環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語第一章unit.ppt

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環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語,ProfessionalEnglishforenvironmentalengineering,遵守上課紀(jì)律，不要遲到、早退授課方式：朗讀專業(yè)單詞、翻譯、以小組形式討論[制作PPT，上臺講解(占15）的成績）]考試方式：開卷，90min考試內(nèi)容：書本上、課外降解的單詞；句子的中英文翻譯成績評定：平時(shí)成績30%；考試成績70%相互溝通,PART1INTRODUCTIONTOENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,Unit1Text:EnvironmentalEngineering環(huán)境工程,Theobjectiveofthisbookistointroduceengineeringandsciencestudentstotheinterdisciplinarystudyofenvironmentalproblems:theircauses,whytheyareofconcern,andhowwecancontrolthem本書的目的是使工科和理科學(xué)生對環(huán)境問題的跨學(xué)科的研究有所了解：環(huán)境問題的起因，環(huán)境問題受關(guān)注的原因，如何控制環(huán)境問題。Informationonthebasiscausesofenvironmentaldisturbances造成環(huán)境破壞的基本原因Basisscientificknowledgenecessarytounderstandthenatureofenvironmentalproblemsandtobeabletoquantifythem了解環(huán)境問題的性質(zhì)并且量化環(huán)境問題所必需的基本科學(xué)知識Currentstateofthetechnologyenvironmentalcontrolinitsapplicationtowater,airandpollutionproblems環(huán)境控制技術(shù)在水、大氣和固廢污染問題方面應(yīng)用的現(xiàn)狀,Considerablegapsinourcurrentscientificknowledgeofunderstandingandcontrollingmanyofthecomplexinteractionsbetweenhumanactivitiesandnature在理解和控制在人類活動(dòng)和自然界復(fù)雜的相互作用上所需的科學(xué)知識的巨大差異Manyenvironmentalproblemswhichcouldbeeliminatedorreducedbytheapplicationofcurrenttechnology,butwhicharenotdealtwithbecauseofsociety’slackofwilltodoso,orinmanyinstancesbecauseofalackofresourcestodoso.很多環(huán)境問題利用現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)是能夠得到消除或降低的，但為什么卻沒有實(shí)施，原因就在于社會不愿意去做，或者缺乏必需的資源。,Environmentisthephysicalandbiotichabitatwhichsurroundsus;thatwhichwecansee,hear,touch,smell,andtaste.環(huán)境：是指我們周圍的物理和生物生境，我們可以看到，聽到，觸到，聞到和感受到這些事物。System.accordingtoWehster’sdictionary,isdefinedas“asetorarrangementofthingssorelatedorconnectedastoformaunitororganicwhole;as,asolarsystem,irrigationsystem,supplysystem,theworldoruniverse”.系統(tǒng)：根據(jù)韋氏字典的定義，就是“一系列有聯(lián)系或有關(guān)系的事物形成的一個(gè)有機(jī)整體或一個(gè)單元”，像太陽系、灌溉系統(tǒng)、供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)、世界或宇宙。,Pollutioncanbedefinedasanundesirablechangeinthephysical,chemical,orbiologicalcharacteristicsoftheair,water,orlandthatcanharmfullyaffectthehealth,survival,oractivitiesofhumansorotherlivingorganisms.污染可以定義為空氣、水和陸地的物理、化學(xué)或生物性能受到了被迫性的改變，對人類的健康、生存和活動(dòng)或其他生命機(jī)體造成了傷害Whenthegoalofimprovingenvironmentalqualityistakentobeimprovinghumanwellbeing.theword“environment”broadenstoincludeallkindsofsocial,economic,andculturalaspects.當(dāng)改善環(huán)境質(zhì)量目標(biāo)用來改善人體健康時(shí)，環(huán)境這個(gè)詞的含義就拓寬到包括各種社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化方面。,Suchbroadnessisunworkableinmanyrealsituationsandimpracticalinatextbookdesignedforaone-semestercourse.事實(shí)上，這樣的擴(kuò)展對許多情況是不可行的，而且在教科書上設(shè)定為一個(gè)學(xué)期的課程也是不切實(shí)際的。Ourexaminationofenvironmentalproblemsisthereforelimitedbyourdefinitionof“environment”.因此，我們對環(huán)境問題的應(yīng)對受我們的“環(huán)境”定義的限定Anumberofdifferentenvironmentalproblemsareassociatedwithwater,air,orlandsystems.許多不同的環(huán)境問題跟水、大氣和土壤圈密切相關(guān),Manyoftheseproblemswillapplyonlywithinoneofthesesystems,justifyingthebreakdownintothesecategories.而許多問題只適用于其中一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，正因?yàn)榇诉@也說明了上述分類的合理性Moreover,itissensiblebecause,formanagerialandadministrativereasons,suchsubfieldsasairpollution,watersupply,wastewaterdisposal,andsolidwastedisposalareoftendealtwithseparatelybygovernmentalagencies.并且從行政管理方面看也是合理的，空氣污染、供水、廢水處理和固體廢物處置，這些單個(gè)環(huán)境問題都被政府部門分開單獨(dú)處理Unfortunately,manyimportantenvironmentalproblemsarenotconfinedtoanair,water,orlandsystem,butinvolveinteractionsbetweensystems.事實(shí)上，許多重大的環(huán)境問題并不局限于大氣、水或土壤圈中的某個(gè)單一系統(tǒng)，而是各系統(tǒng)之間相互作用。,Suchaclassificationisalsousefulforeasiercomprehensionofrelatedproblemswithinonesystem.這種分類方法有助于我們更好的理解同一系統(tǒng)的相關(guān)問題。Acurrentexampleistheacidrainproblemstemmingfromtheemissionofsulfurdioxideandnitrogenoxidegasesintotheatmospherefromthestacksofgeneratingstations,smelters,andautomobileexhausts.一個(gè)典型的例子是由于從許多發(fā)電站、冶煉廠和汽車尾氣向大氣釋放的二氧化硫和氮氧化物造成的酸雨問題。,Thesegasesarethentransportedbyaircurrentsoverwideregions,Rainfall“washesthemout”,creatingacidrainwhichisharmfultoaquaticlife,forests,andagriculturalcrops.這些氣體被氣流輸送到更廣的區(qū)域，然后經(jīng)降雨的沖刷后形成了酸雨，這對水生生物、森林和農(nóng)作物有危害。Twoexamplesofinteractionbetweensystemsthatcausemajorenvironmentaldisturbancesarepresented-thebuildupofatmosphericcarbondioxide,aglobalproblem.andtheacidrainproblem,normallyofregionalnature.對各系統(tǒng)間的相互作用造成了較大的環(huán)境破壞這里給出了兩個(gè)例子，一個(gè)是全球性問題即大氣中二氧化碳的逐漸增加，另一個(gè)是酸雨問題，通常是區(qū)域性問題。,Theproductionofmoreandbetterqualityfood越來越豐富、越來越好吃的食品Thecreationofhousingasprotectionfromextremesfromclimatesandaslivingspace創(chuàng)造了可以保護(hù)我們免受極端氣候并作為生活空間的房子Thebuildingoffastandreliablemeansoftransportation方便快捷的交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)Theinventionofvarioussystemsofcommunication各類通訊系統(tǒng)的發(fā)明Theinventionofmachinestoreplacehumanoranimalpower代替人力和動(dòng)物的機(jī)器發(fā)明Thesupplyofsafewaterandthedisposalofwastes安全引用水的供應(yīng)與廢物的處置Theeliminationofmanyinfectiousdiseases許多傳染病的消滅,Theeliminationofmostwater-bornediseasesinthedevelopedworldthroughimprovedwatertechnology在發(fā)達(dá)國家通過改進(jìn)水處理工藝消除了大多數(shù)水傳染病Theavailabilityofleisuretimethroughgreaterproductivity,providingtheopportunityforculturalandrecreationalactivities由于高效的生產(chǎn)效率，用于文化娛樂的時(shí)間增加了Theprotectionfromtheworsteffectsofnaturaldisasterssuchasfloods,droughts,earthquakes,andvolcaniceruptions.保護(hù)我們不受例如洪水、干旱、地震和火山噴發(fā)等自然災(zāi)害的惡劣影響,Withtheseimprovements,however,havecomedisturbingsideeffects,suchaslostarableland,disappearingforests,environmentalpollution,andneworganismsresistanttocontrols.盡管有所改進(jìn)，但也帶來了負(fù)面效應(yīng)，比如可耕地的消失、森林的消失、環(huán)境污染和新生物入侵等。Manyeffectsoriginallyconsideredtobejustnuisancesarenowrecognizedaspotentialthreatstonatureandtohuman.許多影響一開始被認(rèn)為只是一點(diǎn)小問題，但現(xiàn)在被認(rèn)識到對自然和人類都存在潛在的危害。,Inanagrariansociety,peoplelivedessentiallyinharmonywithnature,raisingfood,gatheringfirewood,andmakingclothingandtoolsfromtheland.在農(nóng)業(yè)社會，人們依靠精耕細(xì)作、燒柴做飯、手工裁衣、制造工具，與自然和諧相處。Thewastesfromanimalsandhumanswerereturnedtothesoilasfertilizer.Few,ifany,problemsofwater,land,orairpollutionoccurred.人和動(dòng)物產(chǎn)生的垃圾作為肥料返耕。所以水、土壤和大氣污染的情況很少發(fā)生。Thecitiesofancienttimes,particularlythoseoftheRomanEmpirehadsystemstosupplywaterandtodisposeofwastes.古代時(shí)期，特別是羅馬帝國時(shí)期，擁有完善的供水和排水系統(tǒng)。,TheaqueductssupplyingtheancientcityofRome(populationabout1million)withsafewaterfromtheCloacaMaxims,thebestknownandoneoftheearliestsewerstobebuilt,areexamplesofsuchsystems.用水管從世界上最早建造的天下聞名的CloacaMaxima向羅馬城（大約百萬人口）輸送飲用水，就是其中的一個(gè)例子。ThemunicipaltechnologyofancientcitiesseemstohavebeenforgottenformanycenturiesbythosewhobuiltcitiesthroughoutEurope.幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，整個(gè)歐洲城市的建筑者們忘記了古代城市的市政工程。Watersupplyandwastedisposalwereneglected,resultinginmanyoutbreaksofdysentery,cholera,typhoid.andotherwaterbornediseases.人們忽略了供水和排水，導(dǎo)致痢疾、霍亂、傷寒和其他水源性疾病多次爆發(fā),Untilthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,itwasnotrealizedthatimproperwastesdisposalpollutedwatersupplieswithdisease-carryingorganisms.直到19世紀(jì)中期，人們才意識到不正確的廢物處置方式污染了水源，導(dǎo)致水體攜帶病原體。Theindustrialrevolutioninnineteenth-centuryBritain,Europe,andNorthAmericaaggravatedtheenvironmentalproblemssinceitbroughtincreasedurbanizationwiththeindustrialization.19世紀(jì)英國、歐洲和北美的工業(yè)革命帶來的城市化和工業(yè)化加速了環(huán)境惡化Bothphenomena,urbanizationandindustrialization,wereandarefundamentalcausesofwaterandairpollutionwhichthecitiesofthattimewereunabletohandle.無論是現(xiàn)在還是過去，城市化和工業(yè)化這兩種現(xiàn)象是水和大氣污染的根本原因，這是那個(gè)時(shí)期的城市所無法處理的。,Rapidadvancesintechnologyforthetreatmentofwaterandthepartialtreatmentofwastewatertookplaceinthedevelopedcountriesoverthenextfewdecades.在接下來的幾十年里，水處理技術(shù)和部分廢水治理技術(shù)在發(fā)達(dá)國家得到了快速發(fā)展。Thisledtoadramaticdecreaseintheincidenceofwaterbornediseases.Notethatallwastesdischargeintotheenvironment,andthuspolluteourwater,air,andlandsystems.水傳染性疾病的發(fā)病率隨之也急劇減少。記?。号欧诺江h(huán)境的所有廢物，它們污染了我們的水、大氣和土壤。,Unit2HistoricalOverviewofHazardousSubstanceDisposalintheUSA美國的危險(xiǎn)廢棄物處理歷史概要,HazardoussubstancedisposalpracticesintheUnitedStateshavetraveledfullcircle.在美國,對有害物質(zhì)處置的實(shí)行基本上沒有進(jìn)展（繞了一整圈)Priorto1978therewerefewifanyregulationsregardingthedisposalofthesematerials.1978年以前幾乎沒有什么關(guān)于廢棄物處置方面的法規(guī)。Improperdisposalofmanyofthesechemicalsresultedinhealthproblemsformanycitizens,contaminatedwatersupplies,anddestructionofwildlife.許多化學(xué)品的不當(dāng)處置導(dǎo)致了居民的健康問題、飲用水污染和野生生物的減少,WiththeenactmentoftheResourceConversationandRecoveryAct(RCRAY1of1978,manufacturingfacilitiesnowhaveanobligationtoaccountforallwastematerialsthataregeneratedbythefacility.ImplementationofRCRAhasbeenslow.隨著1978年《資源回收保護(hù)法》（RCRA）的頒布，現(xiàn)在工廠(企業(yè)）有義務(wù)對它們產(chǎn)生的所有廢物進(jìn)行處置。但RCRA法規(guī)的實(shí)施進(jìn)展（執(zhí)行）緩慢。FromtheveryearlyindustrialperiodintheUnitedStates,whichstartedabout1920,untilseveralyearsaftertheSecondWorldWar,therewaslittleconcernforthepropermethodsofdisposalofwastematerialsthatweregeneratedasby-productsduringmanufacturingprocesses.從美國的最早期工業(yè)時(shí)代，大約是1920年，到二戰(zhàn)后的若干年，很少對加工過程中以副產(chǎn)品形式產(chǎn)生的廢物的正確處置方法給以關(guān)注,Upuntilthe1960’sitwasquitecommontofindfreshwaterriversandstreamsfouledwithwastechemicalsfrommanufacturing,saltwaterfromoilproductionwellsandwasteacidsfromsteelmillactivities.直到六十年代，（經(jīng)常會發(fā)現(xiàn)）淡水河流和溪水被工廠的廢棄化學(xué)品、油井的咸水和鋼廠操作產(chǎn)生的廢酸污染是（一個(gè)普遍的現(xiàn)象）。Virtuallyeveryconceivablewasteoil,solvent,orresinwastecouldbefoundintherivers.在河里，幾乎可以找到任何一種你想得到的廢油、溶劑和樹脂垃圾。Thelawsofthetimewereeithernon-existentornotenforced.Theliteraturehasmanyexamplesofhealthproblemsofindividualsaswellasdestructionoffishandwildlifehabitat.Manyothercasesoccurredthatwerenotreportedintheliterature.這時(shí)期，這方面的法律要么沒有，要么沒有法律效力（加強(qiáng)）。關(guān)于居民個(gè)人健康問題以及魚類和野生生物棲息地受到破壞的報(bào)道屢見報(bào)端。當(dāng)然，還有很多其他沒有報(bào)道的案例。,Otherwastematerialsweredumpedhaphazardlyinmakeshiftexcavationseitheratthefactorysideorthroughoutthecountryaide.其它廢棄物隨意傾倒在工廠旁邊或鄉(xiāng)下臨時(shí)挖的坑里。Becauseofignoranceandlackofeconomicincentivestodoso,thefactoriesmadenoattempttopreventcontaminationofundergroundwatersuppliesbythechemicalsthatweredisposedof.由于忽視以及缺少經(jīng)濟(jì)利益刺激，工廠并沒有試圖阻止被棄置的化學(xué)品污染的地下水供應(yīng)Infact,knowledgeablescientistsofthetimeacceptedlandirrigationandpercolationintotheporousundergroundformationsasmethodsofwastetreatment.事實(shí)上，那個(gè)時(shí)代的專家認(rèn)可了把土地灌溉和地下多孔介質(zhì)過濾法作為廢物處理的方法。,Althoughthesetreatmentmethodsmayhavebeenintendedfornon-hazardousmaterials,theywereemployedforhazardousmaterialsaswell.Again,therewerenogovernmentalregulationsprotectingtheundergroundaquifersfromthesepractices.盡管這些處理方法原本只計(jì)劃用于處理無害（一般）廢物，但那時(shí)也用來處理有害（危險(xiǎn)）廢物。此外，沒有任何政府部門的法規(guī)來針對這些處置方法保護(hù)地下含水層TheproblemofdisposalofhazardouschemicalsdidnotimprovewiththecreationoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)in1966.危險(xiǎn)廢棄物處置問題并沒有隨著1966年美國環(huán)保署的成立得到重視（改善）。Thefirsttaskofthenewagencywastocleanupriversandstreams.Unfortunately,nooneinpowerinthegovernmentatthetimehadinsightintotheproblemsthatweretobecreatedbythenewagency.新機(jī)構(gòu)的首要任務(wù)是清理河道和湖泊。但當(dāng)時(shí)政府里在政的人員中沒有人洞察（深刻的了解）到新的部門將會產(chǎn)生（怎樣）的問題,TheEPAwasquitesuccessfulinthoseearlydaysintheenforcementofthemanywaterpollutionlawsthatevolved.成立早期，環(huán)保署在許多逐漸形成的水污染法律（法規(guī)）的執(zhí)法（執(zhí)行）方面取得了很大成功。Asthepracticeofthedumpingofhazardousmaterialsintotheriversandstreamswaseliminated,thosesamematerialscreatedotherdisposalproblems.當(dāng)向河流和溪水排放有害物質(zhì)行為被禁止了時(shí)（當(dāng)有害物質(zhì)不再向河流和溪水排放時(shí)），這些有害物質(zhì)又引發(fā)了其它的處置問題,Manyofthechemicalssavedfromthesewerwereeitherworthlessorofsuchalowvalueastorenderrecoveryuneconomical.Insomecases,recoverywastechnicallyimpossible.從污水中回收化學(xué)物質(zhì)是不經(jīng)濟(jì)的，因?yàn)樵S多這些物質(zhì)要么沒有價(jià)值要么價(jià)值低(以至于不夠補(bǔ)償回收它們所用的資金)。在有些情況下，沒有可行的回收技術(shù)（回收在技術(shù)方面是不可行的）Asaresult,thewastechemicalsweredisposedofbyanyconvenientmethod.themakeshiftdumpssiteswereexpanded.結(jié)果，這些廢棄化學(xué)品就以任意方便的方式處理，而臨時(shí)傾倒地點(diǎn)則在擴(kuò)張著。,Becausetherewerenoregulationsregardingdisposal,personswithnotechnicalexpertiseenteredintothebusinessofwastedisposal.由于沒有任何相關(guān)法規(guī)規(guī)范處置方法，一些沒有任何專業(yè)技術(shù)的從業(yè)人員進(jìn)入到了廢棄物商業(yè)處理領(lǐng)域。Theprofitswerehighbecausetheseindividualsdidnottreatthechemicals.由于這些人并沒有真正處理這些化學(xué)垃圾，所以他們獲利頗豐。Inmostcases,thewastematerialsweretransportedtoimpoundingareaslocatedonprivatelyownedland.絕大多數(shù)時(shí)候，那些固體廢棄物僅僅被運(yùn)送并堆放到私人領(lǐng)地上的蓄水區(qū)。Thefactoriesthatgeneratedthewastefeltsecureinthebeliefthatthewastetransporterwasdisposingofthematerialsinanacceptablemanner.Inmostcases,thiswasnotacorrectassumption.制造這些垃圾的工廠就產(chǎn)生了這樣一個(gè)心安理得的想法，即以轉(zhuǎn)移方式來處置廢棄物是一個(gè)可接受的方案。事實(shí)上，這種想法是不正確的。,Theunregulateddumpsgrewbothinsizeandcomplexity.不規(guī)范的傾倒（未受管理的廢物堆）在規(guī)模和復(fù)雜性上日益增長Whenthedumpswereincloseproximitytopopulatedareasorpublicwatersupplies,aseriesofproblemsbegintodevelop.當(dāng)這些垃圾堆日益接近居民區(qū)或者水源地（公共供水點(diǎn)）時(shí)，一系列問題開始暴露出來。Citizensinthevicinityofsomeofthedumpsbegantoexperienceadversehealthproblemssuchasskinrashes,paralysis,cancer,andbirthdefects.Insomecases,theseproblemshavebeenattributedtocontaminationfromthechemicals.居住在一些垃圾堆附近的居民開始出現(xiàn)（遭受）嚴(yán)重（有害的）的健康問題，如，皮疹、癱瘓（中風(fēng)）、癌癥和出生畸形。在一些案例中，這些健康問題很明顯是由化學(xué)污染造成的。Becauseoftheseconcerns,theUnitedStatesCongressenactedanewlegislationthatdealtwiththeissuesofdisposalofhazardouswastes.ThiswastheResourceConversationandRecoveryActof1978.由于這些利害關(guān)系，美國國會制定了一項(xiàng)關(guān)于處置有害（危險(xiǎn)）廢物的新法規(guī)，這就是1978年頒布的《資源回收保護(hù)法》,ThepurposeoftheActwastoallowregulationofhazardoussubstancedisposal.這部法案（法規(guī)）的目的是規(guī)范危險(xiǎn)廢物的處置。Asaresult,industriesthatgeneratedlargequantitiesofthesewastematerialsnowhadtoensurethatthematerialsweredisposedofintheamannerthatwassafefortheenvironment.結(jié)果，法案要求制造大量危險(xiǎn)廢棄物的工廠必須確保固體垃圾得到妥善處置，并對環(huán)境無害。（現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生大量廢棄物的企業(yè)必須保證這些有害物質(zhì)采用對環(huán)境安全的方法來處置）ManyoftheimproperdumpsthatwerecreatedpriortotheRCRAlegislationwerecreatedbypersonswithlittleornofinancialresources.許多在RCRA法案頒布之前亂堆放的廢棄物是由沒有資金或資金短缺的人造成的。Asaresult,thecleanupoftheoldsideshasbeentakenoverbythegovernmentunderlegislation.Asofthistime,theresultsofthesecleanupeffortshavebeenineffective.結(jié)果，根據(jù)法規(guī)規(guī)定對這些舊場地的清除任務(wù)（清理工作）由政府接管。因此這段時(shí)期的清理工作的努力效果并不大（效率低下）,Becauseoftheabusesandproblemsofthepast,regulationshavebeenenactedthatforceAmericanindustrytoberesponsibleforhazardouswastedisposal.由于過去的亂堆亂放所造成的問題，制定的法律法規(guī)強(qiáng)制要求美國工業(yè)界對危險(xiǎn)廢棄物的處置負(fù)責(zé)。Theproblemswerebroughtaboutbyalackofeconomicincentivestotheindustrialcommunity.帶來的問題是由于工業(yè)界缺乏經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)機(jī)制造成的。Theproblemswerecompoundedbytheinexperienceandlackofinsightbyelectedgovernmentalofficialsandthegovernmentalagencieschargedwiththetaskofregulation.由于那些負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)管任務(wù)的被選舉出來政府官員和政府機(jī)構(gòu)沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)并缺乏洞察力，結(jié)果使這些問題惡化了（使這個(gè)問題變得越發(fā)嚴(yán)重）,Althoughsufficientlegislationisnowinplacetosolvetheproblemofhazardouswastedisposal,itisunlikelythatatruesolutionwillbeachievedfor20yearsorlonger.雖然現(xiàn)在有大量的專門用于解決危險(xiǎn)廢物處置的法規(guī)，但仍然不可能在未來20年或者更長的時(shí)間將這個(gè)問題給予真正解決。Onlythroughinteractionbetweenindustry,scientists,andgovernmentregulatorswilltruesolutionsbefinallyrealized.只有通過工業(yè)界、科學(xué)家和政府部門間的共同努力，才能最終得到解決。,Exercises1,Lifeexpectancypoverty-strickensmog-ladenairGlobalconditionshavesandhave-notsunderprivilegedSavannapredatorenvironmentdiscruptions農(nóng)藥化肥有機(jī)廢物微生物衰減阻滯的稀釋添加劑合成塑料再生,Exercises2,SoilerosionphotochemicalsmogthermalinversionsExacerbatethepollutionhouseholdspulpandpaperTannedproductsdeforestationdisablementdiscruptions重金屬有機(jī)溶劑國際貿(mào)易增長率一氧化碳氧化氮石棉水銀鈣懸浮顆粒物,課外英語詞匯,acidfallout酸性沉降物acidfog酸霧acidmist酸霧acidrain酸雨acidsulphatesoils酸性硫酸鹽土;熱帶沼澤林土acid(ic)deposit(ion)酸性沉積物,acid(ic)precipitation酸性降水a(chǎn)cid-affected受酸影響的;受酸危害的acid-causingsubstance致酸物質(zhì)acid-formingsubstance成酸物質(zhì)acidifyingsubstance酸化物質(zhì)acidogenicbacteria產(chǎn)酸細(xì)菌acid-producingbacteria產(chǎn)酸細(xì)菌,adverseclimatechange不利的氣候變化adverseeffect不利效應(yīng);不利影響adverseenvironmenteffect對環(huán)境不利的影響adversehealtheffect對健康不利的影響adverseimpact不利影響aircolumn氣柱aircurrent氣流environmentalmonitoring環(huán)境監(jiān)測environmentalmonitoringsatellite(EMS)環(huán)境監(jiān)測衛(wèi)星environmentalnuisance環(huán)境公害environmentaloptimumconditions環(huán)境最適條件,environmentalqualitystandard環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)environmentalpathway進(jìn)入環(huán)境途徑environmentalpolicy環(huán)境政策environmentalpollution環(huán)境污染environmentalproduct環(huán)境友好產(chǎn)品garbage廚房垃圾;食物廢物garbagecollection收垃圾;垃圾收集garbagegrinding垃圾磨碎,habitatconservation生境保護(hù)habitatdislocation生境破壞;攏亂生境habitatmanagement生境管理hazardarea危害地區(qū);危險(xiǎn)地區(qū)hazardassessment危害評價(jià)hazardclassificationsystem危險(xiǎn)性分類制度hazardconcentrationlimit危險(xiǎn)濃度極限hazardlabel危險(xiǎn)標(biāo)記,hazardmapping繪制危險(xiǎn)地區(qū)示意圖hazardofpoisoning中毒的危險(xiǎn)hazardpotential危害潛力;潛在危害能力hazardrating危害等級;危害分級hazardsubstance危險(xiǎn)物質(zhì);有害物質(zhì)hazardouscharacteristics危險(xiǎn)特性hazardouswastes危險(xiǎn)廢物hazard-resistingbuilding耐震建筑物;防險(xiǎn)建筑物,礦產(chǎn)資源Mineralresources國家保護(hù)計(jì)劃Nationalconservationprogrammes自然資源Naturalresources自然保護(hù)Natureconservation不可再生資源Non-renewableresources資源凈損耗Netresourcedepletion,謝謝！,