憲法論文電子垃圾污染防治立法問(wèn)題研究

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1、 電子垃圾污染防治立法問(wèn)題研究 電子垃圾污染防治立法問(wèn)題研究 A Study on Legal Issues of Electronic Wastes Management 【中文摘要】 我國(guó)從上世紀(jì)八十年代開始大面積地使用家用電器,電子產(chǎn)品廣泛應(yīng)用到各個(gè)領(lǐng)域。經(jīng)過(guò)二三十年的積累,這些電子產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)紛紛“退役”,變成電子廢物。這些報(bào)廢的電子產(chǎn)品中有著數(shù)百種的有用材料,正如專家所言,“沒有垃圾,只有放錯(cuò)地方的資源”,如果對(duì)其加以合理地回收處置和循環(huán)利用,使廢舊資源再生利用形成一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè),則再生資源有可能成為解決我國(guó)目前能源困境的一種有效途徑。但電子廢物除

2、了資源性之外,更具有污染環(huán)境的潛在性。比如電視、電腦、手機(jī)、音響等電子產(chǎn)品,含鉛、鎘、水銀、六價(jià)鉻、聚氯乙烯塑料、溴化阻燃劑等大量有毒有害物質(zhì):陰極射線管、電路板上的焊錫和塑料外殼等都含有毒物質(zhì);而廢電腦則更厲害,一臺(tái)電腦所需要的700多種化學(xué)原料中,50%以上對(duì)人體有害。有資料顯示,每一臺(tái)電視機(jī)或電腦顯示器中的陰極射線管平均含有大量鉛,而鉛一旦進(jìn)入土壤會(huì)嚴(yán)重污染水源,最終將危害人類、植物和微生物,還會(huì)對(duì)兒童的腦發(fā)育造成極大的影響。因此,電子廢物的雙重屬性向我們提出一個(gè)要求,國(guó)家應(yīng)該盡快制定相應(yīng)的法律法規(guī),遏制這種污染,把電子廢棄物由垃圾變成資源。本文旨在從法律角度提出解決我國(guó)電子垃圾污染問(wèn)題

3、的建議。為此,文章首先闡述了我國(guó)電子垃圾污染概況;其次,介紹電子垃圾方面有關(guān)的國(guó)際公約、發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和地區(qū)的立法模式,主要有《巴塞爾公約》、歐盟WEEE、ROHS和EUP指令以及美國(guó)和日本的有關(guān)法律;再次,文章論述了我國(guó)目前電子垃圾防治的有關(guān)法律法規(guī)及其存在的缺陷,包括《固廢法》、《電子信息產(chǎn)品污染防治管理辦法》、《廢舊家用電器及電子產(chǎn)品回收利用管理?xiàng)l例》和《廢棄家用電器與電子產(chǎn)品污染防治技術(shù)政策》?，F(xiàn)行法律存在的問(wèn)題主要表現(xiàn)為以下幾方面:立法中關(guān)于循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)的規(guī)定較少;政府、生產(chǎn)商、經(jīng)銷商和消費(fèi)者權(quán)利義務(wù)不明確;回收處理行業(yè)缺乏法律規(guī)制。最后,在分析國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)法制建設(shè)經(jīng)驗(yàn),結(jié)合我國(guó)國(guó)情的基礎(chǔ)上,提

4、出了完善我國(guó)電子垃圾污染防治立法的建議。應(yīng)樹立循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)的指導(dǎo)思想;堅(jiān)持“三化”原則、公眾參與原則;確立生產(chǎn)者責(zé)任延伸制度、責(zé)任分擔(dān)制度、促進(jìn)回收企業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化的制度等。文章從立法的角度提出若干參考性建議和對(duì)策,并認(rèn)為,對(duì)電子垃圾污染防治法律制度的完善,應(yīng)注重其作為一個(gè)新問(wèn)題所具有的不確定性和復(fù)雜性,應(yīng)當(dāng)綜合考慮環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和科技等多方面的因素,這樣的法律制度構(gòu)建才是完善的,同時(shí)也是最具實(shí)效的。 【英文摘要】 With the reformation and opening of China,our economy has been growing rapidly and life stand

5、ard rising continuously.At the same time, China has become one of the largest nations of producing and consuming of the electronic products.They have been widely used in many fields.In 20 or 30 years,they will finish their duties and become electronic wastes, these e-wastes will compose a great thre

6、at to our country,society,and especially the environment.There are hundreds of valuable materials in the discarded appliance.As the experts say,we have no wastes,only resources dislocated.If we recycle and reuse them correctly,regenerated resources may become an effective way to the straits of energ

7、y of our country.But the e-wastes also contain many harmful ingredients.For example,TV,computers and mobiles have large amount of toxic materials, such as zinc,mercury,and PBDE,tin solder on the CRT has lots of harmful substances.Among the 700 chemical materials from which a computer is made,more th

8、an 50%are injurious to our bodies.The CRT of TV and computers has much zinc,which could pollute the source of water once goes into the soil,and eventually,it would endanger human,animals and plants.So,the double property of e-waste required legislation on this side to restrain the pollution and turn

9、 the wastes into resources.The objective of the paper is to present a legal approach to solve the problem of the e-waste pollution.For this,the paper first states the situation of the e-waste pollution in our country,and the reason and danger of it.Second,reviews related laws in developed countries

10、and districts,such as WEEE,ROSH and EUP of EU,and laws of the USA and Japan.Third,the paper analyses the condition and defects of the e-waste legislation of our country.This part contains Management Rules on Prevention of Pollution of Electronic and Information Products,and Management Regulations on

11、 Recycling and Reusing of Wasted Electronic Equipment.Last,the thesis puts forward suggestions on e-waste legislation based on foreign experiences and our own situation.That includes the guiding idea of circular economy and extended producer responsibility,and so on.In addition,some legal suggestion

12、s which are suitable for China are proposed in the paper.It also states that it should be noted that establishing a good legal framework for prevention of e-waste pollution can be involved with complexity and uncertainty.To do this,a number of factors,such as economy,science,technology,and natural e

13、nvironment shall be considered as a whole. 【中文關(guān)鍵詞】 電子垃圾; 回收利用; 循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì); 生產(chǎn)者責(zé)任延伸制度 【英文關(guān)鍵詞】 electronic waste; recycle and reuse; circular economy; extended producer responsibility 【論文目錄】 摘要 6-8 Abstract 8-9 引言 12-14 1.我國(guó)電子垃圾污染問(wèn)題解析 14-22 1.1 電子垃圾污染概況 14-15 1.2 電子垃圾產(chǎn)生原因 15-18 1.2.1 政府

14、監(jiān)管和立法上存在缺陷 15-16 1.2.2 國(guó)外電子廢物大量輸入我國(guó) 16-17 1.2.3 電子垃圾回收利用體系不完善 17-18 1.3 電子垃圾的不利影響 18-22 1.3.1 環(huán)境污染嚴(yán)重 18-19 1.3.2 資源浪費(fèi)嚴(yán)重 19-20 1.3.3 對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的影響 20-22 2.國(guó)際、發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和地區(qū)電子垃圾立法 22-31 2.1 國(guó)際公約 22-25 2.1.1 《控制危險(xiǎn)廢物越境轉(zhuǎn)移及其處置巴塞爾公約》 22-23 2.1.2 《巴塞爾禁令修正案》 23 2.1.3 《公約》存在的不足 23-25 2.

15、2 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和地區(qū)立法 25-29 2.2.1 美國(guó) 25-26 2.2.2 日本 26 2.2.3 歐盟 26-28 2.2.4 其他國(guó)家 28-29 2.3 小結(jié) 29-31 3.我國(guó)電子垃圾防治相關(guān)立法 31-38 3.1 立法現(xiàn)狀 31-34 3.1.1 《固體廢物污染環(huán)境防治法》 31-32 3.1.2 《電子信息產(chǎn)品污染防治管理辦法》 32 3.1.3 《廢舊家用電器及電子產(chǎn)品回收利用管理?xiàng)l例》 32-33 3.1.4 《廢棄家電與電子產(chǎn)品污染防治技術(shù)政策》 33-34 3.2 立法的不足 34-38 3.

16、2.1 法律體系不完善 34-35 3.2.2 立法原則不明確 35 3.2.3 對(duì)象范圍不夠廣泛 35-36 3.2.4 制造商的權(quán)利義務(wù)不明確 36 3.2.5 回收處理行業(yè)缺乏法律規(guī)制 36-38 4.我國(guó)電子垃圾立法的完善 38-51 4.1 完善立法的意義 38-40 4.1.1 減少對(duì)環(huán)境的污染 38 4.1.2 實(shí)現(xiàn)資源的綜合利用 38-39 4.1.3 提高社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益 39 4.1.4 抵制”非關(guān)稅壁壘” 39-40 4.2 完善立法的建議 40-51 4.2.1 立法的指導(dǎo)思想 40-41 4.2.2 立法的基本原則 41-43 4.2.3 構(gòu)建完善的法律體系 43-51 結(jié)語(yǔ) 51-52 參考文獻(xiàn) 52-55 致謝 55-56 攻讀碩士學(xué)位期間發(fā)表的論文 56