couldnt mustnt dont have to oughtnt to (否定句中to可省略) wont wouldnt shant (只用于英國(guó)英語(yǔ)) shouldnt neednt darent usednt to didnt use to B.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞除ought to, used to等外,后面只接不帶to的不定式。 1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+do You shouldnt be so careless. 你不該這樣粗心大意。 Jessica told him yesterday she might not go on the trip. 杰西卡昨天告訴他,她可能不去旅行了。 Difficulties can and must be overe. 困難能夠而且必須克服。 2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be doing She must be listening to pop music. 她肯定在聽(tīng)流行音樂(lè)。 You should be reviewing your lessons. 你應(yīng)該在復(fù)習(xí)功課。 My mother may/might be cooking now. 我媽媽可能正在做飯。 3.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done They might have visited the Great Wall. 他們可能參觀過(guò)長(zhǎng)城了。 He must have got up very early to catch the train. 他一定起得很早去趕火車(chē)了。 You ought to have e earlier. 你本該早一點(diǎn)兒來(lái)。 4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be done This word can also be used as a verb. 這個(gè)詞也可以用作動(dòng)詞。 Something must be done to stop pollution. 必須采取措施來(lái)制止污染。 The work ought to have been finished long ago. 這工作早就該完成了。 C. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)沒(méi)有詞形變化。 You ought to wear a raincoat. 你應(yīng)該穿件雨衣。 She ought to wear a raincoat. 她應(yīng)該穿件雨衣。 Plants must have oxygen in order to live. 為了存活植物必須有氧氣。 A plant must have oxygen in order to live. 為了存活植物必須有氧氣。 D. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)并不是區(qū)分時(shí)間的主要標(biāo)志。在一些場(chǎng)合中,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式都可以表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間、過(guò)去時(shí)間或?qū)?lái)時(shí)間。 Im afraid it might rain tonight. 我看今晚可能要下雨。 Could I borrow your thermos 我可以借用你的暖水瓶嗎? Its a nice day today. We could go for a walk. 今天天氣不錯(cuò),我們可以出去散散步。 E. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是互相排斥的,一般不允許兩個(gè)意義相近的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。 【誤】Soldiers must have to obey orders. 【正】Soldiers have to obey orders. 軍人必須服從命令。 【正】Soldiers must obey orders. 軍人必須服從命令。 【誤】Can I be able to borrow two books at a time 【正】Can I borrow two books at a time 我能一次借兩本書(shū)嗎? 【正】Will I be able to borrow two books at a time 我能一次借兩本書(shū)嗎? 二、 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的意義和用法 A. may和might 1.表示請(qǐng)求、許可,常譯為“可以”。 在口語(yǔ)中可用can, could代替may,但在正式場(chǎng)合用may。表示允許時(shí),也可用might代替,might不表示過(guò)去時(shí),而是表示口氣比較婉轉(zhuǎn)。 You may take this seat if you like. 如果你喜歡可以坐這個(gè)位置。 MayCan Could Might I have a talk with you 我可以和你談?wù)剢幔? --- MayMight I e into the room to see my mother 我可以進(jìn)房間看我母親嗎? --- No, you mustnt. She needs to have a good rest. 不,你不能進(jìn)。她需要好好休息。 提示: May I ... 問(wèn)句常見(jiàn)的肯定回答和否定回答。 肯定回答 Yes, please. Certainly. Yes, of course. Sure. Go ahead, please. 否定回答 No, you cant. (最常見(jiàn)) No, you mustnt. (具有強(qiáng)烈禁止的意思) Please dont. Youd better not. I dont think you can. Im sorry its not allowed. 2.表示推測(cè),可譯為“可能,也許”。 Your math teacher maymight be in his office. 你們的數(shù)學(xué)老師可能在辦公室里。(一般情況下,might表示的可能性很?。? The light isnt on. It maymight be broken. 那盞燈沒(méi)有亮,它可能壞了。 There may might be some ink left in the bottle. 瓶子里也許還剩點(diǎn)兒墨水。 注意: 用may表示推測(cè)一般不用于疑問(wèn)句,在疑問(wèn)句中通常用can來(lái)代替。 Can he be at home 他可能在家嗎? --- Can it be true 這可能是真的嗎? --- It may be, or may not be. 可能是,也可能不是。 3.用在目的狀語(yǔ)從句中,構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。 He wants to take a taxi so that he may get there in time. 他想坐出租車(chē),這樣他就能及時(shí)到達(dá)那里。 I arrived at the airport earlier in order that I might meet him. 我早早地就到了機(jī)場(chǎng)為了能接到他。 4. 有時(shí)可以用于祈使句表示祝愿。 May you succeed. 祝你成功 May you be happy. 祝你快樂(lè)。 May that day e soon. 希望這一天早日到來(lái)。 B. can和could 1. 表示能力,可譯為“能,會(huì)”。 I can swim. 我會(huì)游泳。 Emily can dance well and her mother could dance well when she was young. 艾米麗舞跳得很好,她媽媽年輕時(shí)舞跳得也很好。 The cinema can seat 1,000 people. 這電影院能容納1,000人。 I could not read such an easy book when I was 7 years old. 我七歲時(shí)連如此簡(jiǎn)單的書(shū)我也看不懂。 2. 表示允許、許可,常用在口語(yǔ)中。could比can語(yǔ)氣上要客氣。 --- Could I use your dictionary 我可以用一下你的字典嗎? ---Yes, go ahead. 可以,用吧。(或Yes, you can. 但不能說(shuō)Yes, you could.) Could Can you tell me how to get to the zoo 勞駕,你能告訴我怎么去動(dòng)物園嗎? He asked me whether he could take the book out of the reading room. 他問(wèn)我可不可以把書(shū)帶出閱覽室。 3.表示推測(cè),可用于肯定句(can罕見(jiàn))、否定句和疑問(wèn)句,但更常見(jiàn)于疑問(wèn)句或否定句。在此種用法中can和could沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別,只是表示可能性的大小,can表示推測(cè)的可能性比could大。 Can he be ill at home 他會(huì)是生病在家嗎? Can the story be true 這個(gè)故事會(huì)是真的嗎? He cannot be at home. 他不可能在家。 You mustnt smoke while you are walking around in the woods. You could start a fire. 在林子里走時(shí)一定不要吸煙,那樣可能會(huì)引起火災(zāi)。 4.表示驚異、懷疑、不相信等態(tài)度,主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。 How can you be so careless 你怎么這么粗心? Where can could they have gone 他們會(huì)去了哪里? He cantcouldnt be over sixty. 他不可能超過(guò)60歲。 5.Could可以用在虛擬條件句中。 If I could fly, I should be very happy. 如果我能飛, 我會(huì)很高興。 If you had followed my advice, you could have finished it. 如果你當(dāng)時(shí)聽(tīng)我的,你早就做完了。 If you had tried harder, you could have passed your exam. 如果你再努力些,你就能通過(guò)考試了。 6.can與be able to的區(qū)別 ①can表示“能力”時(shí),和be able to相當(dāng),許多場(chǎng)合都可以互相替換。但當(dāng)敘述過(guò)去經(jīng)過(guò)一番努力才能完成的事情或前面有特殊說(shuō)明,表示你有能力時(shí),只能用be able to。 【正】Can you speak any foreign languages 你會(huì)說(shuō)外語(yǔ)嗎? 【正】Are you able to speak any foreign languages 你會(huì)說(shuō)外語(yǔ)嗎? 【誤】The fire spread the building quickly but everybody could escape. 【正】The fire spread the building quickly but everybody was able to escape. 大火迅速蔓延到整幢大樓,但大家都逃了出來(lái)。 【正】The fire spread the building quickly but everybody managed to escape. 大火迅速蔓延到整幢大樓,但大家都想法逃了出來(lái)。 ②be able to 比can有更多形式。 No one could answer the question. 沒(méi)人能回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。(這里could可用was able to 代替) When he grows up, he will be able to support his family. 他長(zhǎng)大后就能養(yǎng)家了。 Frank is ill. He hasnt been able to go to school for one week. 弗蘭克病了,已經(jīng)一周沒(méi)去上學(xué)了。 Im sorry for not being able to help you in time. 對(duì)不起,不能及時(shí)幫你的忙。 ③could經(jīng)常和動(dòng)詞see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand等連用。 When we went into the house, we could smell something burning. 當(dāng)我們走進(jìn)屋子時(shí),我們聞到什么東西燒焦了。(不用was able to) She spoke in a very low voice, but I could understand what she said. 雖然她講話的聲音很低,但我還是明白了她說(shuō)的話。 ④在談?wù)撜f(shuō)話時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,用can,不用be able to。 【誤】Look! Im able to swim. 【正】Look! I can swim. 看,我會(huì)游泳了! C.must和have to 1.must表示有做某一動(dòng)作的必要或義務(wù),強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀看法,可譯為“必須,應(yīng)該”。 Everyone must obey the rule. 人人都必須遵守制度。 We must do everything step by step. 我們必須逐步做每件事。 Teachers must be patient enough with their students. 老師必須對(duì)學(xué)生有足夠的耐心。 2.have to 表示因客觀需要促使主語(yǔ)不得不做某事。 You cant turn right here. You have to turn left. 你不能在這里右拐,你必須左拐。 My eyesight is very poor. I have to wear glasses for reading. 我的視力很差,看書(shū)時(shí)不得不戴眼鏡。 You have to pass a test before you can get a driving licence. 你在取得駕照之前必須先通過(guò)考試。 提示: 在口語(yǔ)中,我們可以使用have got to來(lái)代替have to. Ive got to work on Sunday. 我不得不星期天工作。 When has Ann got to go 安必須什么時(shí)候走? 3.must 與have to的比較。 must 與have to在表示“必須”這個(gè)意思時(shí)意義相近,但在用法上有所區(qū)別。 ①must含有說(shuō)話者的強(qiáng)烈決意(表示主觀的看法),have to 則表示外力環(huán)境或習(xí)慣使然(即表示客觀的必要,作“不得不”解)。 I must study hard. 我必須努力學(xué)習(xí)。(發(fā)自?xún)?nèi)心的決定) I have to study hard. 我不得不努力學(xué)習(xí)。(外界因素逼迫) You must stay for supper. 你必須留下來(lái)吃晚飯。(because I want you to) You have to stay for supper. 你得留下來(lái)吃晚飯。(because there is nowhere else to go) ②must只有一種形式,而have to可有多種時(shí)態(tài)。 They had to put off the sports meet due to the bad weather. 由于壞天氣,他們不得不推遲運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。 These last two days he has had to take a rest at home. 這兩天他必須一直在家休息。 ③must的否定式和have to的否定式的意思完全不同。 You must keep it a secret. You mustnt tell anyone. 你必須保密,你不可以告訴任何人。(mustnt表示“禁止”) You dont have to tell me the secret. 你不必告訴我這個(gè)秘密。 (dont have to意思是“沒(méi)有必要”= dont need to) 4.must用于表示推測(cè),它的肯定程度比may, might, could大得多,一般只用于肯定句。 ①must do (這里的do通常是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞) ,表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)的推測(cè)。 He must be very lazy for his desk is very untidy. 他肯定很懶,因?yàn)樗恼n桌很不整潔。 Carol must get very bored with her job. She does the same thing every day. 卡羅爾肯定對(duì)她的工作厭煩了,她每天都做同樣的事。 ②must be doing表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的推測(cè)。 Put on more clothes. You must be feeling cold with only a shirt on. 多穿點(diǎn)兒衣服,你只穿一件襯衣,肯定覺(jué)得冷。 ③must have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的推測(cè)。 The ground is wet. It must have rained last night. 地面是濕的,昨晚肯定下雨了。 I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我沒(méi)聽(tīng)見(jiàn)電話鈴響,我一定是睡著了。 提示: must表示推測(cè)只用于肯定句,否定句和疑問(wèn)句要用can, could來(lái)代替must。 Hes just had his lunch. He cant be hungry already. 他剛吃過(guò)午飯,不會(huì)餓的。 They have just arrived here. They cant know many people. 他們剛到這里,不可能認(rèn)識(shí)很多人。 Leslie walked past me without speaking. He cantcouldnt have seen me. 萊斯利從我身邊走過(guò)而沒(méi)打招呼,他肯定沒(méi)看見(jiàn)我。 5.must可用來(lái)表示根據(jù)邏輯推理必然要發(fā)生的事,可譯為“必然會(huì),總是會(huì)”。 We all must die. 我們都會(huì)死。 Truth must be out. 真相必然會(huì)大白的。 Winter must be followed by spring. 冬天到了,春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎? 6.must有時(shí)可用來(lái)表示“偏偏”的意思。 Why must it rain today 為什么偏偏在今天下雨? When I was taking a nap, a student must knock at the door. 正當(dāng)我午睡時(shí),偏偏一個(gè)學(xué)生在這個(gè)時(shí)候來(lái)敲門(mén)。 D. will和would 1.will和would可用于第二人稱(chēng)疑問(wèn)句,表示請(qǐng)求和建議等。would比 will委婉客氣。 Will you have some tea 你喝點(diǎn)茶,好嗎? Will you share your happiness with us 你可以把你的歡樂(lè)與我們共享嗎? Would you pass this book to the student in the last row 請(qǐng)你把這本書(shū)傳給最后一排的學(xué)生好嗎? 必背: WillWould you ... 表示請(qǐng)求和建議的答復(fù)。 肯定回答 Yes, please. 是的,請(qǐng)。 Certainly. 當(dāng)然可以。 Sure. 當(dāng)然了。 All right. 好??! 否定回答 Im sorry. I cant. 對(duì)不起,不行。 No, thank you. 不,不行。 No, I wont. 不,不行。 2.will和would可表示意志、愿望和決心,用于各種人稱(chēng)陳述句。 I will do anything for you. 我愿為你做任何事。 I will never tell you the secret. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)告訴你這個(gè)秘密。 None is so blind as those who wont see. 不愿看的人眼睛最瞎。 They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他們不讓他進(jìn)去因?yàn)樗轮婆f。 3.will和would可表示某種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。will表示現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作,would表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。 He will surf the Internet every night. 他每天晚上都在上網(wǎng)。 The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by. 那男孩常常坐在那兒好幾個(gè)鐘頭,看著車(chē)輛行人通過(guò)。 He would be nervous when he met strangers. 遇見(jiàn)陌生人時(shí)他總是很緊張。 In class he would ask some silly questions, and his classmates would laugh at him. 課上,他總是問(wèn)一些蠢問(wèn)題,他的同學(xué)們總是嘲笑他。 4.will可表示固執(zhí)堅(jiān)持,這時(shí)will不可使用ll的簡(jiǎn)略形式。用于非人稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)時(shí),表示物體的固有性質(zhì)和傾向。 I will take the job, and no one can stop me. 我就要這個(gè)工作,沒(méi)有人可阻止我。 He wont do what hes told. 他就是不愿按所吩咐的去做。 The window wont open. 窗子打不開(kāi)。 This glass will not crack under heavy pressure. 這種玻璃在重壓下也不會(huì)破碎。 5.will表示將來(lái)時(shí)間時(shí),不可用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句,但will表示意愿或決心時(shí),可用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句。 If you will read the book, Ill lend it to you. 如果你愿意讀這本書(shū),我會(huì)把它借給你。 If you will give up smoking, your health will improve. 如果你愿意把煙戒掉的話,你的健康狀況就會(huì)好轉(zhuǎn)。 6.will和would可表示推論或猜測(cè)。 The patient took the sleeping pills an hour ago. He will be asleep now. 病人一小時(shí)前吃的安眠藥,現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該睡著了。 It would be about ten when he left home. 他大約在十點(diǎn)鐘離開(kāi)的家。 I thought he would have told you about it. 我認(rèn)為他已告知你此事。 It would be raining when she went home. 她回家時(shí)可能正在下雨。 比較: Would you like ...表示邀請(qǐng) Do you like ...表示習(xí)慣 ——Do you like going go the cinema 你喜歡看電影嗎? ——Yes,I go to the cinema a lot. 是的,我經(jīng)常去看電影。 ——Would you like to go to the cinema tonight 今天晚上去看電影好嗎? ——Yes,Id love to. 非常樂(lè)意。 E.shall和should 1.shall ①表示征詢(xún)意見(jiàn)或請(qǐng)求指示,用于一、三人稱(chēng)疑問(wèn)句。 Shall I carry it for you 我來(lái)幫你搬它,好嗎? Shall we sing a song 我們唱一支歌,好嗎? Shall they wait outside 讓他們?cè)谕饷娴葐幔? Shall the waiter bring meals to your room 要服務(wù)員把飯送到你房間去嗎? 提示: Shall I open the window 我打開(kāi)窗子好嗎? Will you open the window 你打開(kāi)窗子好嗎? Shall he open the window 他打開(kāi)窗子好嗎? ②表示說(shuō)話人的意愿,有“命令、允諾、警告、決心”等意思,用于第二、三人稱(chēng)陳述句中。 You shall do as I say. 按我說(shuō)的做。(命令) He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 我告訴你,總有一天他會(huì)后悔的。(警告) You shall fall behind in your exam if you keep playing. 如果你一直玩,你就會(huì)在考試中落后。 Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也阻止不了我們執(zhí)行這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。(決心) He shall have the book when I finish reading. 我看完這本書(shū)就給他看。(允諾) I shall do my homework after reading this story book. 讀完這本故事書(shū)后我就做作業(yè)。 2.should ①表示義務(wù),意為“應(yīng)該”(某件事宜于做),用于各種人稱(chēng)。 Children should obey their parents. 兒童應(yīng)該服從他們的父母。 One shouldnt be selfish. 人千萬(wàn)別自私。 Customers who get bad service should plain, shouldnt they 沒(méi)有得到滿意服務(wù)的顧客應(yīng)該抱怨,不是嗎? ②常與what, how, why等詞連用,表示意外、驚訝等情緒。 How should I know 我怎么會(huì)知道呢 Why should I fear 我為什么會(huì)害怕? What should she do but cry for help 除了呼救外,她還能干什么? I dont know why you should think I did it. 我真不知道你憑什么認(rèn)為這件事是我干的。 ③表示對(duì)過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)情況的某種推測(cè),可譯為“可能、照說(shuō)應(yīng)該”。 It should be fine tomorrow. 明天可能天是晴天。 He should be taking a bath now. 他可能在洗澡。 Its nearly seven oclock. Jack should be here at any moment. 已經(jīng)快七點(diǎn)了,杰克隨時(shí)都可能到這兒。 The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors. 這部新電影是一流演員主演的,估計(jì)拍得很好。 ④表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或以前的動(dòng)作的責(zé)怪、批評(píng)(應(yīng)做的事卻沒(méi)做)。 The boys shouldnt be playing football. They should be at school. 這些男孩子不應(yīng)該在踢足球,他們應(yīng)該在上課。 You shouldnt have entered the teachers office without permission. 沒(méi)有允許你們不應(yīng)該進(jìn)老師辦公室。 F.ought to 1.表示義務(wù),意為“應(yīng)該”(因責(zé)任、義務(wù)而該做),口氣比should稍重。 We ought to defend our country. 我們應(yīng)當(dāng)保衛(wèi)我們的國(guó)家。(每一個(gè)公民應(yīng)盡的義務(wù)) You ought to respect your parents. 你應(yīng)當(dāng)尊敬你的父母。 Oughtnt we to do everything possible to stop pollution 難道我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)盡可能地制止污染嗎? 2.表示推測(cè),暗含很大的可能,可譯為“應(yīng)該是,會(huì)是”。 Prices ought to e down soon. 價(jià)格可能會(huì)很快下跌。 Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韓梅該知道他的電話號(hào)碼。 Theres a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞,明天應(yīng)該是個(gè)好天。 3.ought to和should一樣,表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或以前應(yīng)做的事卻沒(méi)做的責(zé)怪、批評(píng)。 You ought to be washing your clothes. Why are you playing Ping-Pong 你應(yīng)該在洗衣服(可是你沒(méi)洗)。為什么你在打乒乓球? You ought to have handed in the exercise last week. 你上周就應(yīng)當(dāng)交練習(xí)。(可你沒(méi)交,含責(zé)備的意思。) He ought to have asked me before he took my bike. 他在用我自行車(chē)之前應(yīng)該和我講一聲。 4.ought to 與should的比較。 ought to 和should的含義較近,但不完全相同。ought to表示“應(yīng)該”, 是從“義務(wù)”或“按理推斷”的角度來(lái)講的。should則是從說(shuō)話人的個(gè)人看法這一角度來(lái)講的。 You are her mother. You ought to look after her. 你是她的母親,你應(yīng)當(dāng)照管她。(是道義上的責(zé)任,不能和should互換。) We should encourage him for we are his classmates. 我們應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)他,我們是他的同班同學(xué)??! 提示: 表示“義務(wù)”時(shí),我們?cè)诳谡Z(yǔ)中可以用had better或be supposed to 來(lái)代替should和ought to。 If you are not well, you had better ask Alice to go instead. 如果你不舒服,你最好叫艾麗絲代替你去。 Im supposed to be there at 8 oclock. 我應(yīng)該八點(diǎn)到那里。 G.used to 1.used to表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣或過(guò)去某時(shí)期的狀況,但現(xiàn)在已不存在。 He used to drink tea but now he drinks coffee. 他過(guò)去總是喝茶但現(xiàn)在他喝咖啡了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在不喝茶了) I know where there used to be a river here. 我知道這兒以前哪里有條河。(現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有河了) When I was a child I didnt use to like tomatoes. 我小時(shí)候不喜歡吃西紅柿。 He is not what he used to be. 他已不是原來(lái)的他了。 Where did you use to live before you came here 來(lái)此之前你住在什么地方? 2.would 和used to的用法區(qū)別。 ①u(mài)sed to表示過(guò)去與現(xiàn)在或過(guò)去某時(shí)與后來(lái)的情況有不同,強(qiáng)調(diào)“現(xiàn)已無(wú)此習(xí)慣了”,而would只表示過(guò)去的情況,與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)。 When he was young, he would smoke a lot. 他年輕時(shí)總是吸許多煙。(不含有和現(xiàn)在比較,現(xiàn)在他也許還在抽,也許不抽了。) He used to live in the country, but now he lives in the city. 他過(guò)去住在鄉(xiāng)下,現(xiàn)在住在城里。 ②used to可表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),而would只表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。 Kate used to be very thin. 以前凱特非常瘦。 There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角處過(guò)去有座樓房,現(xiàn)在拆了。(不用would) ③used to可泛指過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),而would表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作時(shí),往往要帶有一個(gè)特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 【誤】We would play hide-and-seek in the fields. 【正】We used to play hide-and-seek in the fields. 我們過(guò)去常在田野里玩捉迷藏。 【正】Whenever we were in the country, we would play hide-and-seek in the fields. 每當(dāng)我們?cè)卩l(xiāng)下,我們都在田野里玩捉迷藏。 H.dare dare既可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,也可用作行為動(dòng)詞,指勇氣和膽量上的可能,可譯為“敢”。 1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞dare ①dare作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)主要用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句,一般不用于肯定句中。 I dare not darent walk through the forest at night. 我不敢在黑夜穿過(guò)森林。 --- Dare you walk through the forest at night 你敢在黑夜穿過(guò)森林嗎? --- Yes, I dare. 是的,我敢。 --- No, I darent. 不,我不敢。 He dare not drive too fast on the rainy day. 下雨天他不敢開(kāi)得太快。 He dared not do it last year. 去年他不敢做這事。(dare的過(guò)去時(shí)為dared) ②可以用于表示懷疑的名詞性從句中。 I wonder how he dare say such things. 我真奇怪他怎么竟敢說(shuō)出這樣的話。 We dont know whether he dare climb the mountain. 我們不知道他是否敢爬那座山。 ③可以用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句中。 If the enemy dare enter the village, well fight against them to the end. 如果敵人敢進(jìn)入村里,我們就和他們戰(zhàn)斗到底。 If you dare cheat in your exam, I will give you some punishment. 如果你們敢在考試中作弊,我就懲罰你們。 2.行為動(dòng)詞dare ① dare可以作為行為動(dòng)詞,多用于肯定句中,但也可用在疑問(wèn)句和否定句中 He will dare any danger. 他敢面對(duì)任何危險(xiǎn)。 He dared me to jump over the stream. 他激我跳過(guò)小溪。 Did anyone dare to admit it 有人敢于承認(rèn)嗎? I have never dared (to) go back to take a look. 我再也不敢返回去看一眼了。(否定句中to可省略) ②和其他行為動(dòng)詞一樣,dare在句子中要隨著主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)發(fā)生變化。 He doesnt dare to walk at night. 他不敢走夜路。(作行為動(dòng)詞) He darent walk at night. 他不敢走夜路。(作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞) Does he dare to walk at night 他敢走夜路嗎?(作行為動(dòng)詞) Dare he walk at night 他敢走夜路嗎?(作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞) He didnt dare to walk at night fifteen years ago. 15年前他不敢走夜路。(作行為動(dòng)詞) He darent walk (=dared not walk) at night fifteen years ago. 15年前他不敢走夜路。(作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞) Will you dare to do the same experiment tomorrow 明天你敢做同樣的實(shí)驗(yàn)嗎?(作行為動(dòng)詞) Dare you do the same experiment tomorrow? 明天你敢做同樣的實(shí)驗(yàn)嗎? (作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞) 必背: 英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)中dare的幾個(gè)常用結(jié)構(gòu): ● I dare say... 我想, 大概, 可能, 或許…… I dare say things will improve. 我想情況會(huì)好轉(zhuǎn)的。 ● How dare you ... 你怎么敢……? How dare you ask me such a question 你怎么敢問(wèn)我這樣的問(wèn)題? ● I dare you ... 我諒你也不敢…… I dare you to tell your parents! 我諒你也不敢告訴你父母! I.need 1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞need need 和dare一樣,作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句,一般不用于肯定句中(在肯定句中常被 must, have to, ought to, should等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞取代)。作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,它的詞形只有need一種形式。 You neednt return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like. 你現(xiàn)在不必還書(shū), 如果愿意,你可以下周還。(neednt = dont have to) Need I hand in my homework now 我現(xiàn)在就要交家庭作業(yè)嗎? --- Need he finish the article next week 他要下個(gè)星期完成這篇文章嗎? --- Yes, he must. 是的,他必須完成。 --- No, he neednt. 不,他不需要。(= he doesnt have to) 2.行為動(dòng)詞need need和dare一樣,也可以作行為動(dòng)詞,可用于肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。行為動(dòng)詞need有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化。 Plant needs water. 植物需要水。 My shirt needs a button. 我的襯衫需要一枚鈕扣。 My car needs repairing. 我的車(chē)該修理了。 He has grown up. We dont need to worry about him. 他已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大了,我們不必為他擔(dān)心。 You dont need to buy so many things for the picnic. 你不必為這次野餐買(mǎi)這么多東西。 Patience is needed for that job. 干那工作,需要耐心。 提示: Need作為情態(tài)動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí),不要用于肯定句中。 【誤】She need do her homework by herself. (need作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),不用于肯定句中) 【正】She needs to do her homework by herself. 她該獨(dú)立完成家庭作業(yè)。 第四章 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(二) 三、 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞完成式 “情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done”是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一個(gè)十分重要的結(jié)構(gòu),這種結(jié)構(gòu)有兩個(gè)主要的用法。 表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的推測(cè)或估計(jì) may might have done 表示“大概已經(jīng)” 通常用于肯定句和否定句。 might有時(shí)可用于疑問(wèn)句。 can could have done 表示“可能已經(jīng)” 通常用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句。 could有時(shí)可用于肯定句。 must have done 表示“一定已經(jīng)” 只用于肯定句,具有較大的可能性 should have done表示“該”,可能性較小 表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的遺憾或責(zé)備 might have done 表示“本可以 通常用于肯定句 could have done 表示“本可以 通常用于肯定句。 should have done 表示“應(yīng)該 可用于肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句。 ought to have done 表示“應(yīng)該” 同should have done。 neednt have done 表示“本沒(méi)有必要” 只用于否定句。 A. may /might /have done 1.表示對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)不大肯定的推測(cè),常譯為“可能已經(jīng)”。 They might have taken a later train. 也許他們乘坐的是晚一點(diǎn)兒的火車(chē)。 He seems to know the city quite well. He may have been there before. 他似乎對(duì)那個(gè)城市很熟悉,他以前可能去過(guò)那兒。 2.表示“本來(lái)應(yīng)該或可以做但沒(méi)有做某事”,含有輕微的責(zé)備口吻或遺憾。 You might have given him more help, though you were busy. 你本來(lái)應(yīng)該給他更多的幫助,雖然你很忙。 The proposal might have been refused. 這個(gè)建議本該拒絕的。 B. cancould have done 1.表示對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的推測(cè),常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。 He cant couldnt have watched TV yesterday for he knew they would have an exam. 昨天他不可能看電視,因?yàn)樗揽煲荚嚵恕? I dont know why she didnt call me yesterday. Can (Could) she have forgotten my telephone number 我不知道昨天她為什么沒(méi)給我打電話,難道她會(huì)把我的電話號(hào)碼忘了嗎? He didnt e to school yesterday. Can he have been ill 他昨天沒(méi)來(lái)學(xué)校,難道他生病了? 2.could可表示對(duì)過(guò)去能做而未做的事感到惋惜、遺憾,可譯成“本來(lái)是可以……的”。 Why didnt Sophie apply for the job She could have got it. 為什么索菲不申請(qǐng)這項(xiàng)工作?她本來(lái)是能得到的。 Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York You could have stayed with Barbara. 你到紐約時(shí)為什么住賓館?你完全可以和芭芭拉住在一起的。 Given more time, we could have done the work better. 如果給我們更多的時(shí)間,我們完全可以把這項(xiàng)工作干得更好。 C. must have d- 1.請(qǐng)仔細(xì)閱讀文檔,確保文檔完整性,對(duì)于不預(yù)覽、不比對(duì)內(nèi)容而直接下載帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題本站不予受理。
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