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論 建 筑
由于多種原因，要論述大體上以建筑設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為根據(jù)的基本原則在近年來(lái)日益困難。其原由主要是目前人們對(duì)新技術(shù)條件下建筑風(fēng)格的發(fā)展有不同的觀點(diǎn)；設(shè)計(jì)人員面對(duì)有一大串可以用來(lái)解決結(jié)構(gòu)問(wèn)題的方法，還有大量可供選擇的建筑材料。結(jié)果常常是建筑群雜亂無(wú)章，設(shè)計(jì)詳圖粗糙。在過(guò)去，選擇性非常有限，人們通過(guò)長(zhǎng)期努力提高建筑學(xué)學(xué)識(shí)水平和精確性來(lái)避免設(shè)計(jì)粗糙。在18世紀(jì)，這個(gè)國(guó)家喬治王朝時(shí)期的居住工程清楚地表明了這些特性。在還保存有這些工程的地方，兩百年后的今天這些工程仍然有很強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)性和實(shí)用性。無(wú)疑，喬治王朝式的鱗次節(jié)比的房屋在很大程度上符合阿歷克斯。戈登所說(shuō)的建筑設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該達(dá)到的四個(gè)目標(biāo)。這些目標(biāo)：
1. 改善氣候； 3、增加財(cái)富
2. 帶來(lái)樂(lè)趣 4、利于活動(dòng)
當(dāng)然，他還可以加一條：任何設(shè)計(jì)必須與投資規(guī)模相稱。
在發(fā)生石油危機(jī)的1974年，人們的反應(yīng)是千方百計(jì)節(jié)省劇烈上漲的室內(nèi)能源開支。戈登倡導(dǎo)了一項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)方案。在這設(shè)計(jì)方案中他提出了如下設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)目標(biāo)-------使壽命長(zhǎng)，能源消耗低，適應(yīng)范圍寬。其目的在與通過(guò)降低建筑無(wú)的燃料消耗和維修成本，使其更易于適應(yīng)不斷變化的用途來(lái)減少建筑物的周轉(zhuǎn)資金。今年來(lái)有跡象顯示這些原則正在得到人們的考慮，并且現(xiàn)在有些建筑在很大程度上反映了這些約束條件。運(yùn)用有限選擇建筑材料的指導(dǎo)原則對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)大有好處。雖然在過(guò)去的3年中仿喬治王朝式住房令人驚異地有了小小的復(fù)興，但是這種解決辦法提不出任何真正的答案，而且在當(dāng)今這種微不足道的規(guī)模也不具有任何真實(shí)的意義。然而20世紀(jì)20年代威爾文花園城最后應(yīng)用新喬治王朝式建筑風(fēng)格卻有很大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，在建筑比例，建筑形式，建筑色彩和細(xì)部的理解上顯示出很高的學(xué)識(shí)水平。
曾有一種流行辦法顯示出這種簡(jiǎn)潔設(shè)計(jì)受到人們的高度尊重。她源自講究軸線和對(duì)稱性古典裝飾風(fēng)格，放映了對(duì)諸如窗戶，前門及山墻等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)細(xì)部的理解?；蝻@得單調(diào)甚至不盡妥當(dāng)，但絕非粗俗不堪。設(shè)計(jì)人員在這個(gè)選定的風(fēng)格范圍內(nèi)，根據(jù)方便設(shè)計(jì)的矩陣布局畫出簡(jiǎn)略的設(shè)計(jì)圖，也認(rèn)識(shí)到一些（簡(jiǎn)單的）制約因素，如場(chǎng)地，用途，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)細(xì)部以及當(dāng)時(shí)的規(guī)范，條例等。剖面圖和里面圖自然而然地出自總圖，由那些在細(xì)部基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)方面技藝嫻熟的能工巧匠準(zhǔn)確地完成。設(shè)計(jì)，量度，設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書，合同以及建造過(guò)程幾乎都能得到理解和實(shí)施。這一切當(dāng)然不能持久，雖然一些近代大師柯布西埃，賴特，以及還有一兩位不那么知名的人的作品還留有對(duì)這些早期設(shè)計(jì)方法的信心的痕跡。
由于其他許多權(quán)威人士已對(duì)過(guò)去50年來(lái)的設(shè)計(jì)和建筑進(jìn)行了諸多論述，因此對(duì)最近20年的建筑設(shè)計(jì)史的進(jìn)一步探討必須就此停筆總之，為受到良好教育的客戶服務(wù)的學(xué)者型的建筑師的影子已經(jīng)隨著雙方自信心的餓喪失一起消失了。現(xiàn)在他們得依靠許多其他專家的特殊技能。深受世界范圍的，特別是德國(guó)及其鄰國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)崩潰的影響，一個(gè)新的建筑世界在本世紀(jì)20至30年代發(fā)展起來(lái)。其中一個(gè)明證就是“國(guó)際風(fēng)格”。我們必須在新的要求范圍內(nèi)搞建筑，舊式設(shè)計(jì)看來(lái)已不再合適宜。官方客戶，公眾需要，日益增加的都市人口，以及成本核算都對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)生影響。在更加嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則范圍內(nèi)，輕型構(gòu)架和建筑飾面材料的技術(shù)發(fā)展
顯得日益有用。
現(xiàn)在我們的建筑有的新穎時(shí)髦，有的還屬探索性的，有呈幾何圖形的，有精雕細(xì)刻的，也有毫無(wú)特色的，以及組件裝配。形形色色的結(jié)構(gòu)絕技與有待完善的用料革新同時(shí)并存。一端是公共建筑大專院校，聲名顯赫的商業(yè)大廈（設(shè)計(jì)上全都各顯千秋），另一端是組件裝配的建筑，為社會(huì)提供諸如學(xué)校，住宅，辦公樓，廠房及工業(yè)建筑等等需要。
我們?nèi)匀济媾R有著設(shè)計(jì)和施工基本方法的這種對(duì)分局面。這一局面突出了我們這個(gè)時(shí)代社會(huì)的和技術(shù)的目標(biāo)之間的差異。在建筑領(lǐng)域我們已達(dá)到其中一個(gè)分水嶺——處在兩難矛盾之中：
簡(jiǎn)便住所 高性能住所
堅(jiān)固型實(shí)心墻體 輕便型框架結(jié)構(gòu)
保護(hù)隱秘 利于社交
低密度 高密度
車輛用道 人行通道
在這種厲害犬牙交錯(cuò)的兩難中，我們現(xiàn)在必須正確處理好設(shè)計(jì)和使用性能兩個(gè)重點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系。
一個(gè)可以接受的解決辦法似乎是對(duì)以前的最佳方案進(jìn)行辨別和分析，然后再?zèng)Q定是否支持大刀闊斧的改變。很有必要弄清楚深刻的變化對(duì)以前的方案的適應(yīng)性有多大影響，是哪些新的制約因素使其不能再次使用。持續(xù)變化的戲劇性效果并不適應(yīng)于長(zhǎng)壽命的建筑著一人工產(chǎn)品。這就意味著要認(rèn)識(shí)到人類對(duì)住處的第一要求是便于人類活動(dòng)，關(guān)鍵是要能躲避風(fēng)雨。依沙克。維爾斯的格言看來(lái)很適應(yīng)今天的要求：
“建筑藝術(shù)再重要也不如其實(shí)用性重要，對(duì)其雄偉的贊美在多也不能超過(guò)對(duì)其提供的舒適性的贊美。”
為了更加接近這條哲理，我們就需要發(fā)展新的設(shè)計(jì)方法，以便更有信心地對(duì)許多互相沖突的問(wèn)題找出現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的答案。在尋找連續(xù)性的途中沒(méi)有現(xiàn)成的方案，而目標(biāo)必須是連續(xù)的——一個(gè)滿意的設(shè)計(jì)會(huì)帶來(lái)卓有成效的，報(bào)償豐厚的合同。
On Design
For many kinds of reasons, it has become increasing difficult in recent years to make a statement about the ground rule on which ,in general ,building design criteria should be based .Its reason mainly is the present people the construction style development has the different viewpoint to the new engineering factor under; Designs the personnel facing to have a big string to be possible to use for to solve the structure question method, but also has massively may supply the choice the building material. The result is frequently the architectural complex is chaotic, the detail layout is rough. In the past, choice was extremely limited, the people through diligently raised the architecture knowledge level and the accuracy for a long time avoid designing roughly. In the 18th century, this national George dynasty time housing project clear surface understands these characteristics. In also preserved has these project place, 200 year after today these projects still had the very strong
compatibility and the usability. In large measure , the George dynasty -like scale partial node ratio house to a great extent conforms to Arab League experience Alex Gordon said the architectural design should achieve four goals.
They are :
1. To modify climate ;
2. To support patterns of activity;
3. To add to our resources
4. To provide delight
Certainly, he also may add one: Any design must relate to an overall financial commitment .
During occurred petroleum crisis in 1974, people's response was saves the fierce rise by any means possible in the room the energy expenditure. Gordon has initiated a design proposal. He set the following design instruction goal in this design proposal------- long life ,low energy ,loose fit.—with the intention the following telling directive , Its goal in and through reduces the fuel consumption and the service cost which the construction does not have, causes its change the use which changes unceasingly in the adaptation to reduce building the revolving fund. Has the sign to demonstrate this year these principles are obtaining people's consideration, and present some constructions have reflected these constraint condition to a great extent. Utilizes the limited choice building material the guiding principle to design is of great advantage. Although imitated the George dynasty type housing in the past 3 years to have the small revival amazing, but this solution could not propose any true answer, moreover does not have any real significance now in this not worthy of mentioning scale. However the 20th century 20's Will article garden city finally applies the new George dynasty type construction style to have the very big merit actually, in the construction proportion, the construction form, the construction color and in the detail understanding demonstrates the very high knowledge level.
There was an available stock-in-trade in the general simple plan dignity of solutions which came from the Beaux Art traditions of axis and symmetry, and in the understanding of the standard details of windows , front doors pediments, which might have been dull and even inappropriate but were never vulgar or exhibitionists . The designer , within this chosen idiom , sketched out his plan solutions on the basis of a convenient matrix of accommodation , recognizing the(simple) constraints of place , usage and the standard byelaws , codes and regulations of the time . Sections and elevations nearly automatically built up from the resultant plan, and could be very accurately worked out by draftsmen wonderfully skillful in element design in detail . The whole design , measurement , specification , contract and production , though the work of recent masters, Le Corbusier , Wright , Mies van der Rohe , and one or two others not quite so prominent , retains the vestiges of the confidence resulting from these earlier techniques.
The temptation to refer further to the more recent 20th century history of building design must be resisted because others have written with great authority
about the many sided planning and architectural activities of the last 50 years . In general , the traditional vision of the scholarly architect serving the cultured client has faded , along with the confident autonomy of both . They now rely upon the additional skills of many specialists. A new world of building developed in the 1920-30s , much influenced by the world wide collapse of the economy , particularly in Germany and its neighbours . One of its manifestations was the International Style .We had to build within a new framework of requirements , for which old style designs seemed inappropriate . Official clients , the public need , increasing urban populations and cost accounting were all influences . And within more rigid regulations , technical developments of light frameworks and structural facing concrete were becoming available.
Now our buildings are fashionable , speculative , and either of geometric and sculptured intricacy , or anonymous and componented . There is a multitude of structural gymnastics and immature material innovations . At one end of the spectrum the public buildings , and university and prestige commercial buildings(all very self-consciously designed) and at the other , the component assembled building , providing the social needs of schools , housing , offices , work and industrial buildings.
This dichotomy of basic approach to design and construction remains with us , and highlights some of the disparities of the social and technical goals of the times . We have in the world of building reached one of the great divides—straddled between contradictions:
Simple tent enclosures High indoor performance
Solid wall Light frame work
Privacy Community
Low density High density
Vehicles Human good channel
In this kind of fierce jig-saw patterned being in a dilemma, we must process good design and the operational performance two key between relations correctly now.
May accept the solution as if is carries on the discernment and the analysis to beforehand preferred plan, then decided again whether supports the resolute change. Has the necessity to clarify very much the deep transformation to have the tremendous influence to beforehand plan compatibility, is which new restriction factor does enable it to use once more. Changes continually the theatrical effect does not adapt for the long life is constructing an artificial product.
This meant must realize is advantageous for the humanity to the humanity to the dwelling first request to move, the essential feature being the quality of roofing ,Isaac Ware’s maxim fits very seemingly the requirements of today :. “ the art of building cannot be more grand than it is useful nor its dignity of greater praise than its convenience ”:
“If construction art important the usability is again
unimportant, in many cannot surpass comfortable praising to its grand praising which provides to it.”
To move more closely to this logic , we need to develop the new design method, in order to have the confidence to the question which many will conflict mutually to discover present and the future answer. Is seeking continuously does not have the ready-made plan on the way, but the goal must be a continual - - a satisfactory design producing an efficient and rewarding contract.
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