自動爬樓搬運小車設計-爬樓梯機器人【含creo三維及6張CAD圖帶開題報告-獨家】.zip
自動爬樓搬運小車設計-爬樓梯機器人【含creo三維及6張CAD圖帶開題報告-獨家】.zip,含creo三維及6張CAD圖帶開題報告-獨家,自動,搬運,小車,設計,樓梯,機器人,creo,三維,CAD,開題,報告,獨家
開題報告
課題名稱
自動爬樓搬運小車設計
課題類型
實踐應用型
指導教師
學生姓名
學 號
專業(yè)班級
本課題的研究現(xiàn)狀、研究目的及意義
機器人作為一種自動化的機器,所不同的是這種機器具備一些與人或生物相似的智能能力,如感知能力、規(guī)劃能力、動作能力和協(xié)同能力,是一種具有高度靈活性的自動化機器。對不同任務和特殊環(huán)境的適應性,也是機器人與一般自動化裝備的重要區(qū)別。非結構環(huán)境中的多功能全自主的移動機器人技術多年來一直是機器人研究中的熱點問題之一。但是非結構環(huán)境給移動機器人的運動造成了自主決策和路徑規(guī)劃的困難。 越障機器人的研究,對擴展機器人的作業(yè)空間,在人不能到達或不便到達的環(huán)境中進行作業(yè),具有重要的意義。越障機器人還可用于工業(yè)中的一些險難作業(yè),不僅可提高產(chǎn)品的質量與產(chǎn)量,而且對保障人身安全,改善勞動環(huán)境.減輕勞動強度,提高勞動生產(chǎn)率,節(jié)約原材料消耗以及降低生產(chǎn)成本,有著十分重要的意義。其中,移動機器人從事各項事務響應任務時,樓梯是人造環(huán)境中的最常見的障礙,也是最難跨越的障礙之一。針對各種不同的運動環(huán)境,一直以來移動機器人所采用的運動方式大體包括輪式、履帶式、足式等。
國外對爬樓梯裝置的研究開始得相對較早,最早的專利是 1892 年美國的 Bray 發(fā)明的爬樓梯輪椅。此后,各國紛紛開始投入此項研究,其中美國、英國、德國和日本占主導地位,技術相對比較成熟,且有一些產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)投入市場使用。我國對此類裝置的研究雖然起步較晚,但近年來也涌現(xiàn)了很多這方面的專利,然而投入實際使用的還很少。 總結目前國內外現(xiàn)有的爬樓梯裝置和專利,按爬樓梯功能實現(xiàn)的原理主要分為履帶式、輪組式、步行式爬樓梯裝置。下面分別對國外、國內各種類型裝置的發(fā)展作簡要介紹,并分析其各自優(yōu)缺點。
(1)步行式
早期的爬樓梯裝置一般都采用步行式,其爬樓梯執(zhí)行機構由鉸鏈桿件機構組成。上樓時先將負重抬高,再水平向前移動,如此重復這兩個過程直至爬完一段樓梯。步行式爬樓梯裝置模仿人類爬樓的動作,外觀可視為足式機器人,采用多條機械腿交替升降、支撐座椅爬樓的原理。
步行式爬樓梯裝置爬樓時運動平穩(wěn),適合不同尺寸的樓梯;但它對控制的要求很高,操作比較復雜,在平地行走時運動幅度不大,動作緩慢。
(2)履帶式
履帶式爬樓梯裝置的原理類似于履帶裝甲運兵車或坦克,其原理簡單,技術也比較成熟。英國 Baronmead 公司開發(fā)的一種電動輪椅車,底部是履帶式的傳動結構,可爬樓梯的最大坡度為 35°,上下樓梯速度為每分鐘 15--20 個臺階。法國 Topchair 公司生產(chǎn)的電動爬樓梯輪椅,它的底部有四個車輪供正常情況下平地運行使用,當遇到樓梯等特殊地形時,用戶通過適當操作將兩側的橡膠履帶緩緩放下至地面,然后把這四個車輪收起,依靠履帶無需旁人輔助便能自動完成爬樓等功能。
履帶式結構傳動效率比較高,行走時重心波動很小,運動非常平穩(wěn),且使用地形范圍較廣,在一些不規(guī)則的樓梯上也能使用。它除了具備爬樓梯功能外,也能作為普通的電動輪椅使用。但是這類裝置仍存在很多不足之處:重量大、運動不夠靈活、爬樓時在樓梯邊緣造成巨大的壓力,對樓梯有一定的損壞;且平地使用所受阻力較大,而且轉彎不方便,這些問題限制了其在日常生活中的推廣使用。
(3)輪組式
輪組式爬樓梯裝置按輪組中使用小輪的個數(shù)可分為兩輪組式、三輪組式以及四輪組式。單輪組式結構穩(wěn)定性較差,在爬樓過程中需要有人協(xié)助才能保證重心的穩(wěn)定;而雙輪組式雖能實現(xiàn)自主爬樓,但由于其體積龐大且偏重,影響了它的使用范圍。
美國著名發(fā)明家 Dean Kamen 發(fā)明的了一種能自動調節(jié)重心的兩輪組式輪椅 iBOT。它有 6 個輪子,前面有一對實心腳輪,后面有兩對行星結構的充氣輪胎,通過兩后輪交替翻轉可以上下樓梯。iBOT 幾乎能適用于所有樓梯,此外它也能在沙灘、斜坡和崎嶇的路面上行駛,而且后輪可以直立行走,為使用者提供了更多方便之處,幫助他們能達到正常人的高度。它最大的優(yōu)點就是在輪椅重心安裝了陀螺儀,控制器根據(jù)陀螺儀的信號調整重心的位置,使輪椅能在不同狀態(tài)下保持平衡。經(jīng)過數(shù)十年的研究開發(fā),它己經(jīng)由 iBOT3000 發(fā)展到了 iBOT4000,功能也越來越強大,是目前該領域中性能最高的產(chǎn)品,它的售價在 3 萬美元左右,相當于一輛中檔橋車的價格,難以被普通使用者接受。
我國在上世紀八十年代對輪組式爬樓梯裝置已有研究,1987年專利號為 86210653 的國家專利中介紹了一種平地、樓梯運行多用輪椅,前滾輪和后滾輪都用多個星形輪組成,除自轉外還繞滾輪軸公轉而實現(xiàn)上下樓。內蒙古民族大學物理與機電學院的蘇和平等人借鑒了iBOT的爬樓方式,采用星形輪系作為爬樓梯機構,設計了一種雙聯(lián)星形機構電動爬樓梯輪椅。改輪椅爬樓時需要人工輔助或者樓梯扶手的輔助支撐,使其能調整重心的位置,安全爬樓。
輪組式爬樓梯裝置的活動范圍廣,運動靈活,但是上下樓梯時平穩(wěn)性不高,重心起伏較大,會使乘坐者感到不適。此外,輪組式爬樓梯裝置體積較大,很難在普通住宅樓梯上使用。
(4)復合類機器人
基于履帶式、輪式、腿式移動機器人的優(yōu)缺點,在研究中,采用了腿-履復合和輪-腿-履帶復合等結構。設計主要是依靠腿式機構來完成越障,以及履帶平穩(wěn)性和輪組的靈活性來達到功能的完整。機器人擺臂在一定范圍可上下擺動,輔助越障、攀爬,具有較強的越障性能、路面通過性和上下臺階能力。
但是各種機構的復合也給控制方面提出了更高的要求,而且爬樓過程中的穩(wěn)定性、如何適應不同尺寸的樓梯、如何實現(xiàn)手動操作省力與省時的問題以及反向自鎖等問題仍然存在。
綜上所述,國外在爬樓梯裝置方面的研究已經(jīng)有一百多年的歷史,成果也較多,但是它們大多結構復雜、造價昂貴,遠遠超出了發(fā)展中國家人民的經(jīng)濟承受能力。國內的研究相對較晚,雖然也誕生了很多專利,但由于受到體積、重量、穩(wěn)定性及安全性的限制,還沒有產(chǎn)品真正投入使用。由此可見,為了解決移動機器人使用受限的問題,同時考慮到我國使用者的經(jīng)濟承受能力,需要研究一種價格低廉、功能多樣的爬樓梯裝置。
課題類型:課題類型: A-理論探究型 B-實踐應用型
本課題的研究內容
以設計一款自動爬樓梯搬運貨物的小車為目的,設計符合中國國情輪組式車輪,同時為了提高小車的越障能力,還采用變形輪。此外,在小車爬樓梯時,為了防止搬運的貨物不掉下來,還需要設計降低貨物重心的機構。
1.為提高機器人爬樓梯能力,綜合分析國內外現(xiàn)有裝置,結合我國《建筑樓梯模數(shù)協(xié)調標準》,設計通用性強、上下樓梯動作流暢、容易控制的車輪組機構。兩個輪組代替通用四輪車的后輪,前輪用兩個變形輪來驅動小車爬樓梯。
2.通過去圖書館查閱資料,確定小車的總體結構,分析各種結構的優(yōu)缺點,最終確定小車的結構,并且用PRO/E畫出各個機構的三維圖和用CAD畫出機械結構的裝配圖。
3. 確定以單片機為控制系統(tǒng),分析控制原理并畫出控制流程圖。
本課題研究的實施方案、內容
本課題確定采用爬樓梯優(yōu)勢較強的輪式機構和變形輪。爬樓機器人要求具有在平面行駛和爬樓梯的功能(樓梯規(guī)格:140≤a≤210,220≤b≤320),當然也具備轉向避障和良好的行走線性軌跡,此外,爬樓梯搬運貨物小車還需要具備攀爬樓梯時考慮到實際攀爬樓梯的重心調節(jié)系統(tǒng)在調節(jié)轉移過程中的穩(wěn)定性及承載能力。我初步擬定了小車總體結構,如下:
工作原理
用直流減速電機提供動力,以安裝在機器人前端的4個超聲波傳感器作為自動檢測系統(tǒng),將信號反饋給主控模塊完成傳動軸的自動離合及速度調控,通過PWM 信號控制舵機使其轉向機構、變形輪和重心調節(jié)機構動作,從而實現(xiàn)機器人在坡地、階梯等不同環(huán)境下的行進。
本課題研究進度安排
(1) 2018.3.1-2018.4.10 收集相關資料,撰寫開題報告
(2) 2018.4.10-2018.4.15 翻譯一篇與自動爬樓梯小車相關的英文文獻
(3) 2018.4.20-2018.4.25 擬定總體結構的方案和控制電路方案
(4) 2018.4.25-2018.5.10 用PRO/E畫出機械結構三維圖
(5) 2018.5.10-2018.5.15 用CAD畫出小車機械裝配圖和關鍵的零件
(6) 2018.5.15-2018.5.20 畫出控制電路圖
(7) 2018.5.20-2018.5.25 撰寫論文符合要求
(8) 2018.5.25-2018.5.31 撰寫說明書、打印圖紙、整理材料、答辯
已查閱的主要參考文獻
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[2] 楊萍, 龔林強, 施俊屹等. 階梯攀爬機器人結構及控制方案設計*[J]. 機電工程, 2017, 第34卷(6):557-561,572.
[3] 張冬昌,賀子懿,張冬梅.智能小車的單片機控制設計實現(xiàn)[J].中國新通信,2018,(第1期).
[4] 譚昊軒.一種基于螺旋副的爬樓梯機器人設計[J].電子世界,2018,(第2期).
[5] 張瑞紅,金德聞,張濟川.多桿機構瞬停節(jié)分析及應用{J}.清華大學學報,2000.40(4).39-40.
[6] 溫照方主編. 電機與控制[M]. 北京:北京理工大學出版社, 2004.06.
[7] Yamato I, et al 1 High frequency link DC/AC converter for UPS with a new voltage cla mper[J] 1 IEEE PESC,1990:52-105。
[8] 城鄉(xiāng)建設環(huán)境保護部主編. 建筑樓梯模數(shù)協(xié)調標準[M]. 北京:中國計劃出版社, 1988.
[9] 邢立鏞,王瀾,張慶松,胡久銀.從GB/T12996-2012解讀電動輪椅車的性能要求及檢測[J].中國醫(yī)療器械信息,2015,(第12期).
[10] 韓廣,王田苗,梁建宏,等.一種有效爬越樓梯的模塊化可重組履帶結構[J].機器人,2004,26(5):400-403
[11] 蔡自興.智能控制及移動機器人研究進展[J].中南大學學報:自然科學版,2005,36(5):721-726
指導教師意見
指導教師簽名:
年 月 日
目 錄
1 英文文獻翻譯 2
1.1 英文文獻原文題目 2
1.2中文翻譯 11
2 專業(yè)閱讀書目 16
2.1 機械設計手冊 16
2.2 機械設計 16
2.3 現(xiàn)代工程制圖 17
2.4 材料力學 17
2.5 互換性與測量技術 18
2.6 機械制造基礎 18
2.7 機械原理 19
2.8 機電傳動控制 19
2.9 機械制造技術 20
2.10 機械制造技術 20
1
1 英文文獻翻譯
1.1 英文文獻原文題目
Progress and Prospect of research on Mechanical Engineering in China
In twenty-first Century, human society faced four major problems: climate warming, resource depletion, population growth and environmental degradation. As time goes on, these problems will become more and more serious and insurmountable. People will find that ecology (the protection of the earth and the environment of human existence) may be more important than the economy. China will be the largest energy consuming country in the world. 20 years later, due to the depletion of oil and coal, the proportion of nuclear energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy and hydraulic energy will increase significantly. Manufacturing in the future is still one of the main means to create wealth of human civilization and promote human progress. The manufacturing industry is a pillar industry of the national economy, and it supports the other industries to promote ecological construction and economic growth. Faced with the above major problems, the manufacturing industry and its science and technology are facing severe challenges. Because China will realize the strategic transformation from "manufacturing country" to "manufacturing power", to achieve this strategic transfer, the key lies in the innovation of manufacturing technology and its products. The competition between manufacturing industries is, in the final analysis, the competition of science and technology. Product innovation and independent brand building are important challenges for China's manufacturing industry.
If we can correctly recognize, predict and face these challenges, take the strategy and strategy in time, and strengthen the original innovation and independent innovation of manufacturing technology and its products, China will become a powerful manufacturing country. China's high-end brand products will keep pace with the United States and Japan, and China's manufacturing industry will stand in the forest of the world.
This article is the core of the comprehensive report of the "2008~2009 mechanical engineering discipline (mechanical manufacturing) development report" compiled by the China Association for science and technology. This paper tries to make a review of the main new views, new theories, new methods and new technologies and achievements in the field of mechanical engineering in recent years. By using Delphy investigation and research analysis, the future of the development of the subject was predicted scientifically, and the development trend of the mechanical engineering discipline in the next 5~10 years and even longer period was prospected, and the priority areas and important scientific and technological problems in the future development of the discipline of mechanical engineering in China were put forward. Due to the limitations of time, information and knowledge, the omission and errors in this article are welcome.
The definition and scope of mechanical engineering discipline is the science of the theory, method and technology of the performance, design and manufacture of mechanical systems and products, including two fields of mechanics and manufacturing science.
Mechanics is a science that studies the mechanical structure and system performance and its design theory and method, including the mechanism, transmission, dynamics, strength, tribology, design, bionics, micro mechanics and interface mechanics involved in the manufacturing process and the mechanical system.
Manufacturing science is the science of manufacturing processes and systems. It covers product design, forming and manufacturing (casting, plastic forming, joint forming, mold manufacturing, surface engineering, etc.), processing and manufacturing (ultra-precision machining, efficient processing, non-traditional machining, complex surface processing,measurement and instrument, equipment design and manufacturing, surface functional structure manufacturing, micro nan manufacturing, biomimetic and raw material production). The science of the operation and management of the manufacturing system
2. Review of the progress of mechanical engineering research in China
Mechanical engineering research is an inexhaustible source of advanced manufacturing technology. The main driving force for promoting the independent development of China's manufacturing industry is advanced manufacturing technology. Advanced equipment for aerospace and national defense is almost entirely based on independent innovation technology. In aviation, vehicles, home appliances, microelectronics, light industry, petrochemical, construction machinery and other manufacturing industries, independent innovation technology and independent brands are also increasing.
Under the support of the National Natural Science Foundation, mechanical engineering research has made a series of outstanding progress and original achievements in recent years. It provides a large number of new theories, new techniques and new methods for China's mechanical engineering and economic construction, which has produced important effects at home and abroad, and some areas have occupied a place in the international academic circles.
2.1 field of Tribology
Nanotribology, biotribology, tribology and interface Tribology in extreme environments are the main trends and frontiers of Tribology in recent years.
Wen Shizhu and Luo Jianbin found a transition zone between dynamic lubrication and boundary lubrication, and proposed the concept of film lubrication, the invention of nano film measurement technology, and the establishment of the physical and theoretical model of film lubrication. The study of film lubrication has built a bridge between dynamic lubrication and boundary lubrication, which is considered as "an important contribution to the research of lubrication" by the famous expert GRANICK in the world. The National Key Laboratory of tribology has recently established the theoretical model of fast adhesion and desorption in house lizard crawling, and coupled the theory of molecular membrane gas lubrication with the effect of surface force in the relationship between the micro adhesion and the biological movement of the nano scale interface. The effect of van Edward force on the flight characteristics of the magnetic head in the motion equation of the magnetic head was found. In the study of interface drag reduction, the new theory and new technology of micro vortex, micro convex body and micro cavitation drag reduction are put forward in the study of interfacial drag reduction, which has greatly reduced the friction resistance of the surface. This technology has been successfully applied to important national projects.
In view of the large number of fretting failure problems occurring in the project, Zhou Zhongrong research group discovered the theory of tangential micro mixing area, the establishment of operating conditions and the micrograph theory of materials, proposed the mechanism of composite microdynamic damage, developed and perfected the theory of microdynamic tribology, and in biological tribology, especially in the Tribological Study of natural teeth. The micro texture and the mechanism of friction and wear of the natural teeth were revealed, and the wheel rail friction study was carried out in the system. The wheel rail corrugation was found in the experiment for the first time. The formation mechanism of wheel rail corrugation was analyzed in theory and test, and an important breakthrough was made in [5].
Liu Weimin and other nano solid lubrication technologies developed successfully play an important role in China's aerospace engineering. Due to a series of outstanding academic achievements and achievements, tribology has become one of the most influential subjects in the international academic circles.
Robotics field
The mechanism of parallel robot is one of the hot topics and frontiers of international institutions in the past 20 years. It is also one of the most important research fields of academic influence in our country. Huang Zhen, peak and so on [6] take the helix theory, Li Qun and the set theory as mathematical tools, and put forward the general month of May 2009 ray Geni of the combination of less freedom and combined structure: the 3 nature method and the general freedom calculation formula, the main helix analytic recognition model, the first and two order motion shadows in China's mechanical engineering research. The coefficient of response model, as well as the performance and component scale space model. Using the above theory to synthesize dozens of new institutions, develop multidimensional force sensors, micro operation robots, and earthquake simulators, and provide important theoretical basis for the independent design of forging manipulator, servo press, electric shovel and so on.
such as Huang Tian and Wang Jinsong, put forward the method of modeling less freedom and universal Jacobi matrix based on linear space theory, and a variety of performance evaluation and parameter optimization design including motion / force transmission characteristics and high quality scale domain. The kinematic calibration, trajectory planning, motion / force control and dynamic performance are conquered. Detection and other key technologies. With the above theory and key technology, a large number of engineering equipment, such as 5 axis linkage machine tool, flight simulator, flexible support equipment, high-speed packaging robot, 5 degree of freedom joint robot operation unit, are developed for 5 axis linkage, and the large hydropower impeller processing, radio telescope major scientific engineering and lithium ion battery life are developed. The production line has been successfully applied.
Zong Guanghua and so on, set up a design theory of flexible parallel micro mechanism with flexibility matrix as the core, and developed a number of micro nano operation / assembly parallel flexible platform, such as Dai Jiansheng and Ding Lun Lun, revealed the topological evolution of the spatial metamorphic mechanism, and promoted the development of spatial structure. Sun Lining and other macro micro integrated flexible parallel micro motion platform based on large stroke flexure hinges are proposed. On the platform of planar 3 degree of freedom parallel compliant mechanism, Zhang Xianmin and other low coupling precision positioning mechanisms, which consider the natural frequency, maximum stress and maximum driving force, have been applied in the electronic manufacturing equipment.
2.3 field of mechanical dynamics
Nonlinear dynamics, fault prediction and intelligent maintenance of complex electromechanical systems are frontier research fields of mechanical dynamics.
In the bifurcation study of high dimensional nonlinear systems, Chen Yushu has proposed the constraint bifurcation theory, the time variant generation system's security domain erosion theory and the nonlinear rotor system stability quantitative analysis method. The series methods and techniques of the nonlinear fault diagnosis of the rotor system are put forward to solve the vibration of more than ten generating units in China. It's a difficult problem.
Wen Bangchun and so on first put forward the concept of vibration and utilization engineering in the world, and put forward the theory of probability and equal thickness sieving, vibration synchronization and control synchronization. By using the dynamic design method, dozens of engineering vibration machines have been designed and developed, and the engineering subject of vibration utilization is created. In view of the problem of rotor vibration of large unit, Qu Liangsheng and so on, put forward the concept of hologram spectrum, found the performance of the rotor balance process on the hologram spectrum, and put forward the method and technology to identify and diagnose the fault of the unit and realize the dynamic balance of the rotor holography by the hologram spectrum technology, and play an important role in the fault analysis and diagnosis of the unit. Hu Haiyan studied three kinds of typical nonlinear vibration control systems. The bifurcation mechanism and control method of the vibration control system with time delay control system dynamics and elastic constraints, the modeling and control method of the hysteretic damping vibration control system were proposed. It was evaluated and quoted by the domestic and foreign academics. The American control expert SCHA ECHTER is rated as a "refreshing system approach".
Zhai Wanming proposed and perfected the "locomotive vehicle track system coupling dynamic model" called Zhai. Sun model in the international academic circle, developed the locomotive vehicle track coupling dynamic simulation system and the safety field test evaluation system of independent intellectual property rights, and applied it to the development and design of railway locomotives in China and railway lift. In the rapid reconstruction project, great economic and social benefits have been achieved.
2.4 field of mechanical transmission
High speed, high efficiency, low energy consumption, low pollution, high intelligence and miniaturization are the frontiers of mechanical transmission and control research in recent years. Ultrasonic motor is a new type of micro motor based on the piezoelectric effect and ultrasonic vibration. It breaks through the principle of the traditional electromagnetic effect motor. It has the advantages of large torque weight ratio, simple structure, fast response and low noise. Its research involves vibration, tribology, materials science, electronics, control and ultra precision machining. The Zhao Chunsheng research center puts forward the system theory and design method in the motion mechanism of ultrasonic motor, electromechanical coupling model, structural parameter optimization, drive and control technology, etc. More than 30 kinds of new traveling wave, standing wave ultrasonic motors and drivers have been invented and developed. Many products have been used in important projects. Professor WALLASCHEK, a famous German expert, commented that "[4] is one of the most powerful research institutions in China and even the world".
In the study of high speed and ultra precision motion control, Chen Xuedong first discovered and clarified the mechanism of air bearing cyclone phenomenon, proposed the calculation and control method of the support stiffness and damping of air floating gas film, and the driving system analysis and control software has been used in the development of the drive system of large-scale integrated circuit lithography machine in our country. In the middle. Aiming at the pollution problem of river and sea caused by bearing precious metal and oil as lubricant in the propulsion system of ship, a new type of composite material water lubricated seal bearing is put forward in Wang's order. The influence of load, speed, time, clearance and temperature on the friction and wear properties of water lubricated rubber bearing is revealed. A water lubricated rubber alloy bearing with multiple curved surfaces and circular arc grooves is invented. Because this kind of bearing saves a lot of precious metals and uses natural water to make oil as lubricant, it greatly reduces the pollution of river water, and has been widely used in the transmission system of ships at home and abroad.
21
1.2中文翻譯
中國機械工程研究的進展與展望
21 世紀人類社會主要面臨四大問題:氣候變暖、資源枯竭、人口增加、環(huán)境惡化。隨著時間的推移,這些問題將變得越來越嚴峻而不可逾越。人們將會發(fā)現(xiàn):生態(tài)(地球的保護和人類生存環(huán)境)可能比經(jīng)濟更為重要。中國將成為世界最大能源消耗國。20 年后,由于石油、煤的枯竭,核能、太陽能、地熱能、風力能、水力能的利用占整體能源的比重將會大增。未來制造仍然是創(chuàng)造人類文明財富、促進人類進步的主要手段之一。制造業(yè)是國民經(jīng)濟的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè),它與其他產(chǎn)業(yè)相互支撐而推動生態(tài)建設和經(jīng)濟增長。面對上述重大問題,制造業(yè)及其科學技術面臨著嚴峻挑戰(zhàn)。 由于中國將實現(xiàn)從“制造大國”向“制造強國”的戰(zhàn)略轉變,要實現(xiàn)此戰(zhàn)略轉移,關鍵在于制造技術及其產(chǎn)品的創(chuàng)新。制造業(yè)之間的競爭,說到底是科技的競爭。產(chǎn)品的創(chuàng)新和自主品牌的打造是中國制造業(yè)面臨的重要挑戰(zhàn)。
如果我們能正確認識、預測和面臨這些挑戰(zhàn),及時采取應對戰(zhàn)略和策略,大力加強制造科技及其產(chǎn)品的原始創(chuàng)新和自主創(chuàng)新,中國就可成為制造強國,中國高端品牌產(chǎn)品將可與美日歐并駕齊驅,中國制造業(yè)將立于世界之林。
本文是中國科協(xié)組織編著的“2008~2009 機械工程學科(機械制造)發(fā)展報告”中綜合報告的核心內容。本文力圖站在學科前沿和國家戰(zhàn)略需求的高度,對機械工程學科近年來產(chǎn)生的主要新觀點、新理論、新方法和新技術進展及成果進行評述。采用德爾菲調查和研究分析,對學科發(fā)展未來進行了科學預測,展望了今后 5~10 年,甚至更長時期機械工程學科的發(fā)展趨勢,提出我國機械工程學科未來發(fā)展的優(yōu)先領域、重要科技問題。由于時間、信息和知識的局限,文中存在的遺漏和錯誤之處,歡迎指正。
1 機械工程學科的定義和范圍
機械工程學科是研究機械系統(tǒng)和產(chǎn)品的性能、設計及制造的理論、方法和技術的科學,包括機械學和制造科學兩大領域。
機械學是研究機械結構和系統(tǒng)性能及其設計理論與方法的科學,包括制造過程及機械系統(tǒng)所涉及的機構學、傳動學、動力學、強度學、摩擦學、設計學、仿生機械學、微納機械學及界面機械學等。
制造科學是研究制造過程及其系統(tǒng)的科學。它涵蓋產(chǎn)品設計、成形制造(鑄造成形、塑性成形、連接成形、模具制造、表面工程等)、加工制造(超精密加工、高效加工、非傳統(tǒng)加工、復雜曲面加工、測量及儀器、裝備設計及制造、表面功能結構制造、微納制造、仿生和生物制造)和制造系統(tǒng)運作管理等科學[3]。
2 我國機械工程研究進展綜述
機械工程研究是先進制造技術的不竭源泉。推動我國制造業(yè)自主發(fā)展的主要驅動力是先進制造技術,航天和國防先進裝備幾乎完全立足于自主創(chuàng)新技術。在航空、車輛、家電、微電子、輕工業(yè)、石化、工程機械等制造業(yè),自主創(chuàng)新的技術和自主品牌也越來越多。
在國家自然科學基金等的資助下,機械工程研究近年來取得了一系列突出進展和原創(chuàng)性成果,為我國機械工程和經(jīng)濟建設提供了大批新理論、新技術和新方法,在國內外產(chǎn)生了重要影響,有的領域已在國際學術界占有一席之地。
2.1 摩擦學領域
納米摩擦學、生物摩擦學、極端環(huán)境下的摩擦學和界面摩擦學是近年來摩擦學的主要發(fā)展趨勢和前沿。
溫詩鑄、雒建斌等發(fā)現(xiàn)在動力潤滑和邊界潤滑之間存在一個過渡區(qū),提出了薄膜潤滑的概念、發(fā)明了納米薄膜測量技術、建立了薄膜潤滑的物理和理論模型。薄膜潤滑研究架起了動力潤滑和邊界潤滑之間的橋梁,被國際上著名專家 GRANICK 等評價為“是對潤滑研究的一個重要貢獻”。摩擦學國家重點實驗室近來又在納米尺度界面微觀粘著摩擦與生物運動的關系中,建立了壁虎爬行中快速粘附和脫附理論模型;將分子膜氣體潤滑理論與表面力作用相耦合,發(fā)現(xiàn)了磁頭運動方程中范德華力對磁頭飛行特性的影響規(guī)律,使磁頭滑塊的承載能力和俯仰轉矩明顯減小,改善了磁頭飛行運動的穩(wěn)定性;在界面減阻研究中,提出了微旋渦、微凸體、微空泡減阻新理論及新技術,大幅度降低了表面摩擦阻力,該技術已經(jīng)成功用于國家重要工程中[4]。
周仲榮研究群體針對工程中出現(xiàn)的大量微動失效問題,發(fā)現(xiàn)了切向微動混合區(qū)域、建立了運行工況和材料的微動圖理論,提出了復合微動損傷機制,發(fā)展和完善了微動摩擦學理論;在生物摩擦學,特別在自然牙的摩擦學研究中,揭示了自然牙的微觀織構及其摩擦磨損機制;結合高速鐵路中的輪軌關系問題,系統(tǒng)開展了輪軌摩擦學研究,首次在試驗中發(fā)現(xiàn)了輪軌波磨現(xiàn)象,從理論和試驗上深入分析了輪軌波磨的形成機制,取得了重要突破[5]。
劉維民等將研制成功的納米固體潤滑技術用于我國航空航天工程,發(fā)揮了重要作用。由于上述一系列突出的學術進展和成就,摩擦學成為我國機械工程學科在國際學術界最具影響的學科之一。
2.2 機器人機構學領域
并聯(lián)機器人機構學是近 20 年來國際機構學的研究熱點和學科前沿,也是我國學者在國際上具有重要學術影響的研究領域之一。 黃真、高峰等[6]以螺旋理論、李群、集合論等為數(shù)學工具,提出少自由度并聯(lián)機結構綜合的普適月 2009 年 5月雷源忠:我國機械工程研究進展與展望 3 性方法和通用自由度計算公式,主螺旋解析識別模型,一階和二階運動影響系數(shù)模型,以及性能與構件尺度空間模型。利用上述理論綜合出數(shù)十種新機構,開發(fā)出多維力傳感器、微操作機器人、地震模擬器,并為鍛造操作機、伺服壓機、電鏟等裝備的自主設計提供了重要的理論依據(jù)。
黃田、汪勁松等[7]提出基于線性空間理論的少自由度并聯(lián)機構雅可比矩陣普適性建模方法,及包括運動/力傳遞特性和優(yōu)質尺度域在內的多種性能評價與參數(shù)優(yōu)化設計方法,攻克了運動學標定,軌跡規(guī)劃、運動/力控制,動態(tài)性能檢測等關鍵技術。利用上述理論和關鍵技術,開發(fā)出 5 軸聯(lián)動大型龍門混聯(lián)機床、飛行模擬器、柔性支撐裝備、高速包裝機器人、5 自由度混聯(lián)機器人作業(yè)單元等多種工程化裝備,并在大型水電葉輪加工、射電望遠鏡重大科學工程、鋰離子電池生產(chǎn)線中得到成功應用。
宗光華等建立了一套以柔度矩陣為核心的全柔性并聯(lián)精微機構設計理論,開發(fā)出若干微納操作/裝配并聯(lián)柔性微動平臺。戴建生、丁希侖等[8]揭示了空間變胞機構中拓撲演變規(guī)律,推動了空間結構學的發(fā)展。孫立寧等提出基于大行程柔性鉸鏈的宏微一體化柔性并聯(lián)微動平臺。張憲民等以平面 3 自由度并聯(lián)柔順機構為平臺,提出了綜合考慮固有頻率、最大應力、最大驅動力等在內的低耦合精密定位機構,并在電子制造裝備中得到應用。
2.3 機械動力學領域
非線性動力學、復雜機電系統(tǒng)的故障預示和智能維護是機械動力學的前沿研究領域。
陳予恕等在高維非線性系統(tǒng)的分叉研究中,提出了約束分叉理論、時變產(chǎn)生系統(tǒng)的安全域侵蝕理論、非線性轉子系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性量化分析方法,提出了轉子系統(tǒng)非線性故障診斷的系列方法和技術,解決了國內十幾個發(fā)電機組的振動疑難問題。
聞邦椿等在國際上率先提出振動利用工程的概念,提出了概率-等厚篩分理論、振動同步和控制同步理論,采用動態(tài)設計方法,設計研制了數(shù)十種工程振動機械,創(chuàng)建了振動利用工程學科。 屈梁生等針對大型機組轉子振動難題,提出了全息譜的概念、發(fā)現(xiàn)了轉子平衡過程在全息譜上的表現(xiàn),提出了用全息譜技術識別和診斷機組故障、實現(xiàn)轉子全息動平衡的方法和技術,在機組故障分析診斷中發(fā)揮了重要作用。 胡海巖研究了三類典型的非線性振動控制系統(tǒng),提出了含時滯控制系統(tǒng)動力學、含彈性約束的振動控制系統(tǒng)分叉機理和控制方法、含遲滯阻尼振動控制系統(tǒng)的建模和控制方法,被國內外學術界多次評價和引用,美國控制專家 SCHAECHTER 評價為“耳目一新的系統(tǒng)方法”。
翟婉明提出并完善了被國際學術界稱為翟.孫模型的“機車車輛-軌道系統(tǒng)耦合動力學模型”,研制了自主知識產(chǎn)權的機車車輛-軌道耦合動力學仿真系統(tǒng)和安全性現(xiàn)場測試評估體系,并應用于我國鐵路機車的開發(fā)設計和鐵路提速改造工程中,取得了重大的經(jīng)濟和社會效益[3]。
2.4 機械傳動學科領域
高速、高效、低能耗、低污染、高智能、微型化是近年來機械傳動和控制研究的前沿。 超聲電機是基于壓電效應和超聲振動的一種新型微電機,它突破了傳統(tǒng)電磁效應電機原理,具有力矩重量比大、結構簡單、響應快、噪聲低等優(yōu)點。其研究涉及振動學、摩擦學、材料學、電子學、控制和超精密加工多個學科領域。趙淳生研究中心在超聲電機運動機理、機電耦合模型、結構參數(shù)優(yōu)化、驅動與控制技術等方面提出了系統(tǒng)的理論和設計方法。發(fā)明和研制了 30 多種獨具特色的新型行波、駐波超聲電機以及驅動器,不少產(chǎn)品已用于重要工程中。德國著名專家 WALLASCHEK 教授評價:“是中國乃至世界最具實力的研究機構之 一”。
陳學東在高速超精密運動控制研究中,率先發(fā)現(xiàn)并闡明了氣浮軸承氣旋現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的機理,提出了氣浮氣膜的支撐剛度和阻尼的計算和控制方法,提出的驅動系統(tǒng)分析控制軟件已經(jīng)用于我國大規(guī)模集成電路光刻機驅動系統(tǒng)的研制中。 針對船舶推進系統(tǒng)中軸承使用貴重金屬、以及用油做潤滑劑造成河海污染問題,王家序等提出了一種新型復合材料水潤滑動密封軸承,揭示了載荷、速度、時間、間隙、溫度等因素對水潤滑橡膠合金軸承摩擦磨損性能的影響規(guī)律,發(fā)明了具有多曲面與直線圓弧凹槽有機組合的水潤滑橡膠合金軸承。由于這種軸承節(jié)省了大量貴金屬、以自然水代油做潤滑劑大大減少了對河海水的污染,在國內外船舶等傳動系統(tǒng)中得到廣泛應用。
2 專業(yè)閱讀書目
2.1 機械設計手冊
內容摘要:
本書全面系統(tǒng)地介紹了常規(guī)設計、機電一體化與控制技術和現(xiàn)代設計方法及其應用等內容。具有內容先進、信息量大、取材廣、規(guī)格全,實用性強,數(shù)據(jù)可靠,使用方便等特點。
全書分6卷52篇,內容有:常用設計資料、機械零部件設計(連接、緊固與傳動)、機械零部件設計(軸系、支承與其他)、流體傳動與控制、機電一體化及控制技術、現(xiàn)代設計理論與方法等。
本卷為第1卷,主要內容有:常用資料、常用數(shù)學公式和常用力學公式、機械工程材料、零部件設計常用基礎標準、零件結構設計工藝性等。本書供從事機械設計、制造、維修及有關工程技術人員作為工具書使用,也可供大專院校的有關專業(yè)師生使用和參考。(徐灝等.機械設計手冊[M]. 北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,2013)
2.2 機械設計
內容摘要:
機械設計(machine design),根據(jù)用戶的使用要求對專用機械的工作原理、結構、運動方式、力和能量的傳遞方式、各個零件的材料和形狀尺寸、潤滑方法等進行構思、分析和計算并。機械設計,將其轉化為具體的描述以作為制造依據(jù)的工作過
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