2019高考英語 語法突破四大篇 第三部分 專題1 代詞講義.doc

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代詞 代詞、冠詞、介詞和數(shù)詞在語法填空中的考查 1.代詞在語法填空中考查指示代詞、不定代詞以及it的用法時(shí)，無提示詞；而考查人稱代詞、物主代詞與反身代詞的詞形變換時(shí)，則常給出提示詞。 應(yīng)對策略 (1)當(dāng)句子缺主語或賓語時(shí)，填代詞。要根據(jù)語境，看該空格是指人還是指物，是指男性還是女性，是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。為了避免重復(fù)，it，one(s)，that，those都可以用來替代上文出現(xiàn)的名詞，要注意它們的不同用法。it可以用來代替不定式、動(dòng)名詞短語或從句作形式主語或形式賓語。還要注意不定代詞one，both，neither，all，none，either，another等的用法。 (2)如果是物主代詞(表示某人的)，作主語、賓語或表語用名詞性物主代詞；在名詞前作定語只能用形容詞性物主代詞。反身代詞反指誰，它通常作主語和賓語的同位語，這時(shí)人稱上應(yīng)與主語或賓語保持一致；也可作某些動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語，這時(shí)人稱上需與主語保持一致。 2.冠詞是位于名詞之前，說明名詞所表示的人或事物的一種虛詞，它不能離開名詞而單獨(dú)存在。語法填空中，重點(diǎn)考查冠詞的基本用法。另外冠詞活用及習(xí)慣搭配是考查難點(diǎn)。 應(yīng)對策略 在名詞或“形容詞＋名詞”前缺少限定詞時(shí)，要考慮冠詞。不定冠詞a/an表示泛指，可譯作“一個(gè)/件/本/座/……”等；定冠詞the表示特指，相當(dāng)于“這，這些，那，那些”。另外要注意：特指上文出現(xiàn)的或談話雙方都知道的人或事物用the；在序數(shù)詞前、最高級(jí)前、獨(dú)一無二的事物名詞之前，一般用the。 3.介詞在語法填空中，常考表示方位、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、原因、計(jì)量、材料等，以及習(xí)慣用語中的介詞。 應(yīng)對策略 如果句子中不缺少主語或表語，動(dòng)詞后又不缺少賓語，則在名詞或代詞前一定是填介詞。其次，還要注意短語搭配中介詞的正確使用。 4.數(shù)詞在語法填空中主要考查基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成。 應(yīng)對策略 數(shù)詞與不定代詞很相似，其用法相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞。通過數(shù)詞的復(fù)習(xí)，需要掌握： (1)正確使用基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)、小數(shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)以及表達(dá)倍數(shù)等； (2)日期、時(shí)刻、年代、年齡等的表達(dá)法； (3)表數(shù)目的名詞的相關(guān)用法。 代詞、冠詞、介詞和數(shù)詞在短文改錯(cuò)中的考查 1.高考短文改錯(cuò)中，對于代詞的考查常會(huì)涉及人稱不一致、代詞混用或漏掉代詞等方面的錯(cuò)誤。 應(yīng)對策略 對于代詞的考查，要注意以下幾點(diǎn)： (1)順藤摸瓜，理清短文中代詞的指代關(guān)系，注意聯(lián)系上下文，還要注意人稱一致、單復(fù)數(shù)一致以及性別的一致等； (2)注意人稱代詞格的誤用，以及物主代詞、反身代詞或疑問代詞等的錯(cuò)用； (3)系統(tǒng)掌握it的各種用法； (4)準(zhǔn)確把握不定代詞在文中的正確使用。 2.短文改錯(cuò)中對于冠詞的考查常涉及漏掉冠詞、冠詞錯(cuò)用與冠詞多余這三種情況。 應(yīng)對策略 判定冠詞的方法： (1)根據(jù)泛指和特指。若泛指“一個(gè)”，再根據(jù)單詞的第一個(gè)音素來判定用a還是an；若特指，用the； (2)根據(jù)固定搭配。注意固定搭配中不能多用或少用冠詞。 3.短文改錯(cuò)中對于介詞的考查常會(huì)涉及介詞誤用、漏掉介詞或介詞多余的情況。 應(yīng)對策略 (1)如果句子中不缺少主語或表語，動(dòng)詞后又不缺少賓語，則在名詞或代詞前一定是缺少介詞； (2)注意短語搭配中介詞的正確使用； (3)不該用介詞的短語中用了介詞，如 next year常寫成in next year； (4)某些及物動(dòng)詞短語中介詞缺失，如look (at)，listen (to)，take care (of)等； (5)有些及物動(dòng)詞多加了介詞，如 enter the room常寫成enter into the room，return my book常寫成return back/to my book等； (6)注意分清連詞、副詞和介詞之間的區(qū)別和句法功能。 4.數(shù)詞在短文改錯(cuò)中主要考查基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞的混用以及結(jié)構(gòu)和搭配中的錯(cuò)誤。 應(yīng)對策略 考查數(shù)詞主要從以下幾個(gè)角度入手： (1)表示不定數(shù)量的詞或者短語與名詞的搭配問題以及該結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)產(chǎn)生的主謂一致問題； (2)一些特殊的表數(shù)量的詞如hundreds/thousands/millions of，dozen，score等的用法； (3)倍數(shù)表達(dá)法。 專題1　代詞 代詞的分類 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù) 第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱 第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱 人稱 代詞 主格 I you he，she，it we you they 賓格 me you him，her，it us you them 物主 代詞 形容 詞性 my your his，her，its our your their 名詞性 mine yours his，hers，its ours yours theirs 反身代詞 myself yourself himself， herself， itself ourselves yourselves themselves 指示代詞 this，that，these，those，such，the same 疑問代詞 連接代詞 who，whom，whose，what，which 關(guān)系代詞 who，whom，whose，which，that 不定代詞 some，any，every，each，many，much，a few，a little，all，none，both，either，neither，other，another 相互代詞 each other，one another 　　 代詞分為九類，大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的作用。 代詞的核心考點(diǎn) 1.人稱代詞 (1)人稱代詞作主語用主格，作賓語、表語用賓格，但應(yīng)注意以下五種情況： ①作主語的人稱代詞如果孤立地使用于無謂語動(dòng)詞的句子中，或在這種句子中與動(dòng)詞不定式連用，常用賓格。 —Susan，go and join your sister cleaning the yard. —Why me？John is sitting there doing nothing. ②句子中代詞作賓語或賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，與所替代的名詞在人稱、數(shù)、格以及意義上一般要保持前后一致。 This is our new car.I bought it yesterday.(用it代替our new car) ③作表語的人稱代詞一般用賓格，但在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分代詞的格不變。 I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital. ④在比較級(jí)的句子中than，as后用主格、賓格都可以。如：He is taller than me (I).但在下列句子中有區(qū)別： I like Jack as much as her.＝I like both Jack and her. I like Jack as much as she.＝I like Jack and she likes him，too. ⑤用來表示感嘆時(shí)，用代詞的賓格代替主格形式。 Dear me! (2)兩個(gè)以上的人稱代詞并列，其次序排列原則： 在并列主語中，“I”總是放在最后，排列順序?yàn)椋憾?三 一(人稱)。賓格me也一樣。 You，she and I will be in charge of the case. Mr Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him. 2.物主代詞 (1)注意名詞性和形容詞性物主代詞各自的語法功能。 (2)one’s own...＝...of one’s own的轉(zhuǎn)換。 (3)某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中常用定冠詞代替物主代詞。 take sb.by the arm，be wounded in the leg 3.反身代詞 (1)反身代詞的語法功能：賓語、表語及主語或賓語的同位語。 (2)反身代詞和某些動(dòng)詞連用，構(gòu)成固定短語。 devote oneself to致力于 dress oneself自己穿衣 enjoy oneself過得快樂 feel oneself覺得身體正常 (3)反身代詞還可和某些介詞連用。 for oneself為自己；獨(dú)立地 of oneself自然地；自動(dòng)地 by oneself獨(dú)自地 in oneself本身 4.相互代詞(each other，one another) 相互代詞無人稱、數(shù)和格的區(qū)別，在句中作賓語。其所有格分別為each other’s，one another’s，用作定語。 一般來說，each other指兩者之間，one another指三者或三者以上之間，但現(xiàn)在區(qū)分已不明顯。 5.指示代詞(this，that，these，those，such，the same) 指示代詞具有形容詞和代詞兩種詞性，在句子中可以作主語、賓語、定語或表語等。 (1)指示代詞this(these)和that(those)的區(qū)別。 ①this(these)一般指時(shí)間或空間上較近的人或物；that(those)常指時(shí)間或空間上較遠(yuǎn)的人或物。 This is my desk and that is yours. In those days women could not go to school. ②this常指后面要講到的事物，有啟下的作用；that則指前面講到過的事物，有承上的作用。 I want to tell you this：the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon. He hurt his leg yesterday.That’s why he didn’t e. ③為了避免重復(fù)，常用that或those代替前面已提過的名詞。 The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing. The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox. ④this在電話用語中用于作自我介紹；that用于詢問對方；this和that還可以當(dāng)副詞用，意思相當(dāng)于副詞so。 Hello.This is Lily speaking.Who’s that? Can hard work change a person that much? (2)such和same的用法。 ①such指“這樣的”人或事，在句中作主語和定語。 Such was the story. We have never seen such a tall building. ②the same指“同樣的”人或事，在句中作主語、表語、賓語和定語。 The same can be said of the other article. Whether he can do it or not，it is all the same to me. 6.疑問代詞(who，whom，which，what，whose) 疑問代詞在句中作主語、賓語、定語或表語。 (1)who/what ①詢問姓名或關(guān)系。 —Who is he? —He is my brother./He is Henry. 詢問職業(yè)或地位。 —What is he? —He is a lawyer/teacher. ②what/who 作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于說話人的視點(diǎn)，可單數(shù)也可復(fù)數(shù)。 What is/are on the table? Who is/are in the library? (2)which與who，what which表示在一定范圍內(nèi)，而who，what則無此限制。 I found two books on the desk.Which is yours? 7.連接代詞和關(guān)系代詞 連接代詞與疑問代詞的形式相同，主要有who，whom，whose，what，which以及它們與-ever合成的代詞whoever，whomever，whatever，whichever等。它們用來引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句，即連接復(fù)合句中的主句和從句，并在從句中擔(dān)任一定的句子成分，由連接代詞引起的名詞性從句前不能再加that。 關(guān)系代詞是用來引導(dǎo)定語從句的代詞，它們包括who，whom，whose，which，that等。這兩類代詞的用法詳見“名詞性從句”和“定語從句”部分。 8.不定代詞 不定代詞主要有：all，each，every，both，either，neither，one，none，little，few，many，much，other，another，some，any，no等。還有由some，any，no和every構(gòu)成的合成代詞。不定代詞具有名詞和形容詞的性質(zhì)，并有可數(shù)和不可數(shù)之分，在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、同位語、定語、狀語等(every，no只能作定語)。下面介紹幾組主要不定代詞的用法與區(qū)別： (1)some與any 一般用法：some，any可與單、復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞連用。some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑問、否定或條件句。 特殊用法： ①any用于肯定句表示“任何”。 Any child can do that.(定語) You may take any of them.(賓語) ②some用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前表示“某一”。 Smith went to some place in England.(定語) ③在期待對方回答yes 時(shí)，some用在表示請求或邀請的問句中。 Mum，could you give me some money？(請求) Would you like some bananas？(邀請) ④some 用于否定句表示部分否定。 I don’t know some of the students.(賓語) ⑤some和any還有副詞的詞性，在句中可作狀語。some意為“大約”，相當(dāng)于about；而any則表示程度，意為“稍微，絲毫”。 There are some 300 workers on strike. Do you feel any better today? (2)one，both，all ①one作定語、表語、主語或賓語，可以指人或物，表示“一個(gè)”，其復(fù)數(shù)為ones；指人時(shí)，其所有格是one’s，反身代詞是oneself。 One should try one’s best to serve the people.(主語、定語) This is not the one I want.(表語) ②one，ones可以代替上文提到過的名詞，以免重復(fù)。one，ones前面分別可以用：this，that；these，those或the，which等詞修飾。 Here are three pens.Which one is yours，this one or that one or the one in the pencil case? These books are more interesting than those ones. ③both用作定語、賓語、主語和同位語，可以指人或指物，表示“兩者都”。 注意：both用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定時(shí)，用neither。 Both of us are not teachers.我們倆并不都是教師。 Neither of us is a teacher.我們倆都不是教師。 both不能放在the，these，those，my等之后，而應(yīng)放在它們的前面。如： Both my parents like this film. Both the boys are tall. ④all用作主語、表語、賓語、定語或同位語，指“全部的；整個(gè)的”，可與可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞連用；除少數(shù)情況外，一般不與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用；與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用時(shí)，表示“所有的，全部的”，指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物。 注意：all 用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定用none。 Not all the ants go out for food.(or：All the ants don’t go out for food.) 并不是所有的螞蟻都出去覓食。 None of the money is mine. 這錢沒有一分是我的。 (3)many和much many和much都表示“許多”，但many修飾或代替復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，much修飾或代替不可數(shù)名詞。它們在句中可作主語、賓語和定語。much有時(shí)用作狀語。 (4)few，little，a few，a little few和little表示“沒有多少”，含否定意義；而a few 和a little表示“有一些，有幾個(gè)”，含肯定意義。另外，few，a few 修飾可數(shù)名詞；little，a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞。它們在句中常用作定語、主語和賓語。 (5)no和none no＝not any，表示“沒有”，用來修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，通常作定語。none代替不可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；代替可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式。none還可以在句中作賓語。 注意：none既可以指人又可以指物；no one只能指人。 (6)each和every each(各個(gè))，指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或物，側(cè)重個(gè)體，在句中作主語、賓語、定語和同位語；every(每個(gè))，指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物，側(cè)重整體，在句中只能作定語。 Each of them has been there.(主語) The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.(賓語) We each got a ticket.(同位語) Each student in our class has a dictionary.(定語，強(qiáng)調(diào)各個(gè)個(gè)體) Every student in our class has a dictionary.(定語，強(qiáng)調(diào)班上“所有的人”) (7)either和neither either是“兩者中任何一個(gè)”的意思，可修飾或代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞；neither是“兩者中沒有一個(gè)”的意思，可以修飾或代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，它們可在句中作主語、賓語或定語。 Here are two pens.You may take either of them.(賓語) Neither boy knows French.(定語) 注意：①either用作副詞，意為“也”，用于否定句的句末。He doesn’t like tea，and I don’t either.(狀語)②either與or連用構(gòu)成連詞，意為“不是……就是……”或“要么……要么……”。He is either Japanese or Chinese.③neither用作副詞，意為“也不”，即“not...either”。He can’t do it，neither can I.④neither可與nor連用構(gòu)成連詞，意為“既不……也不……”。Neither he nor you are a student. (8)the other和another，the others 和others ①the other表示“兩者中的另一個(gè)”；“the other＋復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”及the others表示“其他的全部人或物”。others及“other＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”泛指“其他的(別的)人或物”。這些詞語在句中可作主語、賓語和定語。 He got two books；one is a textbook，and the other is a novel. Five of the pencils are red；the others (the other pens) are yellow. Some are singing；others are dancing. ②another修飾或代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，意為“(三者或三者以上的)另一個(gè)”，不能指兩者中的另一個(gè)，在句中可作賓語和定語。 This coat is too dark.Please show me another.(賓語) Please give me another book.(定語) 注意：another修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，意為“再，又”。 Please give me another ten minutes. ＝Please give me ten more minutes. 1.主格、賓格混亂 (誤)You and us should join hands to do it. (正)You and we should join hands to do it. 2.語序錯(cuò)誤 (誤)Iandmyfamily all like playing golf. (正)MyfamilyandI all like playing golf. 3.稱謂指代混亂 (誤)Everyone should take an umbrella with yourself. (正)Everyone should take an umbrella with himselforherself. 考向1　人稱、物主與反身代詞 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.When the gorillas and I frightened each other，I was just glad to find them(they) alive. (2018全國Ⅲ) 解析　此處作find 的賓語，所以用賓格them。 2.Pahlsson screamed so loudly that her daughter came running from the house.“She thought I had hurt myself(I)，” says Pahlsson.(2017浙江) 解析　句意為：她原本以為我傷到了自己。根據(jù)句意可知用I的反身代詞myself。 3.On my recent visit，I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by its(it) mother. (2016全國Ⅰ) 解析　根據(jù)空格后的名詞及前面的a lively three-month-old twin可知要用形容詞性物主代詞。 4.Now it occurred to him(he) that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.(2015廣東) 解析　It occurred to sb.that...某人突然想到……，固定句型，此句型中sb.為賓語，應(yīng)用賓格形式，故填him。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.I loved to watch cartoons，but no matter how many times I asked to watch them，my parents would not let me.They would say to that playing card games would help my brain. (2018全國Ⅱ) 解析　句意為：他們會(huì)對我說玩紙牌有助于大腦。根據(jù)行文邏輯可知，此處是對“我”說，前面提到了I，而不是we。故把us改為me。 2.I had done homework，but I was shy.(2018全國Ⅲ) 解析　句意為：我已經(jīng)完成了(我的)家庭作業(yè)。do one’s/the homework為固定搭配，意為“做家庭作業(yè)”。反身代詞不能用來修飾名詞。 3.If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.(2016全國Ⅱ) 解析　根據(jù)前面的主語we可知，此處要用our，表示“我們能夠開闊我們的視野”。 4.At first，I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by .(2016全國Ⅲ) 解析　考查反身代詞。根據(jù)句意，此處指“我自己”。 5.When he came back，I found a bunch of flowers in hand.(2016四川) 解析　由前面的When he came back可知，這束花是在“他的(his)”手里。 6.We must find ways to protect environment.If we fail to do so，we’ll live to regret it. (2015全國Ⅰ) 解析　依據(jù)前后句的語境及邏輯關(guān)系可知，your與上下文相悖，結(jié)合句意應(yīng)當(dāng)改為our/the才能使句意通順。 7.As I told you last time，I made three new friends here...but I’m afraid I’ll lose their friendship.What do you think I should do？If you were me，would you talk to ？(2015四川) 解析　根據(jù)上文可知，此處指作者交的三個(gè)新朋友，故用them。句意為：你會(huì)和他們談嗎？ 8.A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside the shop.Five minutes later，Tony saw parents.(2015全國Ⅱ) 解析　根據(jù)句意及英語表達(dá)習(xí)慣，應(yīng)當(dāng)在parents前加上與主語Tony相一致的形容詞性物主代詞his。 考向2　替代詞及不定代詞 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.Running is cheap...If you are time poor，you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports，so perhaps we should all give it/running a try.(2018全國Ⅰ) 解析　此處號(hào)召我們都應(yīng)該試試跑步。give sth.a try嘗試一下某事。此處可填running，也可用it指代。 2.However，the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months，more than 25,000 people were using it every day.(2017全國Ⅱ) 解析　use是及物動(dòng)詞，其后接賓語，此處很明顯缺少代詞。分析句意可知，此處用it指代上文提到的the railway。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.The first time I went there，they were living in a small house with dogs，ducks，and animals.(2018全國Ⅰ) 解析　句意為：我第一次去那里時(shí)，他們住在一個(gè)小房子里，院子里有狗、鴨子和其他動(dòng)物。根據(jù)句意及詞法可知，此處表示“其他的”動(dòng)物，故將another改成other。 2.Mr and Mrs Zhang 或all work in our school.(2017全國Ⅱ) 解析　Mr and Mrs Zhang是兩個(gè)人，故用both。因both在此作同位語，也可以去掉。all指的是三者或三者以上。 3.Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around .(2015浙江) 解析　由句意可知，此處代替前面的單數(shù)名詞a beautiful park，故用it。 4.I wanted to do special for him at his retirement party.(2015陜西) 解析　考查不定代詞。something一般用在肯定句中，表示“一些事”；anything一般用在疑問句和否定句中，表示“任何事”。 5.It’s been three Saturdays now and it really costs me .(2015四川) 解析　根據(jù)句意可知，此處指的是花費(fèi)很多錢，代指不可數(shù)名詞，故用much而非many。 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.It’s a tiring job.I have to work whenever there are dogs at home，and no time to enjoy myself(I). 2.Jack and Tom are good friends and they are in the same class. 3.When living overseas in a place where people speak a different language，it can be difficult to make yourself understood. 4.The cost of renting a house in central Xi’an is higher than that in any other area of the city. 5.Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him，but neither of them wants to，because they have work to do. Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.Yesterday afternoon，I paid a visit to Mr Johnson.I was eager to see him，but outside room I stopped. 2.Dad lost his job，and as Mom explained，“He was lucky to find one.” 3.Mother’s Day is ing.I’m sorry that I am abroad and can’t send flowers，so I’m writing to you. 4.It is such a great hotel that I would remend it to any friend of who is going to Beijing. 5.I knew that they would be worried about because I was so far away，and that my mother would not sleep if she knew. Ⅲ.語法填空(代詞專練) I can’t believe I made 1.it into San Francisco at last! This morning，I went to the airport by 2.myself(I) to catch my 10：00 a.m.flight.I got there early to go through security.Since I had an electronic ticket，3.which was more convenient，I then went straight to the boarding gate.When I got there，I couldn’t believe 4.my ears—it was announced that the flight was put off for two hours! I made a decision to look at the flight monitors to see 5.if/whether there was an earlier flight to San Francisco.I saw that there was 6.another flight that would leave in 40 minutes，so I ran to the boarding gate of 7.that flight.When I got there，I asked the gate agent if I could get on that flight instead.She said that I needed to stay in the gate area and wait for my name to be called if 8.they had a seat available.So，I waited，and waited，and waited.9.All the passengers were waiting impatiently. The gate agent began calling out names.Guess what？I found 10.nobody was behind me.The last name called was 11.mine.The last seat left on the plane was a middle seat and I usually prefer 12.one near a window，but I was just happy to get on board.I didn’t want my vacation to get delayed because of a late flight.