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廣東技術(shù)師范學(xué)院天河學(xué)院
本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯譯文
學(xué)生姓名 張奇志
院（系） 廣東技術(shù)師范學(xué)院天河學(xué)院
專業(yè)班級 機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化
指導(dǎo)教師 朱亞峰
完成日期 2013年10月23日
Machinery Design and Manufacture
Machinery Design as a key component of mechanical engineering, has a long history and a complete system. With the development of mechanical design technology and the continuous improvement of technical level, the traditional design of mechanical design technology has been unable to meet the current dynamism and innovation requirements. The traditional mechanical design technology is reviewed and the connotation of modern mechanical design technology, the application and the inner link between them, this paper expounds the mechanical design and the trend of the development of technology. Pointed out that the development of mechanical industry at the same time, the key is the development and application of modern mechanical design technology, and optimization of mechanical design technology is imperative.
Machinery Design is based on the requirement, in view of the mechanical motion way, structure principle and balance of force and energy transfer and material and size of each components and overall consideration lubrication method, etc., make a comprehensive analysis and calculation, eventually into a specific description of the corresponding work of the design process. Mechanical design as a key component of mechanical engineering, plays a very important role in mechanical properties. Machinery design work quality and the quality of the product performance such as associated directly, and with the research cycle and the relationship between technical and economic benefit is very important. Traditional mechanical design techniques are often based on the design of the experience, as a whole by using mathematics and mechanics formula and chart, etc. As real as the design basis, according to the empirical formula and design, in the form of approximation coefficients and the design method of choice, more is given priority to with static design, use more intuitive design and experience design, this way the function of the products have been unable to meet the current needs and market requirements. Current design technology is based on computer technology, based on the network, in the modern management theory, according to a new mechanical design theory and method, the real achieve optimization and implementation results, has become a kind of quantitative dynamic scientific design pattern, the entire design process automation and efficiency, the main characteristics of two aspects.
Machinery Design manufacturing and automation development direction of our country from the early 1980 s began to mechanical design and manufacturing and its automation development direction of the research and application work, some research institutions and large and medium-sized enterprises for the development and application of this technology have done a lot of work, and achieved some results. But compared with advanced countries such as Japan, there are still quite a gap. Any science is composed of basic theory, technology and engineering system perfect system. Mechanical automation in terms of technology and engineering system has great development, but the basic theory is still developing, is still very incomplete. So the future development direction has the following several aspects.
1.The mechanical and electrical integration
Mechanical and electrical integration is the development of mechanical automation and extension, the traditional only to the integration of mechanical and electrical machinery products, is the only way out of the machinery industry development.
2.Intelligent
Intelligent mechanical automation technology development in the 21st century is an important development direction. Here Intelligence is the description of machine behavior, is in the control theory, on the basis of absorption of artificial intelligence, operations research, computer science, fuzzy mathematics, psychology, physiology and new ideas, new methods, such as mixed Tun dynamics, simulation human intelligence, giving it a judgment reasoning, logical thinking, autonomous decision-making ability, to ensure our higher control goals. Admittedly, mechanical automation products have low intelligence, or one part of the intelligence, is entirely possible and necessary.
3.Modularity
Modularity is an important and arduous project. Due to mechanical automation products and manufacturers, research and development has a standard mechanical interface, electrical interfaces, power, environmental interface mechanical automation products unit is a very complicated but it is very important thing. As research integrating slows, intelligent, motor power unit, has a vision, image processing, identification and ranging, and other functions of the control unit can be done as well as a variety of typical operating mechanism. In this way, can use a standard cell rapidly develop new products, at the same time also can expand the scale of production. Obviously, from electrical products to be sure the benefits of standardization, seriation, standard mechanical automation units for production enterprise, or the production of mechanical automation, modularization will bring bright future to mechanical automation companies.
4.Network
In the 1990 s, the outstanding achievement of computer technology is network technology. The rise of the network technology and the rapid development for science and technology, industrial production, the political, military, education, and the People's Daily life are of great change. All kinds of network to the global economy, production into an organic whole, the competition between enterprises are tending to globalization. Mechanical automation once developed new products, as long as its function and original, quality is reliable, soon will sell all over the world. Due to the popularity of the network, based on the network in all kinds of remote control and monitoring technology, and remote control of the terminal equipment is mechanical automation products. Fieldbus and LAN technology to make home appliances networking has become a trend. Using the home network connect all kinds of household electrical appliances into computer integrated appliances for the center with the computer system, make people fully enjoy all kinds of high technology in the home bring convenience and happy. Therefore, mechanical automation products will no doubt in the direction of network development.
5.Miniaturization
Miniaturization emerged in the late 1980 s, refers to the mechanical automation to the trend of the development of the micro field. Called microelectronics mechanical systems abroad, or micro mechanical automation system, referring to the geometric size of no more than 1 cm3 mechanical automation products, and to the micro and nanoscale development. Micro mechanical automation products small size, less energy consumption, flexible movement, in the biological medical, military, information has incomparable advantages. The bottleneck of micro mechanical automation development lies in the micro mechanical technology, micro mechanical automation product processing in fine processing technology, the ultra precision technology, it includes two categories, lithography and etching technology.
6.Greening
Industrial developed to has brought great changes in people's life. On the one hand, material is rich, comfortable; On the other hand, resource decrease, the ecological environment suffered serious pollution. So, people call for protection of the environment resources, return to nature. Green product concept arises at the historic moment under this voice, color change is the trend of The Times. Green products in the design, manufacture, use and destruction of life in the process, in particular the requirement of environment protection and human health, the ecological environment harmless or the harm is few, the highest utilization rate of resources. Design of green machinery automation products, has broad development prospects. Mechanical automation products of greening is mainly directed is polluting the environment, scrap can be recycled after.
7.Personalization
Mechanical automation in the future pay more attention to products and the relationship between the people, the personification of the mechanical automation has two meanings: one is mechanical automation products eventually use object is a person, how to give mechanical automation of intelligence, emotion, human nature is more and more important, especially for domestic robots, the top boundary is the man-machine integration; Another layer is to imitate the biological mechanism, the development of all kinds of mechanical automation products, and, in fact many mechanical automation products are inspired by animals developed.
In today's society science and technology changes with each passing day, various new technologies appear constantly, and mechanical design along with the science and technology content of products, mechanical design of the technical level of the competition is already hots up, in the fierce market competition, to be in the invincible position, must continue to improve technology, reduce costs, improve work efficiency, also is the developing trend of mechanical design methods and direction.
With the development of science and technology, the popularity of computer network technology, mechanical design methods have substantial change, new results not abundant thoughts of mechanical design, theory and methods, to promote the development of mechanical design and change. The general mechanical designer, should constantly update the design thinking and method, the better use of modern science and technology, constantly improve the design level, promote the competitiveness of the market.
外文中文翻譯：
機(jī)械設(shè)計與制造
機(jī)械設(shè)計作為機(jī)械工程的一個關(guān)鍵組成部分，具有較悠久的歷史和完整的系統(tǒng)。隨著機(jī)械設(shè)計技術(shù)的發(fā)展和技術(shù)水平的不斷提高，過去傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械設(shè)計技術(shù)已經(jīng)無法滿足當(dāng)前設(shè)計動態(tài)化和創(chuàng)新化得要求。綜述了傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械設(shè)計技術(shù)與現(xiàn)代機(jī)械設(shè)計技術(shù)的內(nèi)涵、應(yīng)用及它們之間內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，闡述了機(jī)械設(shè)計技術(shù)未來的發(fā)展趨勢。同時指出當(dāng)前機(jī)械工業(yè)的發(fā)展，關(guān)鍵是開發(fā)、應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代機(jī)械設(shè)計技術(shù)，而優(yōu)化機(jī)械設(shè)計技術(shù)已勢在必行。
機(jī)械設(shè)計是依據(jù)使用要求，針對機(jī)械工作結(jié)構(gòu)原理及運(yùn)動方式，兼顧力和能量的傳遞和各器件的材質(zhì)及尺寸，同時統(tǒng)籌考慮潤滑方法等情況，進(jìn)行綜合分析和計算，最終轉(zhuǎn)化成為具體的描述的相應(yīng)工作設(shè)計過程。機(jī)械設(shè)計作為機(jī)械工程的一個關(guān)鍵組成部分, 在機(jī)械性能方面起著十分重要的作用。機(jī)械設(shè)計工作的質(zhì)量和機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量性能等直接相關(guān)聯(lián)，并與研究周期以及技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益有著十分重要的關(guān)系。傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械設(shè)計技術(shù)往往以經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)作為設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)，統(tǒng)籌運(yùn)用數(shù)學(xué)及力學(xué)既有公式和圖表等作為實(shí)際為設(shè)計依據(jù)，根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式以及近似系數(shù)等方式進(jìn)行設(shè)計，在設(shè)計方法選擇上，多以靜態(tài)設(shè)計為主，多采用直覺設(shè)計和經(jīng)驗(yàn)設(shè)計，這種方式已經(jīng)無法滿足當(dāng)前產(chǎn)品的功能需要以及市場要求。當(dāng)前設(shè)計技術(shù)是以計算機(jī)技術(shù)為依托，以網(wǎng)絡(luò)為基礎(chǔ)，在現(xiàn)代管理理論支撐下，根據(jù)全新的機(jī)械設(shè)計理論、和方法，真正達(dá)到和實(shí)現(xiàn)計算結(jié)果最優(yōu)化，已經(jīng)成為一種定量動態(tài)化得科學(xué)設(shè)計模式，整個設(shè)計過程具有自動化和高效化兩方面的主要特點(diǎn)。
機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化的發(fā)展方向我國從20 世紀(jì)80 年代初才開始機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化發(fā)展方向這方面的研究和應(yīng)用工作，研究機(jī)構(gòu)及一些大中型企業(yè)對這一技術(shù)的發(fā)展及應(yīng)用做了大量的工作，并取得了一定的成果。但與日本等先進(jìn)國家相比，仍有相當(dāng)差距。任何一門科學(xué)都是由基礎(chǔ)理論、技術(shù)和工程系統(tǒng)組成的完善體系。機(jī)械自動化在技術(shù)和工程系統(tǒng)方面已有很大的發(fā)展，但基礎(chǔ)理論方面尚在發(fā)展中，還很不完備。所以今后的發(fā)展方向有如下幾個方面。
4.1 機(jī)電一體化
機(jī)電一體化就是機(jī)械自動化的發(fā)展和延伸，傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械產(chǎn)品只有向機(jī)電一體化方向發(fā)展，才是機(jī)械工業(yè)發(fā)展的唯一出路。
4.2 智能化
智能化是21 世紀(jì)機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)發(fā)展的一個重要發(fā)展方向。這里所說的“智能化” 是對機(jī)器行為的描述，是在控制理論的基礎(chǔ)上，吸收人工智能、運(yùn)籌學(xué)、計算機(jī)科學(xué)、模糊數(shù)學(xué)、心理學(xué)、生理學(xué)和混飩動力學(xué)等新思想、新方法， 模擬人類智能，使它具有判斷推理、邏輯思維、自主決策等能力，以求得更高的控制目標(biāo)。誠然，使機(jī)械自動化產(chǎn)品具有低級智能或人的部分智能，則是完全可能而又必要的。
4.3 模塊化
模塊化是一項重要而又艱巨的工程。由于機(jī)械自動化產(chǎn)品種類和生產(chǎn)廠家繁多，研制和開發(fā)具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)械接口、電氣接口、動力接口、環(huán)境接口的機(jī)械自動化產(chǎn)品單元是一項十分復(fù)雜但又是非常重要的事。如研制集減速、智能減速、電動機(jī)于一體的動力單元，具有視覺、圖像處理、識別和測距等功能的控制單元以及各種能完成典型操作的機(jī)械裝置。這樣，可利用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單元迅速開發(fā)出新的產(chǎn)品，同時也可擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模。顯然，從電氣產(chǎn)品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、系列化帶來的好處可以肯定，無論是對生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)械自動化單元的企業(yè)，還是對生產(chǎn)機(jī)械自動化產(chǎn)品的企業(yè)，模塊化將給機(jī)械自動化企業(yè)帶來美好的前程。
4.4 網(wǎng)絡(luò)化
20 世紀(jì)90 年代，計算機(jī)技術(shù)的突出成就是網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的興起和飛速發(fā)展給科學(xué)技術(shù)、工業(yè)生產(chǎn)、政治、軍事、教育以及人們?nèi)粘Ｉ顜砹司薮蟮淖兏?。各種網(wǎng)絡(luò)將全球經(jīng)濟(jì)、生產(chǎn)連成一體，企業(yè)間的競爭也趨于全球化。機(jī)械自動化的新產(chǎn)品一旦研制出來，只要其功能獨(dú)到，質(zhì)量可靠，很快會暢銷全球。由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的普及，基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的各種遠(yuǎn)程控制和監(jiān)測技術(shù)方興未艾，而遠(yuǎn)程控制的終端設(shè)備本身就是機(jī)械自動化產(chǎn)品。現(xiàn)場總線和局域網(wǎng)技術(shù)使家用電器網(wǎng)絡(luò)化已成大勢。利用家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)將各種家用電器連接成以計算機(jī)為中心的計算機(jī)集成家電系統(tǒng)，使人們在家里充分享受各種高技術(shù)帶來的便利和快樂。因此，機(jī)械自動化產(chǎn)品無疑將朝著網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展。
4.5 微型化
微型化興起于20 世紀(jì)80 年代末，指的是機(jī)械自動化向微觀領(lǐng)域發(fā)展的趨勢。國外將其稱為微電子機(jī)械系統(tǒng)，或微機(jī)械自動化系統(tǒng)，泛指幾何尺寸不超過1 cm3 的機(jī)械自動化產(chǎn)品，并向微米、納米級發(fā)展。微機(jī)械自動化產(chǎn)品體積小、耗能少、運(yùn)動靈活， 在生物醫(yī)療、軍事、信息等方面具有不可比擬的優(yōu)勢。微機(jī)械自動化發(fā)展的瓶頸在于微機(jī)械技術(shù)，微機(jī)械自動化產(chǎn)品的加工采用精細(xì)加工技術(shù)，即超精密技術(shù)，它包括光刻技術(shù)和蝕刻技術(shù)兩類。
4.6 綠色化
工業(yè)的發(fā)達(dá)給人們生活帶來了巨大的變化。一方面，物質(zhì)豐富，生活舒適；另一方面，資源減少，生態(tài)環(huán)境受到嚴(yán)重污染。于是，人們呼吁保護(hù)環(huán)境資源，歸自然。綠色產(chǎn)品概念在這種呼聲下應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，色化是時代的趨勢。綠色產(chǎn)品在其設(shè)計、制造、使用和銷毀的生命過程中， 符合特定的環(huán)境保護(hù)和人類健康的要求，對生態(tài)環(huán)境無害或危害極少，資源利用率最高。設(shè)計綠色的機(jī)械自動化產(chǎn)品，具有遠(yuǎn)大的發(fā)展前途。機(jī)械自動化產(chǎn)品的綠色化主要是指使用時不污染環(huán)境，報廢后能回收利用。
4.7 人格化
未來的機(jī)械自動化更加注重產(chǎn)品與人的關(guān)系，機(jī)械自動化的人格化有兩層含義：一層是機(jī)械自動化產(chǎn)品的最終使用對象是人，如何賦予機(jī)械自動化的智能、情感、人性顯得越來越重要，別是對家用機(jī)器人，其高層境界就是人機(jī)一體化；另一層是模仿生物機(jī)理、研制各種機(jī)械自動化產(chǎn)品，實(shí)事上，許多機(jī)械自動化產(chǎn)品都是受動物的啟發(fā)研制出來的。
當(dāng)今社會科技日新月異，各種新技術(shù)不斷出現(xiàn)，機(jī)械設(shè)計產(chǎn)品的隨科技含量不斷增強(qiáng)，機(jī)械設(shè)計技術(shù)水平的競爭已經(jīng)趨于白熱化，在激烈的市場競爭中，要處于不敗之地,必須不斷改進(jìn)技術(shù)、降低成本、提高工作效率，些也是當(dāng)前機(jī)械設(shè)計方法的發(fā)展趨勢和方向。
隨著科技的發(fā)展，計算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的普及，機(jī)械設(shè)計方法已經(jīng)有了實(shí)質(zhì)性改變，新成果不豐富著機(jī)械設(shè)計的思想、論以及方法，促進(jìn)了機(jī)械設(shè)計發(fā)展和變革。廣大機(jī)械設(shè)計師，應(yīng)不斷更新設(shè)計思維和方法，更好地運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代科技，不斷提高設(shè)計水平，提升市場競爭力。