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專業(yè)英語翻譯
專業(yè)英語翻譯資料
Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the term used to describe the most modern approach to manufacturing. Although CIM encompasses many of the other advanced manufacturing technologies, it is more than a new technology or new concept. CIM is actually an entirely new approach to manufacturing a new way of doing way of doing business.
計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造（CIM）是用來描述最先進(jìn)的技術(shù)的術(shù)語，盡管CIM包括了很多其他先進(jìn)的制造技術(shù)，但它卻是一種更新的新技術(shù)或新概念。CIM實(shí)際上對經(jīng)營提出了一條全新的道路。
The term “computer-integrated manufacturing” was developed in 1974 by Joseph Harrington as the title of a book he wrote tying islands of automation together through the used of computers. It has taken many years for CIM to develop as a concept, but integrated manufacturing is not really new. In fact integration is where manufacturing actually began. Manufacturing has developed through four distinct stages: manual manufacturing, mechanization/specialization, automation and integration.
“計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造”這一術(shù)語是由Joseph Harringoton 在1974年提出的，作為他當(dāng)時(shí)寫的一本關(guān)于用計(jì)算機(jī)把自動(dòng)島連接起來的書的名稱。CIM變成一種概念用了好多年，但集成制造并不是新近提出的。實(shí)際上集成是伴隨著制造產(chǎn)生的。制造業(yè)經(jīng)歷了四個(gè)明顯的階段；手工制造，機(jī)械化/專業(yè)化，自動(dòng)化和集成化。
With the advent of the computer age, manufacturing has developed full circle. It began as a totally integrated concept and, with CIM, has once again become one. However, there are major differences in the manufacturing integration of today and that of the manual era of the past. First, the instrument of integration in the manual era was the human mind. The instrument of integration modern manufacturing is the computer. Second, processes in the modern manufacturing setting are still specialized and automated.
隨著計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)代的降臨，制造業(yè)的發(fā)展變成一個(gè)循環(huán)，它一開始就是集成的概念，最終還是這一概念。但是，今天的制造集成和手工時(shí)代的集成已有了本質(zhì)的不同。首先，手工時(shí)代的集成設(shè)備是人腦，現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)的集成設(shè)備是電腦。其次，現(xiàn)代制造設(shè)備上進(jìn)行的工藝仍是專業(yè)化和自動(dòng)化。
Another way to view the historical development of CIM is by examining the ways in which some of the individual components of CIM have developed over the years. Such components as design, planning and production used to accomplish the processes.
回顧C(jī)IM發(fā)展歷史的另一方法是檢驗(yàn)CIM中一些組成環(huán)節(jié)的發(fā)展過程。這些環(huán)節(jié)，如設(shè)計(jì)，計(jì)劃和生產(chǎn)，無論在過程本身還是在完成這些過程所使用的工具，設(shè)備方面都發(fā)生了重大改進(jìn)。
Design has evolved from a manual process using such tools as slide rules, triangles, pencils, scales, and erasers into an automated process known as computer-aided design (CAD). Process planning has evolved from a manual process known as computer-aided process planning (CAPP). Production has evolved from a manual process involving manually controlled machines into an automated process known as computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).
設(shè)計(jì)已從計(jì)算尺，三角板，鉛筆，比例尺和橡皮的手工操作中解放出來，變成了使用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)（CAD）的自動(dòng)過程，工藝規(guī)劃已叢使用計(jì)劃表的手工過程變成了計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝規(guī)劃（CAPP）。產(chǎn)生已叢使用人工操縱機(jī)床的手工過程解放出來變成了計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造（CAM）。
These individual components of manufacturing evolved over the years into separate islands of automation. However, communication among these islands was still handled manually. This limited the level of improvement in productivity that could be accomplished in the overall manufacturing process . When these islands and other automated components of manufacturing are linked together through computer networks, these limitations can be overcome. Computer-integrated manufacturing has enormous potential for improving productivity in manufacturing, but it is not without problems.
這些制造的組成環(huán)節(jié)經(jīng)過多年的發(fā)展已變成了一個(gè)個(gè)的自動(dòng)島。但是，這些島之間的通信仍是手工的。這限制了依靠整個(gè)加工系統(tǒng)才能實(shí)現(xiàn)的生產(chǎn)力水平的提高。當(dāng)這些島和制造的其他一些自動(dòng)化環(huán)節(jié)通過計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)連起來時(shí)，這個(gè)限制被克服了。計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造在發(fā)展制造生產(chǎn)力方面有巨大潛能，但它也不是沒有問題。
As with any new philosophy that requires major changes to the status quo, CIM is not without problems. The problems associated with CIM fall into three major categories;
正如任何一種要求對現(xiàn)狀作較大改變的新觀念一樣，CIM也不會(huì)是沒有問題的。CIM的主要問題有三個(gè)方面：
technical problems;
技術(shù)問題
cultural problem;
文化問題
business-related problem;
和經(jīng)營之間的問題
These types of problems have hindered the development of CIM over the years and will have to be overcome for CIM to achieve widespread implementation.
這些問題多年來阻礙了CIM的發(fā)展，CIM要想得到廣泛的推廣，就必須克服這些障礙。
If mechanical engineering is regarded as the process of design, development and manufacture, then one can identify a fast growing aspect known as computer aided engineering (CAE), this includes computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacture (CAM). It is important to note the word “aided” in all these titles, as the engineer is till the key person.
如果認(rèn)為機(jī)械工程是一個(gè)由設(shè)計(jì)，開發(fā)和制造組成的過程的話，那么很容易和能看到其中一個(gè)快速發(fā)展的方面；計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工程（CAE），它包括了計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)（CAD）和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造（CAM）。需要特別指出的是，雖然這些名稱中都有輔助一詞，但工程師仍是關(guān)鍵人物。
Other aspects of CAE important to the mechanical engineer include the testing and proving of a design, often using computer-controlled test rigs with automatic data logging and processing, i.e., reading of instrument transducers, producing analogue voltage signals which are passed through an A to D interface to produce a digital signal to be stored and processed in the computer and then graphically displayed. Process simulation is also achieved in a computer to guide design, an example being the combustion process in a petrol engine, computers are also used for control purposes, such as the engine management system in a modern motor car.
對于機(jī)械工程師來說，CAE的其他重要方面；實(shí)驗(yàn)和驗(yàn)證。這可以通過使用帶有自動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)記錄和處理裝置的計(jì)算機(jī)控制的檢驗(yàn)設(shè)備來實(shí)現(xiàn)。既采用讀入通信設(shè)備產(chǎn)生模擬電壓信號，再通過A~D轉(zhuǎn)換接口產(chǎn)生數(shù)字信號，計(jì)算機(jī)通過對這些信號的存儲和處理生動(dòng)地把結(jié)果顯示出來。計(jì)算機(jī)同時(shí)還可以對過程進(jìn)行模擬指導(dǎo)設(shè)計(jì)工作，如汽油機(jī)中的燃燒過程。計(jì)算機(jī)還可以用于控制，如現(xiàn)代化汽車中的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)。
All computing systems need databases, which are akin to filing systems. Thus a database is a collection of information stored is a computer memory which may be accessed and used in the programs being exercised. Simple examples would include section module of standard beams, the properties of a refrigerant or head loss factors for various pipe fittings.
所有的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)都需要數(shù)據(jù)庫，這跟需要文件系統(tǒng)相類似。這種數(shù)據(jù)庫收集了存在 存儲器中的信息，這種信息可以在執(zhí)行的程序中運(yùn)用。一些簡單的例子如標(biāo)準(zhǔn)梁的截面模量，制冷劑的特性或各種管子安裝時(shí)端部損失系數(shù)。
Before considering the mechanical technology aspects of CAD, it is necessary for the designer to take account of the use of CAM methods. Such systems use computer numerically controlled machines (CNC) and these may well be operated by the CAE system postprocessor which shapes the drawing date into cutter paths, etc.
在探討CAD的機(jī)械技術(shù)方面之前，設(shè)計(jì)者必須考慮CAM方法的使用。這種系統(tǒng)使用計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控機(jī)床，這些機(jī)床是由可把圖紙數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成刀具路徑的CAE后期信息處理控制的。
CNC machines are available for a variety of processes, including turning, milling, flame-cutting, grinding and bending. Inspection and measurement may also be computer controlled and parts may be handled and moved around by robot or automated guided vehicle (AGV), which is programmed to follow a metallic conductor on or in the factory floor. A combination of CNC, robots and AGV can be linked to from a flexible manufacturing system (FMS), controlled by one man from a single computer work station. The group name for these manufacturing methods is advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) and the design engineer must be aware of the constraints such methods place on his work.
多種加工工藝都有對應(yīng)的CAM機(jī)床，包括車，銑火焰切割，磨和折彎。監(jiān)控，測量也可以用計(jì)算機(jī)控制的。零件可由機(jī)器人或自動(dòng)導(dǎo)向車（AGV）來夾持和移動(dòng)，自動(dòng)導(dǎo)向車可編程控制，并沿著埋在工廠地板里或地板上的金屬導(dǎo)體移動(dòng)。把CNC，機(jī)器人和AGV連接在一塊就形成了柔性制造系統(tǒng)（FMS）。它可由使用單個(gè)的計(jì)算機(jī)工作站的一個(gè)人來控制。這些制造可統(tǒng)稱先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)（AMT），設(shè)計(jì)工程師應(yīng)盡可能地在工作中加以應(yīng)用。
All the new technology will be for naught if we are not able to create a more dedicated and motivated work force to operate, maintain, This process will require a change in the way we have produced goods over hundreds of years, For as long as man has relied on the factory concept, he has always worked to reduce the cost of human labor and the support systems that keep it going. Clearly, there will be a tremendous impact as our work force, undergoes the wrenching changes that will be required to restructure our production and product base. We have seen many smaller technological revolutions and their impact on the work force which then impacts the overall fabric of the society it supports.
如果我們不能創(chuàng)造出一支充滿奉獻(xiàn)精神和活力的勞動(dòng)大軍去操作，運(yùn)行和維修，所以新技術(shù)都沒有任何意義。這將會(huì)要求我們改變已沿用了幾百年的商品生產(chǎn)方法。自從人們從事工廠生產(chǎn)以來總是努力減少勞動(dòng)力及保持工廠運(yùn)行的支持系統(tǒng)的費(fèi)用。明顯地，當(dāng)目前的工人處于這種突然的改變之下時(shí)會(huì)有較大的沖擊，因?yàn)檫@種改變會(huì)使我們的生產(chǎn)和產(chǎn)品的基礎(chǔ)都發(fā)生重組。關(guān)于一些小的技術(shù)改革對于勞動(dòng)力及支撐的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)的沖擊我們已經(jīng)看到了。
NUMERICAL CONTROL APPLICATIONS
數(shù)控應(yīng)用
As with other expanding technologies, these is a tendency to consider numerical control as a final solution to a broad range of manufacturing problems; however, NC application in certain manufacturing situations would be highly undesirable.
與其他擴(kuò)展技術(shù)一樣，考慮利用數(shù)控作為最終解決廣泛的機(jī)械制造問題的一種方法，是一個(gè)趨勢。但是，在某些機(jī)械制造中數(shù)控應(yīng)用狀況卻很不理想。
An NC machine is most be efficiently used in an environment that takes advantage of the inherent flexibility of NC. The precise level of control attributed to a numerically controlled capability of a human operator. For these reasons, numerical control is best suited to relatively low volume runs of complex and varied components. However, NC can also be used to produce large numbers of complex components and/or small number of simple ones.
在利用數(shù)控固有的適應(yīng)的環(huán)境下，數(shù)控機(jī)床能高效運(yùn)行。由數(shù)控裝置產(chǎn)生的精確控制，能完成復(fù)雜的操作，超過了人工操作的能力。因此，數(shù)控最適合復(fù)雜且變化多的零件的相對少批量的生產(chǎn)。但是，數(shù)控也可用于復(fù)雜零件的大批量生產(chǎn)或簡單零件的小批量生產(chǎn)。
Specific application areas for numerical range from the manufacture of knitted fabrics to the fabrication of structural members for jet aircraft. In the following sections we present a brief overview of some specific applications in which NC has been utilized.
數(shù)控特定的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的范圍，從編制的結(jié)構(gòu)的制造開始，一直到噴氣式飛機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)件的制造。下面，簡單看一下數(shù)控的一些應(yīng)用。
Metal-Cutting Machine Tools
金屬切削機(jī)
Numerical control was introduced and developed in the metalworking industry, and the largest concentration of NC equipment remains in metalworking shops. NC has been successfully implemented for milling, drilling, grinding, boring, punching, turning, sawing, and routing machines. It is interesting to note that NC has made possible the development of machines with basic capabilities that far surpass their conventional counterparts. For example, sophisticated NC milling machines maintain control over five axes of motion. Such devices can literally sculpt complex undulating surfaces which would be impossible to machine manually.
數(shù)控以在金屬加工工業(yè)的到應(yīng)用和發(fā)展，數(shù)控設(shè)備大量集中在金屬加工車間。數(shù)控已經(jīng)成功運(yùn)用于銑床，鉆床，磨床，鏜床，沖床，車床，鋸床以及特型銑床上。值得注意的是，運(yùn)用了數(shù)控機(jī)床，其工作能力得到提高，超過了傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)床。例如，復(fù)雜的失控銑床包括對五個(gè)以上軸的運(yùn)動(dòng)控制，該裝置能樣地加工成型復(fù)雜波浪表面，而這對于普通機(jī)床不可能完成的。
New breed of NC machine tool, called the machining center, incorporates the functions of many machines into a single device, thereby reducing work handling. It can access multiple tools to perform such operations as milling, drilling, boring, and tapping.
一種新型的被稱做為加工中心的數(shù)控機(jī)床，其使許多機(jī)床的功能合并為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的裝置，從而減少了工作傳遞。這種機(jī)床能裝配多個(gè)刀具去完成諸如銑，鉆，鏜及攻絲等操作。
Automated Drafting
自動(dòng)繪圖
Automated drafting equipment is generally part of a larger computer-aided design (CAD) network. CAD system, making use of both large-scale and minicomputers, are proliferating in the industry. Numerical control is used to translate a blueprint, drawing, or graph, which has been converted to digital format, to pen motions on an automatic drafting machine.
自動(dòng)繪圖設(shè)備是大型計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)(CAD)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)的一部分。借助于大型和微型計(jì)算機(jī)，CAD系統(tǒng)在工業(yè)中得到廣泛推廣。數(shù)控用于把已轉(zhuǎn)化為數(shù)字格式的設(shè)計(jì)圖，圖紙或圖形變成自動(dòng)繪圖機(jī)上的筆運(yùn)動(dòng)。
Effectively, an NC drafting machine is a two-axis contouring device which controls a pen or stylus as it move over drawing paper or film. Data is supplied to the drafting machine control unit through a variety of communication media. Computer generated punched or magnetic tape is the most common mode of communication.
實(shí)際上自動(dòng)繪圖機(jī)是一種二軸等高線裝置，它控制著繪圖筆或筆尖在繪圖紙或膠片上的移動(dòng)。通過一些交流媒介，數(shù)據(jù)被傳輸?shù)嚼L圖機(jī)控制單元，計(jì)算機(jī)生成的穿孔紙帶或磁帶是最通用的通信方式。
Although the size, accuracy, and configuration of NC drafting equipment varies among manufacturers, it is not uncommon to find machines capable of producing drawings 1.5mm*2m in size with an accuracy of 0.02mm. Many sophisticated system incorporate a digitizing feature which enables a machine operator to generate computer-compatible from existing drawings.
雖然在制造廠商之間，數(shù)控繪圖設(shè)備的尺寸，精度和結(jié)果是變化的，但找到能生產(chǎn)1.5m*2m尺寸的圖紙，具有0.02 mm精確度的機(jī)器是很平常的。許多復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)包含著數(shù)字化功能，它能使機(jī)器操作者從現(xiàn)存的圖紙產(chǎn)生計(jì)算機(jī)兼容的數(shù)據(jù)。
Other Numerical Control Applications
數(shù)據(jù)的其他應(yīng)用
The following paragraphs discuss some of the less familiar (although not lea important) NC application areas. As the field of programmable automation continues to evolve, NC will be used increasingly in all phases of the manufacturing process.
下面的段落將討論一些不太熟悉（但不是不重要）的數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。隨著可編程自動(dòng)化領(lǐng)域的不斷發(fā)展，數(shù)據(jù)將在機(jī)械制造過程中得到更多方面的應(yīng)用。
NC welding equipment is used to provide uniformity and accuracy in a process that is affected by many external variables. By maintaining proper electrode to material distances, feed angles, feed rates, and position accuracy, the NC welder can maintain critical fabrication requirements. High energy welding techniques that are capable of concentrating an electron beam or laser can be precisely controlled using numerical control.
對于那些受外部變化影響的過程，數(shù)據(jù)焊機(jī)能給其提供均勻性和正確性。通過保持適當(dāng)?shù)碾姾笚l到材料的距離，送進(jìn)角度，送進(jìn)速度和位置精度，數(shù)控電焊機(jī)能保持嚴(yán)格的制造要求。高效的焊接技術(shù)應(yīng)能集中電子束或激光，或可通過數(shù)控精確控制。
The NC welding machine makes use of the same control principles as multiple-axis metal cutting machines tools. Five-axis welding machines have been used in the aerospace industry to the injection molding process and obtained an increase in production-rates and a decrease in rejects.
數(shù)控焊機(jī)使用的是和多軸金屬切削機(jī)床相同的控制原理。五軸焊機(jī)以被運(yùn)用于在航空工業(yè)中沿彎曲表面邊界的焊接。像造船類的重工業(yè)，數(shù)控用于如火焰切割，鉚接及彎管的多樣化的操作。近來也應(yīng)用數(shù)控到注塑工藝中，并且提高了生產(chǎn)率，降低了次品的產(chǎn)出率。
Flexible Machining System
柔性制造系統(tǒng)
FMS stands for flexible manufacturing system or flexible machining system. It is used to describe a wide range of flexible automation technologies stretching from simple cells to market demands. They are the third stage in the development toward more flexibility. The first stage is NC machine tools, and the second stage is flexible manufacturing cells(FMCs).
FMS是柔性制造系統(tǒng)的縮寫，用來描述從單個(gè)的制造單元到復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)在內(nèi)的一系列的柔性自動(dòng)化技術(shù)。柔性制造系統(tǒng)不是滿足市場需求的唯一方案，它是不斷發(fā)展著的柔性制造的第三階段。第一階段是數(shù)控機(jī)床，第二階段是柔性制造單元(FMCS)。
An FMS consists of a CNC machine tool, a work piece storage, devices for handling and changing work pieces and tools, and automatic control and supervision subsystems. Hence, the machine tool is capable of performing more than one operation automatically on more than two work pieces. Further devices may be integrated. Such manufacturing cells have experienced rapid growth in both number of suppliers and users. Their appearance and frequent application closed an important gap between the individual machine tool and interlinked systems.
柔性制造系統(tǒng)由計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控機(jī)床、工件存儲裝置、工件與刀具的夾持和更換裝置以及自動(dòng)控制和監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)組成。所以機(jī)床可對兩個(gè)以上的工件進(jìn)行多工藝的自動(dòng)加工。該系統(tǒng)上也可集成更多的裝置。這種制造單元無論在生產(chǎn)廠家方面還是用戶方面其數(shù)量都得到了?？斓陌l(fā)展。它們的出現(xiàn)和廣泛使用填補(bǔ)了單個(gè)機(jī)床和互聯(lián)系之間的空白。
An FMS contains several automated machine tools of the universal or special type as well as flexible manufacturing cells. Further manual or automated workstations may by included. These elements are interlinked by an automated work piece flow system in away that enables the simultaneous machining of different routes. Thus multi step and multi product manufacturing is possible in an FMS.
柔性制造系統(tǒng)是由若干個(gè)通用的或?qū)Ｓ玫淖詣?dòng)機(jī)床組成的，比如柔性制造單元。它也可能包括一些手動(dòng)的或自動(dòng)的工作站。這些組成部分之間通過自動(dòng)工件輸送系統(tǒng)連接起來，這使得不同的工藝路線可同時(shí)得到加工。所以，多階段、多產(chǎn)品式的制造是可以在FMS上進(jìn)行的。
A flexible transfer line contains several automated universal or special-purpose machine tools and further automated work stations. They are interlinked by an automated work piece flow system according to the line principle. A flexible transfer line is capable lf simultaneously or sequentially machining different work pieces that run through the system along the same path. In order to balance differences in cycle time, setup times, and short breakdowns, buffers are allocated between the stations.
柔性輸送線包括了若干個(gè)通用的或?qū)Ｓ玫臋C(jī)床以及更多的自動(dòng)工作站。它們由自動(dòng)工件輸送系統(tǒng)按線性原則連接而成。柔性輸送線可對從同一路徑通過該系統(tǒng)的不同產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行同時(shí)的或連續(xù)的加工。為了平衡各部分之間不同的加工周期、安裝時(shí)間和短期故障時(shí)間，需要在不同的站點(diǎn)之間安裝緩沖裝置。
The cornerstone of FMS is the automatic machine tool. Machine tool design has shown a significant change within the last decade. Integration of different manufacturing processes into one machine tool allows for a reduction lf lead times. Perhaps of more importance, however, is the reduction of organizational effort. Fewer manufacturing devices also means less effort to control the whole production process.
FMS的基礎(chǔ)是自動(dòng)機(jī)床。機(jī)床的設(shè)計(jì)在最近的十年里發(fā)生了重大變化。把不同的加工工藝集中在一臺機(jī)床上可減少準(zhǔn)備工時(shí)。但更重要的也許是減輕了組織生產(chǎn)的難度：用的加工設(shè)備越少，意昧著控制整個(gè)生產(chǎn)過程所付出的精力越少。
Meanwhile the idea of combined processes has been extended to machining centers. They allow for complex turning, milling, and boring operations without setup changes. Some machine has a movable round table. Automatic change of work pieces is carried out by movable pallets. The spindle can be changed from vertical to horizontal position, and therefore allows for five-sided machining. Turning and milling tools are equipped with identical adapters. Therefore only one magazine is needed to store all tools.
同時(shí)，把工藝聯(lián)合起來的想法導(dǎo)致了加工中心的產(chǎn)生。這將使一次安裝就可進(jìn)行復(fù)雜的車、銑、鏜工藝成為可能。一些機(jī)器裝備了可移動(dòng)的回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺。工作的自動(dòng)更換是靠可移動(dòng)的輸送臺完成的。主軸可從立式變?yōu)榕P式，這樣就可進(jìn)行五面體的加工。車刀和鏜刀都配備了各自的刀座，所以只要一個(gè)刀庫就能存儲所有的刀具。
The concept of bringing processes to the work piece can be expected to influence the future development of machine tools. More and more processes are integrated into a single machine, like grinding, laser treatment, or hardening.
對工件進(jìn)行（連續(xù)的）多工藝加工這一概念將會(huì)影響未來機(jī)床的發(fā)展方向。越來越多的工藝，如磨削、激光處理或淬火都可以集成在一臺機(jī)器上。
System Integration In The Manufacturing Industry
制造工業(yè)中的系統(tǒng)集成
This is precisely the case study we will follow in this section particularly emphasizing the integration of discrete islands of operations in manufacturing. In a manufacturing industry, such discrete islands of implementation fall into five classes:
這一部分我們將詳細(xì)地進(jìn)行實(shí)例研究，重點(diǎn)是制造過程中的“孤島集成”問題。在一個(gè)制造廠中這些“孤島”分為五類：
1. Computer aided design (CAD) systems typically run on specialized graphics-oriented engines. They are mot tied to the rest of the manufacturing system, though such a connection is becoming very critical.
2. 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)（CAD）系統(tǒng)，一般在具有專門圖形功能的機(jī)器上運(yùn)行。CAD系統(tǒng)不與制造系統(tǒng)連在一起，盡管這種連接越來越重要。
3. Manufacturing requirements planning (MRP) tracks orders, supplies, suppliers, and the production floor. The problem is that there are few, if any, automated links between CAD and MRP.
4. 制造需求計(jì)劃（MRP）跟蹤定貨，供貨和產(chǎn)品庫房。問題在于CAD與MRP之間即使有自動(dòng)連接的話也很少。
5. The automated shop floor ( ASF) has computer-controlled tools and robots-which cannot communicate. To overcome such limitations, General Motors requires vendors to enforce its Manufacturing Automation Protocol. An internal study demonstrated that about 40 percent of investment pays for interfaces in sprawling, incompatible environments.
6. 自動(dòng)化車間（ASF）有計(jì)算機(jī)控制的工具和機(jī)器人，但它們不能進(jìn)行通信。為克服這種限制，通用汽車公司（GM）要求制造廠商加強(qiáng)對制造自動(dòng)化協(xié)議的研究。內(nèi)部研究表明，大約40%的研究經(jīng)費(fèi)用于繁多和互不兼容環(huán)境下的接口研究。
7. Word processing at HQ, factories, sales offices. In manufacturing, an estimated 75 percent of all paper-based information is for internal consumption. In some industries, like banking and insurance, this reaches 90 percent.
8. 公司本部、工廠和銷售辦公室的文字處理。在制造行業(yè)中估計(jì)75%的文字的信息是供內(nèi)部使用的。在某些行業(yè)，如銀行和保險(xiǎn)公司，該值可達(dá)90%。
9. Integrated mainframe support. Every organization has a variety of incompatible mainframes and/or operating systems.
10. 集成化的主機(jī)支持。每一部門都有各種不兼容的主機(jī)和操作系統(tǒng)。
The proper system architecture will look at these live areas not as discrete islands but ad parts of a global integrated system. Neither should be considered as a technology that stands alone. Both between areas and within each area we must integrate hardware and software within the network with databases and applications. This will permit extending current applications and embedding future applications, and also controlling costs by eliminating redundant actions and extensive interfacing.
設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)良的系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)都應(yīng)把這五個(gè)方面作為一個(gè)全局性整體系統(tǒng)而不是作為一個(gè)個(gè)孤島來考慮，也不能僅僅作為孤立的技術(shù)來考慮。我們必須在上述五個(gè)方面之間及內(nèi)部將網(wǎng)絡(luò)的硬件和軟件與數(shù)據(jù)庫和應(yīng)用程序集成在一起。這樣既可以擴(kuò)充現(xiàn)有的應(yīng)用程序，也可以在以后加入新的應(yīng)用程序，同時(shí)也可通過省去重復(fù)性的工作和龐大的接口程序而控制價(jià)格。
The system integration effort undertaken at General Motors by EDS runs along these lines. The stated goal is to save money by overhauling a fragmented computers and communications system. According to published information, in 1986 there have been 95 communications networks, and 106 data centers at GM. The aim of system integration is to assure one digital communications network and 18 data centers.
在通用汽車公司，由EDS領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的系統(tǒng)集成化工作正沿著這些方向在進(jìn)行。所宣布的目標(biāo)是通過對分散的計(jì)算機(jī)和通信系統(tǒng)的徹底改造，節(jié)省經(jīng)費(fèi)。根據(jù)公布的信息，1986年在GM已建成95個(gè)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)和106個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)中心，系統(tǒng)集成化的目標(biāo)是實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)數(shù)字通信網(wǎng)和18個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)中心。
System integration and rationalization is not simply a technological matter, as the CIM theorists suggest. To integrate dispeace and incompatible systems we must change traditional procedure, not just throw in more money an