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湖 南 科 技 大 學開題報告學 生姓 名： 程志杰學 院： 機電工程學院 專業(yè)及班級： 機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化學 號： 1107010105指導(dǎo)教師： 劉厚才2015 年 04 月 14 日 湖南科技大學 2011 屆畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）開題報告題 目 30變速箱下蓋加工工藝編制及夾具設(shè)計作者姓名 程志杰 學號 1107010105 所學專業(yè) 機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化1、研究的意義，同類研究工作國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)狀、存在問題（列出主要參考文獻）1.1研究的意義：現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)已經(jīng)發(fā)生質(zhì)的飛躍，傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)模式已經(jīng)不能適應(yīng)產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代的步伐。為了縮短產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)周期，提高生產(chǎn)效率，夾具是機械生產(chǎn)中必不可少的工藝裝備。夾具是一種裝夾 工件的工藝裝備，他廣泛應(yīng)用于機械制造過程的切削加工、熱處理、裝配、焊接和檢測等工藝過程中。只有合理的使用夾具才能保證機械零件的加工精度，提高勞動生產(chǎn)率，擴大機床的使用范圍，降低生產(chǎn)成本，改善工人的勞動條件。1.2國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)狀1）機械制造工藝設(shè)計方法研究現(xiàn)狀在機械制造過程中，工藝設(shè)計是產(chǎn)品制造的準備性階段。隨著科學技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，機械工業(yè)產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代的周期大為縮短，新產(chǎn)品不斷涌現(xiàn)，市場需求不斷變化，多品種，少批量生產(chǎn)已成為現(xiàn)代機械工業(yè)的一種日益明顯的生產(chǎn)特征。面對這種新的生產(chǎn)形勢和市場競爭狀況，各生產(chǎn)企業(yè)必須努力縮短產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)準備周期、提高工藝設(shè)計的合理性，加速新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)與投放市場，以求的自身的發(fā)展和市場競爭的有利地位。機械制造工藝方法已經(jīng)從傳統(tǒng)的手工設(shè)計過渡到現(xiàn)代的計算機輔助工藝設(shè)計。2）夾具現(xiàn)狀研究協(xié)會的統(tǒng)計表明，目前中、小批多品種生產(chǎn)的工件品種已占工件種類總數(shù)的85％ 左右?，F(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)要求企業(yè)所制造的產(chǎn)品品種經(jīng)常更新?lián)Q代，以適應(yīng)市場的需求與競爭。然而，一般企業(yè)都仍習慣于大量采用傳統(tǒng)的專用夾具，一般在具有中等生產(chǎn)能力的工廠，里約擁有數(shù)千甚至近萬套專用夾具；另一方面，在多品種生產(chǎn)的企業(yè)中，每隔3~4年就要更新50~80％左右專用夾具，而夾具的實際磨損量僅為10~20％左右。特別是近年來，數(shù)控機床、加工中心、成組技術(shù)、柔性制造系統(tǒng)、（FMS）等新加工技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，對機床夾具提出了如下新的要求：（1）能迅速而方便地裝備新產(chǎn)品的投產(chǎn)，以縮短生產(chǎn)準備周期，降低生產(chǎn)成本；（2）能裝夾一組具有相似性特征的工件；（3）能適用于精密加工的高精度機床夾具；（4）能適用于各種現(xiàn)代化制造技術(shù)的新型機床夾具；（5）采用以液壓站等為動力源的高效夾緊裝置，以進一步減輕勞動強度和提高勞動生產(chǎn)率；（6）提高機床夾具的標準化程度。2、研究目標、內(nèi)容和擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題（根據(jù)任務(wù)要求進一步具體化）2.1研究目標在生產(chǎn)過程中，凡是改變生產(chǎn)對象的的形狀、尺寸、位置和性質(zhì)等，使其成為成品或半成品 的過程稱為工藝過程。結(jié)構(gòu)相似或要求相同的機器零件，均可以采用多種不同的工藝過程，但其中總有一種工藝過程在某一特定條件下是最合理的。在合理的工藝過程的指導(dǎo)下，人們才能保證機器零件的加工質(zhì)量，達到設(shè)計圖樣上規(guī)定的各項要求，提高生產(chǎn)效率，降低制造 成本，減輕勞動強度，保證生產(chǎn)安全！2.2內(nèi)容（1）分析研究零件圖a 分析加工零件的工藝特點B 分析零件的各項技術(shù)要求C 審查零件的加工工藝性（2）零件的工藝規(guī)程編制a定位基準的選擇，工藝路線的制定B 應(yīng)用計算法和查表法確定機械加工余量與工序尺寸C 切削用量的確定（3）夾具設(shè)計根據(jù)零件結(jié)構(gòu)與工藝性能提出設(shè)計方案，然后對方案進行詳細的分析，包括原理、尺寸、誤差、切削力與夾緊力的分析等等（4）繪制夾具裝配圖 （5）編寫設(shè)計說明書2.3擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題（1）制定變速箱箱體零件的工藝路線（2）定位基準的選擇，粗基準和精基準的選擇原則（3）確定夾具有關(guān)尺寸公差和技術(shù)要求，進行誤差分析（4）夾具的設(shè)計3、特色與創(chuàng)新之處本次設(shè)計的特色及創(chuàng)新之處在于對變速箱的零件分析，以及制定合理的加工路線，簡化制造過程，節(jié)省材料，選擇合適的夾具是定位更準確，提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量運用計算機 4、擬采取的研究方法、步驟、技術(shù)路線4.1研究方法通過對變速箱和夾具的的相關(guān)研究學習，進行計算分析，再與老師討論研究，通過不斷改進、不斷思考最后制定方案。4.2步驟（1）30變速箱上蓋毛坯圖；（2）30變速箱上蓋加工工藝卡；（3）2個工位的夾具設(shè)計；4.3技術(shù)路線先進行調(diào)查研究，分析變速箱下蓋零件圖，然后是毛坯的確定、零件結(jié)構(gòu)的加工工藝性、零件的裝配工藝性、零件的技術(shù)要求分析、零件的工藝規(guī)程編制、制定夾具設(shè)計方案、繪制夾具圖紙，編寫說明書。 5、擬使用的主要設(shè)計、分析軟件及儀器設(shè)備主要使用計算機運用二維CAD畫出圖紙進行分析參考文獻[1] 郭成操，李俊剛主編，機械加工工藝基礎(chǔ)，北京：冶金工業(yè)出版社.2008.[2] 王信義，計志孝主編，機械制造工藝學 北京：北京理工大學出版社.1989.[3] 王先奎,機械制造工藝學 北京：機械工藝出版社，2006[4] 孫麗媛,機械制造工藝及專用夾具設(shè)計指導(dǎo) 北京：冶金工業(yè)出版社.2002. 注：1、開題報告是本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）的一個重要組成部分。學生應(yīng)根據(jù)畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）任務(wù)書的要求和文獻調(diào)研結(jié)果，在開始撰寫論文之前寫出開題報告。2、參考文獻按下列格式（A為期刊，B為專著）A：[序號]、作者（外文姓前名后，名縮寫，不加縮寫點，3人以上作者只寫前3人，后用“等”代替。）、題名、期刊名（外文可縮寫，不加縮寫點）年份、卷號（期號）：起止頁碼。B：[序號]、作者、書名、版次、（初版不寫）、出版地、出版單位、出版時間、頁碼。3、表中各項可加附頁。 湖 南 科 技 大 學 英文文獻翻譯 學 生 姓 名： 程志杰 學 院： 機電工程 專業(yè)及班級： 機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化 學 號： 1107010105 指導(dǎo)教師： 劉厚才 2015 年 05 月 28 日 English Literature Manufacturing is an important pillar of modern national economy and comprehensive national strength, its GDP is generally 20% - 55% of GDP.. In the composition of enterprise productivity in a country, the role of manufacturing technology is generally about 60%. Experts believe that the world's economic competition, mainly manufacturing technology competition. The competitiveness of the product is reflected in the market share of the products. With the rapid development of economic technology and the changing of customer demand and market environment, the competition is becoming fiercer, so the government pays great attention to the research on advanced manufacturing technology.. 1 manufacturing science to solve the current problems Manufacturing science to solve the current problems mainly in the following aspects: (1) manufacturing system is a complex system, in order to meet the manufacturing system agile, fast response and rapid reorganization of ability must learn from the information science, life science and social science interdisciplinary research, to explore the manufacturing system architecture, manufacturing mode and manufacturing system and effective operation mechanism. The structure and the good running of the manufacturing system are the main targets for the modeling, simulation and optimization of the manufacturing system.. Manufacturing system architecture not only on manufacturing enterprise agility and responsiveness to demand and ability to restructure has important significance and of production equipment manufacturing enterprises bottom flexibility and dynamic reconfiguration ability put forward higher requirements. The concept of bio manufacturing is increasingly introduced into the manufacturing system to meet the new requirements of manufacturing system.. (2) the sharing of geometric knowledge has become a key problem for the development and manufacturing of products in modern manufacturing technology.. For example, computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD / CAM) integrationcoordinates measurements (CMM) and robotics fields in 3D space (3-Real Space), there are geometric algorithm design and analysis a large number of problems, especially the geometric representation, geometric calculation and geometric reasoning in measurement; and robot path planning and parts searching (such as Localization), C- (Configuration space configuration space Space) geometric calculation and geometric reasoning; in the object operation (holding, grasping and assembling) description and robot multifingered grasp planning, motion planning and assembly operations planning is needed in the space of spinors (Screw Space) geometric reasoning. Geometry of the manufacturing process of the phenomenon of physics and mechanics formed a manufacturing science in geometric computing and reasoning the research topic, the theory needs to be further breakthrough, the current a new subject, computer geometry is being increasingly extensive and in-depth research. (3) in the modern manufacturing process, information is not only the decisive factor in the manufacturing industry, but also the most active driving factor.. Improving the information processing capability of manufacturing system has become a key point in the development of modern manufacturing science. Because of the multi levels of information organization and structure of manufacturing system, the acquisition, integration and fusion of manufacturing information are multi-dimensional, and information organization is multi-level.. In the aspects of the structure model of manufacturing information, the consistency constraint of manufacturing information, the communication processing and the manufacturing knowledge base management of mass data, there are also to be further breakthroughs. Frontier Science 2 Modern Mechanical Engineering Cross fusion between different science will produce new scientific aggregation, economic development and social progress of science and technology has produced new requirements and expectations, thus forming cutting-edge science. Frontier science is the boundary between solutions and unresolved scientific issues.. Frontier science has obvious time domain, domain and dynamic characteristic. The important feature of the engineering frontier science is that it covers the key science and technology problems in the engineering practice.. Ultrasonic motor, ultra-high speed cutting, green design and manufacturing, etc., has done a lot of research at home and abroad, but the key is the key to mechanical science is still uncertain. Optimizing the performance of large and complex mechanical system in China in the field of design and product innovation design, intelligent structures and systems, intelligent robot and its dynamics, nano tribology, the manufacturing process of 3-D numerical simulation and physical simulation, super precision of micro processing key technology, large and super large precision instrument equipment foundation design and manufacturing, virtual manufacturing and virtual instrument, nanometer measurement and instrumentation, parallel machine tool, micro electromechanical system although has done a lot of research, but there are still many key scientific and technological problems to be solved. Information science, nano science, material science, life science, management science and manufacturing science will change the mainstream science in the 21st century, the resulting high technology and its industry will change the world of appearance. Therefore, and these areas intersect fork development of manufacturing system and information science, nano mechanical and nano manufacturing science, bionic machine and bionic manufacturing, manufacturing management science and reconfigurable manufacturing system is an important frontier science in Mechanical Engineering Science in the 21st century. Material is the milestone of human progress, the basis of manufacturing and high technology development.. Each important new material of the successful preparation and application, will promote the material civilization, and promote the national economic strength and military strength. In the 21st century, the world will by the resource consumption industrial economy to knowledge economy, materials and parts with high performance and function, intelligent characteristics of; requirements materials and parts of the design and implementation of quantitative, digital requirements for materials and parts of the preparation of fast, efficient, and realize their integration, integration. The digital design and Simulation of the material and parts are the key to realize the high efficiency and high quality preparation / manufacture of the materials and parts and the integration of the two and the integrated manufacturing.. Hand, through the computer complete virtual simulation and optimization can be reduced after the material preparation and parts manufacturing process in the link, to obtain the optimal process scheme, materials and components, the production of high quality / manufacturing; on the other hand, according to requirements of different material properties, such as elastic modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, electromagnetic properties, research materials and parts of the design form. Combined with the traditional removal of material manufacturing technology, increase the material coating technology, and so on, study a variety of material components of the composite forming process technology. Forming materials and parts of the digital manufacturing theory, techniques and methods, such as rapid prototyping by material gradually increased as the principle, breaks through the traditional to material method and the deformation of machining method of the many restrictions, processing process does not require tool or mold, can quickly produce arbitrarily complex shape and has a certain function of three-dimensional entity model or parts. 英文文獻 制造業(yè)是現(xiàn)代國民經(jīng)濟和綜合國力的重要支柱，其生產(chǎn)總值一般占一個國家國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的20%—55%。在一個國家的企業(yè)生產(chǎn)力構(gòu)成中，制造技術(shù)的作用一般占60%左右。專家認為，世界上各個國家經(jīng)濟的競爭，主要是制造技術(shù)的競爭。其競爭能力最終體現(xiàn)在所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品的市場占有率上。隨著經(jīng)濟技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展以及顧客需求和市場環(huán)境的不斷變化，這種競爭日趨激烈，因而各國政府都非常重視對先進制造技術(shù)的研究。 1?當前制造科學要解決的問題? 當前制造科學要解決的問題主要集中在以下幾方面：? （1）制造系統(tǒng)是一個復(fù)雜的大系統(tǒng)，為滿足制造系統(tǒng)敏捷性、快速響應(yīng)和快速重組的能力，必須借鑒信息科學、生命科學和社會科學等多學科的研究成果，探索制造系統(tǒng)新的體系結(jié)構(gòu)、制造模式和制造系統(tǒng)有效的運行機制。制造系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和良好的運行狀況是制造系統(tǒng)建模、仿真和優(yōu)化的主要目標。制造系統(tǒng)新的體系結(jié)構(gòu)不僅對制造企業(yè)的敏捷性和對需求的響應(yīng)能力及可重組能力有重要意義，而且對制造企業(yè)底層生產(chǎn)設(shè)備的柔性和可動態(tài)重組能力提出了更高的要求。生物制造觀越來越多地被引入制造系統(tǒng)，以滿足制造系統(tǒng)新的要求。 （2）為支持快速敏捷制造，幾何知識的共享已成為制約現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)中產(chǎn)品開發(fā)和制造的關(guān)鍵問題。例如在計算機輔助設(shè)計與制造(CAD／CAM)集成、坐標測量(CMM)和機器人學等方面，在三維現(xiàn)實空間(3-Real?Space)中，都存在大量的幾何算法設(shè)計和分析等問題，特別是其中的幾何表示、幾何計算和幾何推理問題；在測量和機器人路徑規(guī)劃及零件的尋位(如Localization)等方面，存在C-空間?(配置空間Configuration?Space)的幾何計算和幾何推理問題；在物體操作(夾持、抓取和裝配等)描述和機器人多指抓取規(guī)劃、裝配運動規(guī)劃和操作規(guī)劃方面則需要在旋量空間(Screw?Space)進行幾何推理。制造過程中物理和力學現(xiàn)象的幾何化研究形成了制造科學中幾何計算和幾何推理等多方面的研究課題，其理論有待進一步突破，當前一門新學科--計算機幾何正在受到日益廣泛和深入的研究。 （3）在現(xiàn)代制造過程中，信息不僅已成為主宰制造產(chǎn)業(yè)的決定性因素，而且還是最活躍的驅(qū)動因素。提高制造系統(tǒng)的信息處理能力已成為現(xiàn)代制造科學發(fā)展的一個重點。由于制造系統(tǒng)信息組織和結(jié)構(gòu)的多層次性，制造信息的獲取、集成與融合呈現(xiàn)出立體性、信息度量的多維性、以及信息組織的多層次性。在制造信息的結(jié)構(gòu)模型、制造信息的一致性約束、傳播處理和海量數(shù)據(jù)的制造知識庫管理等方面，都還有待進一步突破。 2?現(xiàn)代機械工程的前沿科學? 不同科學之間的交叉融合將產(chǎn)生新的科學聚集，經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和社會的進步對科學技術(shù)產(chǎn)生了新的要求和期望，從而形成前沿科學。前沿科學也就是已解決的和未解決的科學問題之間的界域。前沿科學具有明顯的時域、領(lǐng)域和動態(tài)特性。工程前沿科學區(qū)別于一般基礎(chǔ)科學的重要特征是它涵蓋了工程實際中出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵科學技術(shù)問題。? 超聲電機、超高速切削、綠色設(shè)計與制造等領(lǐng)域，國內(nèi)外已經(jīng)做了大量的研究工作，但創(chuàng)新的關(guān)鍵是機械科學問題還不明朗。大型復(fù)雜機械系統(tǒng)的性能優(yōu)化設(shè)計和產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新設(shè)計、智能結(jié)構(gòu)和系統(tǒng)、智能機器人及其動力學、納米摩擦學、制造過程的三維數(shù)值模擬和物理模擬、超精度和微細加工關(guān)鍵工藝基礎(chǔ)、大型和超大型精密儀器裝備的設(shè)計和制造基礎(chǔ)、虛擬制造和虛擬儀器、納米測量及儀器、并聯(lián)軸機床、微型機電系統(tǒng)等領(lǐng)域國內(nèi)外雖然已做了不少研究，但仍有許多關(guān)鍵科學技術(shù)問題有待解決。 信息科學、納米科學、材料科學、生命科學、管理科學和制造科學將是改變21世紀的主流科學，由此產(chǎn)生的高新技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)將改變世界的面貌。因此，與以上領(lǐng)域相交叉發(fā)展的制造系統(tǒng)和制造信息學、納米機械和納米制造科學、仿生機械和仿生制造學、制造管理科學和可重構(gòu)制造系統(tǒng)等會是21世紀機械工程科學的重要前沿科學。 材料是人類進步的里程碑，是制造業(yè)和高技術(shù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。每一種重要新材料的成功制備和應(yīng)用，都會推進物質(zhì)文明，促進國家經(jīng)濟實力和軍事實力的增強。21世紀中，世界將由資源消耗型的工業(yè)經(jīng)濟向知識經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)變，要求材料和零件具有高的性能以及功能化、智能化的特性；要求材料和零件的設(shè)計實現(xiàn)定量化、數(shù)字化；要求材料和零件的制備快速、高效并實現(xiàn)二者一體化、集成化。材料和零件的數(shù)字化設(shè)計與擬實仿真優(yōu)化是實現(xiàn)材料與零件的高效優(yōu)質(zhì)制備／制造及二者一體化、集成化制造的關(guān)鍵。一方面，通過計算機完成擬實仿真優(yōu)化后可以減少材料制備與零件制造過程中的實驗性環(huán)節(jié)，獲得最佳的工藝方案，實現(xiàn)材料與零件的高效優(yōu)質(zhì)制備／制造；另一方面，根據(jù)不同材料性能的要求，如彈性模量、熱膨脹系數(shù)、電磁性能等，研究材料和零件的設(shè)計形式。進而結(jié)合傳統(tǒng)的去除材料式制造技術(shù)、增加材料式覆層技術(shù)等，研究多種材料組分的復(fù)合成形工藝技術(shù)。形成材料與零件的數(shù)字化制造理論、技術(shù)和方法，如快速成形技術(shù)采用材料逐漸增長的原理，突破了傳統(tǒng)的去材法和變形法機械加工的許多限制，加工過程不需要工具或模具，能迅速制造出任意復(fù)雜形狀又具有一定功能的三維實體模型或零件。 湖南科技大學畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文） 湖 南 科 技 大 學 英文文獻翻譯 學 生 姓 名： 程志杰 學 院： 機電工程 專業(yè)及班級： 機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化 學 號： 1107010105 指導(dǎo)教師： 劉厚才 2015 年 05 月 28 日 English Literature Manufacturing is an important pillar of modern national economy and comprehensive national strength, its GDP is generally 20% - 55% of GDP.. In the composition of enterprise productivity in a country, the role of manufacturing technology is generally about 60%. Experts believe that the world's economic competition, mainly manufacturing technology competition. The competitiveness of the product is reflected in the market share of the products. With the rapid development of economic technology and the changing of customer demand and market environment, the competition is becoming fiercer, so the government pays great attention to the research on advanced manufacturing technology.. 1 manufacturing science to solve the current problems Manufacturing science to solve the current problems mainly in the following aspects: (1) manufacturing system is a complex system, in order to meet the manufacturing system agile, fast response and rapid reorganization of ability must learn from the information science, life science and social science interdisciplinary research, to explore the manufacturing system architecture, manufacturing mode and manufacturing system and effective operation mechanism. The structure and the good running of the manufacturing system are the main targets for the modeling, simulation and optimization of the manufacturing system.. Manufacturing system architecture not only on manufacturing enterprise agility and responsiveness to demand and ability to restructure has important significance and of production equipment manufacturing enterprises bottom flexibility and dynamic reconfiguration ability put forward higher requirements. The concept of bio manufacturing is increasingly introduced into the manufacturing system to meet the new requirements of manufacturing system.. (2) the sharing of geometric knowledge has become a key problem for the development and manufacturing of products in modern manufacturing technology.. For example, computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD / CAM) integrationcoordinates measurements (CMM) and robotics fields in 3D space (3-Real Space), there are geometric algorithm design and analysis a large number of problems, especially the geometric representation, geometric calculation and geometric reasoning in measurement; and robot path planning and parts searching (such as Localization), C- (Configuration space configuration space Space) geometric calculation and geometric reasoning; in the object operation (holding, grasping and assembling) description and robot multifingered grasp planning, motion planning and assembly operations planning is needed in the space of spinors (Screw Space) geometric reasoning. Geometry of the manufacturing process of the phenomenon of physics and mechanics formed a manufacturing science in geometric computing and reasoning the research topic, the theory needs to be further breakthrough, the current a new subject, computer geometry is being increasingly extensive and in-depth research. (3) in the modern manufacturing process, information is not only the decisive factor in the manufacturing industry, but also the most active driving factor.. Improving the information processing capability of manufacturing system has become a key point in the development of modern manufacturing science. Because of the multi levels of information organization and structure of manufacturing system, the acquisition, integration and fusion of manufacturing information are multi-dimensional, and information organization is multi-level.. In the aspects of the structure model of manufacturing information, the consistency constraint of manufacturing information, the communication processing and the manufacturing knowledge base management of mass data, there are also to be further breakthroughs. Frontier Science 2 Modern Mechanical Engineering Cross fusion between different science will produce new scientific aggregation, economic development and social progress of science and technology has produced new requirements and expectations, thus forming cutting-edge science. Frontier science is the boundary between solutions and unresolved scientific issues.. Frontier science has obvious time domain, domain and dynamic characteristic. The important feature of the engineering frontier science is that it covers the key science and technology problems in the engineering practice.. Ultrasonic motor, ultra-high speed cutting, green design and manufacturing, etc., has done a lot of research at home and abroad, but the key is the key to mechanical science is still uncertain. Optimizing the performance of large and complex mechanical system in China in the field of design and product innovation design, intelligent structures and systems, intelligent robot and its dynamics, nano tribology, the manufacturing process of 3-D numerical simulation and physical simulation, super precision of micro processing key technology, large and super large precision instrument equipment foundation design and manufacturing, virtual manufacturing and virtual instrument, nanometer measurement and instrumentation, parallel machine tool, micro electromechanical system although has done a lot of research, but there are still many key scientific and technological problems to be solved. Information science, nano science, material science, life science, management science and manufacturing science will change the mainstream science in the 21st century, the resulting high technology and its industry will change the world of appearance. Therefore, and these areas intersect fork development of manufacturing system and information science, nano mechanical and nano manufacturing science, bionic machine and bionic manufacturing, manufacturing management science and reconfigurable manufacturing system is an important frontier science in Mechanical Engineering Science in the 21st century. Material is the milestone of human progress, the basis of manufacturing and high technology development.. Each important new material of the successful preparation and application, will promote the material civilization, and promote the national economic strength and military strength. In the 21st century, the world will by the resource consumption industrial economy to knowledge economy, materials and parts with high performance and function, intelligent characteristics of; requirements materials and parts of the design and implementation of quantitative, digital requirements for materials and parts of the preparation of fast, efficient, and realize their integration, integration. The digital design and Simulation of the material and parts are the key to realize the high efficiency and high quality preparation / manufacture of the materials and parts and the integration of the two and the integrated manufacturing.. Hand, through the computer complete virtual simulation and optimization can be reduced after the material preparation and parts manufacturing process in the link, to obtain the optimal process scheme, materials and components, the production of high quality / manufacturing; on the other hand, according to requirements of different material properties, such as elastic modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, electromagnetic properties, research materials and parts of the design form. Combined with the traditional removal of material manufacturing technology, increase the material coating technology, and so on, study a variety of material components of the composite forming process technology. Forming materials and parts of the digital manufacturing theory, techniques and methods, such as rapid prototyping by material gradually increased as the principle, breaks through the traditional to material method and the deformation of machining method of the many restrictions, processing process does not require tool or mold, can quickly produce arbitrarily complex shape and has a certain function of three-dimensional entity model or parts. 英文文獻 制造業(yè)是現(xiàn)代國民經(jīng)濟和綜合國力的重要支柱，其生產(chǎn)總值一般占一個國家國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的20%—55%。在一個國家的企業(yè)生產(chǎn)力構(gòu)成中，制造技術(shù)的作用一般占60%左右。專家認為，世界上各個國家經(jīng)濟的競爭，主要是制造技術(shù)的競爭。其競爭能力最終體現(xiàn)在所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品的市場占有率上。隨著經(jīng)濟技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展以及顧客需求和市場環(huán)境的不斷變化，這種競爭日趨激烈，因而各國政府都非常重視對先進制造技術(shù)的研究。 1?當前制造科學要解決的問題? 當前制造科學要解決的問題主要集中在以下幾方面：? （1）制造系統(tǒng)是一個復(fù)雜的大系統(tǒng)，為滿足制造系統(tǒng)敏捷性、快速響應(yīng)和快速重組的能力，必須借鑒信息科學、生命科學和社會科學等多學科的研究成果，探索制造系統(tǒng)新的體系結(jié)構(gòu)、制造模式和制造系統(tǒng)有效的運行機制。制造系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和良好的運行狀況是制造系統(tǒng)建模、仿真和優(yōu)化的主要目標。制造系統(tǒng)新的體系結(jié)構(gòu)不僅對制造企業(yè)的敏捷性和對需求的響應(yīng)能力及可重組能力有重要意義，而且對制造企業(yè)底層生產(chǎn)設(shè)備的柔性和可動態(tài)重組能力提出了更高的要求。生物制造觀越來越多地被引入制造系統(tǒng)，以滿足制造系統(tǒng)新的要求。 （2）為支持快速敏捷制造，幾何知識的共享已成為制約現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)中產(chǎn)品開發(fā)和制造的關(guān)鍵問題。例如在計算機輔助設(shè)計與制造(CAD／CAM)集成、坐標測量(CMM)和機器人學等方面，在三維現(xiàn)實空間(3-Real?Space)中，都存在大量的幾何算法設(shè)計和分析等問題，特別是其中的幾何表示、幾何計算和幾何推理問題；在測量和機器人路徑規(guī)劃及零件的尋位(如Localization)等方面，存在C-空間?(配置空間Configuration?Space)的幾何計算和幾何推理問題；在物體操作(夾持、抓取和裝配等)描述和機器人多指抓取規(guī)劃、裝配運動規(guī)劃和操作規(guī)劃方面則需要在旋量空間(Screw?Space)進行幾何推理。制造過程中物理和力學現(xiàn)象的幾何化研究形成了制造科學中幾何計算和幾何推理等多方面的研究課題，其理論有待進一步突破，當前一門新學科--計算機幾何正在受到日益廣泛和深入的研究。 （3）在現(xiàn)代制造過程中，信息不僅已成為主宰制造產(chǎn)業(yè)的決定性因素，而且還是最活躍的驅(qū)動因素。提高制造系統(tǒng)的信息處理能力已成為現(xiàn)代制造科學發(fā)展的一個重點。由于制造系統(tǒng)信息組織和結(jié)構(gòu)的多層次性，制造信息的獲取、集成與融合呈現(xiàn)出立體性、信息度量的多維性、以及信息組織的多層次性。在制造信息的結(jié)構(gòu)模型、制造信息的一致性約束、傳播處理和海量數(shù)據(jù)的制造知識庫管理等方面，都還有待進一步突破。 2?現(xiàn)代機械工程的前沿科學? 不同科學之間的交叉融合將產(chǎn)生新的科學聚集，經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和社會的進步對科學技術(shù)產(chǎn)生了新的要求和期望，從而形成前沿科學。前沿科學也就是已解決的和未解決的科學問題之間的界域。前沿科學具有明顯的時域、領(lǐng)域和動態(tài)特性。工程前沿科學區(qū)別于一般基礎(chǔ)科學的重要特征是它涵蓋了工程實際中出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵科學技術(shù)問題。? 超聲電機、超高速切削、綠色設(shè)計與制造等領(lǐng)域，國內(nèi)外已經(jīng)做了大量的研究工作，但創(chuàng)新的關(guān)鍵是機械科學問題還不明朗。大型復(fù)雜機械系統(tǒng)的性能優(yōu)化設(shè)計和產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新設(shè)計、智能結(jié)構(gòu)和系統(tǒng)、智能機器人及其動力學、納米摩擦學、制造過程的三維數(shù)值模擬和物理模擬、超精度和微細加工關(guān)鍵工藝基礎(chǔ)、大型和超大型精密儀器裝備的設(shè)計和制造基礎(chǔ)、虛擬制造和虛擬儀器、納米測量及儀器、并聯(lián)軸機床、微型機電系統(tǒng)等領(lǐng)域國內(nèi)外雖然已做了不少研究，但仍有許多關(guān)鍵科學技術(shù)問題有待解決。 信息科學、納米科學、材料科學、生命科學、管理科學和制造科學將是改變21世紀的主流科學，由此產(chǎn)生的高新技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)將改變世界的面貌。因此，與以上領(lǐng)域相交叉發(fā)展的制造系統(tǒng)和制造信息學、納米機械和納米制造科學、仿生機械和仿生制造學、制造管理科學和可重構(gòu)制造系統(tǒng)等會是21世紀機械工程科學的重要前沿科學。 材料是人類進步的里程碑，是制造業(yè)和高技術(shù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。每一種重要新材料的成功制備和應(yīng)用，都會推進物質(zhì)文明，促進國家經(jīng)濟實力和軍事實力的增強。21世紀中，世界將由資源消耗型的工業(yè)經(jīng)濟向知識經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)變，要求材料和零件具有高的性能以及功能化、智能化的特性；要求材料和零件的設(shè)計實現(xiàn)定量化、數(shù)字化；要求材料和零件的制備快速、高效并實現(xiàn)二者一體化、集成化。材料和零件的數(shù)字化設(shè)計與擬實仿真優(yōu)化是實現(xiàn)材料與零件的高效優(yōu)質(zhì)制備／制造及二者一體化、集成化制造的關(guān)鍵。一方面，通過計算機完成擬實仿真優(yōu)化后可以減少材料制備與零件制造過程中的實驗性環(huán)節(jié)，獲得最佳的工藝方案，實現(xiàn)材料與零件的高效優(yōu)質(zhì)制備／制造；另一方面，根據(jù)不同材料性能的要求，如彈性模量、熱膨脹系數(shù)、電磁性能等，研究材料和零件的設(shè)計形式。進而結(jié)合傳統(tǒng)的去除材料式制造技術(shù)、增加材料式覆層技術(shù)等，研究多種材料組分的復(fù)合成形工藝技術(shù)。形成材料與零件的數(shù)字化制造理論、技術(shù)和方法，如快速成形技術(shù)采用材料逐漸增長的原理，突破了傳統(tǒng)的去材法和變形法機械加工的許多限制，加工過程不需要工具或模具，能迅速制造出任意復(fù)雜形狀又具有一定功能的三維實體模型或零件。 - 7 -