《介詞和介詞短語》PPT課件.ppt

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介詞和介詞短語 介詞和介詞短語 介詞短語的結(jié)構(gòu) 介詞短語的功能 介詞 連接詞和副詞 簡單介詞和復(fù)雜介詞 介詞的含義 重點(diǎn) 介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu) 前置修飾語 介詞 介詞補(bǔ)足語onthetablefromwhathesaidbysigningapeacetreatyintermsofmoneyHeworkeddeepintothenightlastnight 介詞短語的功能 1 作名詞短語的后置修飾語Thepeopleonthebusweresinging 2 狀語Thepeopleweresingingonthebus Intheafternoon wewenttoBoston Fromapersonalpointofview Ifindthisagoodsolutiontotheproblem Inallfairness shedidtrytophonethepolice Ontheotherhand hemadenoattempttohelpher 3 作動(dòng)詞和形容詞的補(bǔ)足成分Wewerelookingathisawfulpaintings I msorryforhisparents 說明 介詞短語有時(shí)候可以做主語A Whenarewegoingtohavethenextmeeting B OnTuesdaywillbefine InMarchsuitsme DuringthevacationiswhatwedecidedBetween6and7maybeconvenient 請(qǐng)?jiān)诖溯斎肽臉?biāo)題 Theproposalthatwemeet onTuesday Tomeet inMarch Meeting duringthevacation 作補(bǔ)語 表語 用的準(zhǔn)形容詞功能Thismachineis very outofdate Thisdressseemsoutoffashion 因此可以與形容詞短語并列或同位Theyarehappyandingoodhealth anoldandoutofdatetelephone作其他連系動(dòng)詞的補(bǔ)語Theyseemingoodhealth 請(qǐng)?jiān)诖溯斎肽臉?biāo)題 在特殊的情形中 主要在固定短語中 副詞或形容詞可以發(fā)揮介詞補(bǔ)足語的功能 atlast atleast atonce atworst beforelong byfar inbrief inthere sincewhen untilnow 介詞短語本身可以作介詞的補(bǔ)足語 所以兩個(gè)介詞可以連續(xù)出現(xiàn)Hepickedupthegunfromunderthetable Wedidn tmeetuntilaftertheshow Theweatherhasbeenfineexceptinthenorth Foodhasbeenscarcesincebeforethewar 介詞作動(dòng)詞和形容詞的補(bǔ)足語時(shí) 它和前面的詞 如look sorry 的關(guān)系比它和后面的補(bǔ)足語關(guān)系更密切 介詞的選擇是由它前面的詞決定的 介詞 從屬連詞和副詞 1 介詞和連詞都具有關(guān)聯(lián)或連接功能 比較 thedaywhenshearrivedofherarrival注 辨別兩種詞類的一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是 介詞引導(dǎo)的是名詞性或名詞化補(bǔ)足語 而與之相對(duì)的從屬連詞引導(dǎo)一個(gè)從屬分句 從句 在某些情況下 同一詞項(xiàng)既可以作介詞又可以作連詞 如after as before since until 請(qǐng)?jiān)诖溯斎肽臉?biāo)題 如果是非謂語動(dòng)詞 情況就比較復(fù)雜 因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z中 ing分句可以用在介詞的后面 Onarrivingshetookataxi 思考下列三個(gè)詞是什么詞性 when after by 2 介詞和副詞Shelookedupthehill 1 Shewalkedacrossthestreet 2 Shelookeduptheword 3 Shewalkedacross 4 在下列句子中 介詞和副詞的區(qū)別并不明顯 Heisneartobeingmad Thisseemsnexttoimpossible Closeto200peoplecame Sheisfarfrombeingweak 簡單介詞near和復(fù)雜介詞nearto和closeto nearto和closeto與形容詞有同源關(guān)系 他們是僅有的既有比較級(jí)又可加強(qiáng)調(diào)成分的介詞 Shesatveryneartoquiteclosetomuchnearertome muchclosertonexttoclosestto Sheisaboutforty Sheis about forty Sheisaboutroughlyforty approximately3 注意介詞位置 1 Hastheroombeenpaidfor Hewasnotpaidattentionto He simpossibletoworkwith He sworthlisteningto 2 Wh 分句和關(guān)系分句 定語從句 Atwhichhousedidyouleavethecar Whichhousedidyouleavethecarat Wheredidyouleavethecar 通常情況 TheoldhouseaboutwhichIwastellingyouis which Iwastellingyouaboutempty 簡單介詞和復(fù)雜介詞 1 簡單介詞 as at but by down for from in like of off on out past per round since than through till to up with about above across after against along among around before below behind beneath beside besides between beyond despite during except inside into onto opposite outside over unlike until upon within without 請(qǐng)?jiān)诖溯斎肽臉?biāo)題 2 復(fù)雜介詞 1 兩個(gè)詞 副詞 形容詞 連詞 介詞asfor exceptfor butforapartfrom awayfrom asidefrom asfrom aheadof backof becauseof insteadof outof outsideof regardlessof accordingto asto closeto contraryto dueto near er to nextto onto owingto thanksto upto alongwith togetherwith 2 三個(gè)詞介詞1 名詞 介詞2inviewoftheelectionIntermsofmoney herbosswassmall TwomenwereinterviewedatthepolicestationinconnectionwithatheftfromanOxfordStreetstore Howmanydelegatesareinfavorofthismotion 比較 inthelightoftheelectionasaresultofin 名詞 of inchargeof incaseof in the faceof infrontof inplaceof inneedof infavorof inthelightof inrespectof inspiteof inviewof 請(qǐng)?jiān)诖溯斎肽臉?biāo)題 in 名詞 with incommonwith incomparisonwith inlinewith incontactwith by 名詞 of bymeansof bywayof on 名詞 of onaccountof onbehalfof onthegroundsof onthematterof on the topof onthepartof onthestrengthof 其他類型 asfaras attheexpenseof atthehandsof for the sakeof inexchangefor inreturnfor inadditionto inrelationto with inregardof with inrespectto withtheexceptionof 請(qǐng)?jiān)诖溯斎肽臉?biāo)題 3 有些以of結(jié)尾的復(fù)雜介詞可用屬格形式替代 forthesakeofthepeople forthepeople ssake onbehalfofJim onJim sbehalfattheexpenseofSusan atSusan sexpense 介詞的含義 重點(diǎn) 1 表示空間關(guān)系的介詞 1 空間關(guān)系的意義Mycarisatthecottage Ourcottageisontheroad Thereissomeiceonthatroad Thereisanewroofonthecottage Thereareonlytwobedsinthecottage 2 肯定位置和目的地 at to on onto in into A 地點(diǎn)介詞短語作狀語 將事件或事態(tài)與某一場所聯(lián)系起來 或作后置修飾語 將其物與某一場所聯(lián)系起來 簡單位置和目的地 向某一預(yù)定場所移動(dòng) 這兩種概念之間 可以有一種因果關(guān)系 目的地位置AnnwenttoOxford AnnwasatOxford Annclimbedontotheroof Annwasontheroof Annjumpedintothewater Annwasinthewater B into和onto常和表示移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞 walk slide swim 連用 但是注意比較 Don trunintheschool Don trunintotheschool C 另一方面 下列動(dòng)詞 place stand lay sit ?？梢院蛅o onto和into結(jié)合 也可以不結(jié)合 Sheputthetypewritercaseon to thetopshelfandthekeyin to thedrawer 再舉例子點(diǎn) atthebusstop attheNorthPole attheendofroad 線 ontheRiverThames onthecoast面 onthewall ontheceiling onmyback 面積 intheworld inthevillage inapark 容積 inabox inthebathroom inthedrawer on 面 和in 面積 作一比較 根據(jù)上下文 兩者可以有各種不同的含義 Thefrostmadepatternsonthewindow Afaceappearedinthewindow mirror Theplayerswerepracticingonthefield Cowsweregazinginthefield Shewassittingonthegrass inthegrass in用于較大的地方 inAsia inChina at和in都可以用在表示城鎮(zhèn) 村莊的名詞前 但是兩者的著眼點(diǎn)不同 HeworksinLondon butlivesinthecountry OurplanerefueledatLondononitswayfromNewYorktoMoscow 比較 She satOxford inOxford Sidworksatapublishinghouse inAnnisatschool inschool intheschool 比較 TheSmithsdrovetoEdinburgh TheydrovetowardsEdinburgh TheydroveasfarasEdinburgh Heislearningagainstthewall Therearestillapplesonthetree hangingfrom 注意 Shearrivedattheshop busstop herarrivalattheshop busstop 3 來源或否定的位置 awayfrom off outof Anndroveawayfromhome Thebookfellofftheshelf Tomgotoutofthewater 4 相對(duì)位置 above over ontopof under underneath beneath below aboveXoverXinfrontofXontopofXbehindXXbeforeXunderXafterXbelowXbeneathX 使用頻率較底 underneathX 使用頻率較底 over和under往往指恰好垂直的關(guān)系 或有空間上接近的含義 而above和below可能僅僅表示 高于 或低于 的水平上 的含義 5 空間 by beside with nearto closeto opposite Hewasstandingby besidethedoor atthesideof Hewaskilledbyaninch Ileftthekeyswithmywallet inthesameplace BesideMarytherestoodayoungman atthesideof BesidesMarytherewereseveralotherstudentsinnthehall inadditionto Sheisintelligent Besides sheisgood looking adv inadditionto Shewassittingnear to me closetoShewassittingnearerto nearestto nexttome closerto closesttoHerhouseisopposite to mine facing 6 空間 around round about around和round指圍繞的位置或物體的運(yùn)動(dòng) Weweresittingaround roundthecampfire Thespaceshipistravelingaround roundtheglobe about和around 在某一范圍里 或 在 里面的不同部位 Theguestswerestandingabout aroundtheroom Thereareveryfewtaxisabout aroundhere 相對(duì)位置還可由通常表示 通過 或 路線 的介詞表達(dá) Thetreelayacrosstheroad Theroadrunsthroughthetunnel 7 空間 between among between將某一物體的位置與特定的或單一的某組分離物體聯(lián)系起來 among將非分離的物體聯(lián)系起來 Thehousestandsbetweentwofarms Thehousestandsamongfarms 8 相對(duì)的目的地 over under behind 沒有通過的意義 Hethrewablanketoverher Thebushwastheonlyconceivablehidingplace soIdashedbehindit Whenitstartedtorain weallwentunderneaththetrees 9 通過意義 over under behind 這類介詞與移動(dòng)動(dòng)詞連用 既表示目的地等概念 又可表示通過 即向某處移動(dòng) 然后離開 的概念 Hejumpedoveraditch 渠道 Someoneranbehindthegoalposts 10 通過 across through past onthegrassacrossthegrassinthegrassthroughthegrass 11 定向路線移動(dòng) up down along across around towards Wewalkedupthehillanddowntheotherside 但在習(xí)慣用法中 up和down也用于指水平軸線 相當(dāng)于along沿著的意思 Iwalkedupanddowntheplatform Shewalkedup downthestreet along表示 從一端向另一端 fromoneendtowardstheother 或 在一條與 平行的線上 inalineparallelwith Wewalkedalongthestreet justlookingatpeople Itookmydogforawalkalongtheriver along與across在水平軸線上相對(duì)立Becarefulwhenyouwalkacrossastreet around表示定向路線有拐角或弧度Theyranaroundthecorner towards表示 朝向 方向 inthedirectionof 的 實(shí)際的 或 隱含的 兩種意義 12 方位 beyond over past up across beyond主要指方位over past up across和through即表示方位 又和線 面 容積概念相結(jié)合Thevillageispastthebusstop throughthewood up down along around在下例中用來指軸線的方位Herofficeisupthestairs downthestairs Welivejustaroundthecorner Helivesup down along acrosstheroadtheroadfromme fromme表示方位點(diǎn) 13 結(jié)果含義 from outof over past 已經(jīng)到達(dá)目的地的狀態(tài) Thehorsejumpedoverthefence Thehorseareoverthefence 這些詞可以和副詞already just atlast notyet等連用表示結(jié)果 Atlastweareoutoftheforest Whenyou repastthenextobstacle youcanrelax 14 遍及意義 over through withover和through具有遍及的意義 尤其是當(dāng)他們與all連用時(shí) Thatchildwasrunningallovertheflowerborders throughout的含義是allthrough 唯有這個(gè)介詞主要表示 遍及 Theepidemic 流行病 hasspreadthroughoutthecountry allalong allaround 也用來表示遍及Therewerecrowdsallalongtheroute Theyputflowersallaroundthecountry with在下列詞組中也表示具有遍及的意義Thegroundwascoveredwithsnow Thegardenwasbuzzingwithbees surroundedwith loadedwith pavedwith等 15 over的8種含義 位置 Alamphungoverthedoor 目的地 Theythrewablanketoverher 通過 Theyclimbedoverthewall 方位 Theyliveovertheroad 結(jié)果 Atlastwewereoverthecrestofthehill 遍及 靜態(tài) Leaveslaythickallovertheground 遍及 移動(dòng) Theysplashed 潑 wateroverme 伴隨情況 Wediscusseditoveraglassofwine 16 地點(diǎn)介詞的比喻用法或抽象用法 難點(diǎn) 重點(diǎn) inshallowwaterindeepwaterindifficultiesinatoughspotA 位置 狀態(tài)tobein outofdangertokeepoutoftroubletobein outofofficetobeoutofajobtobeindifficulties B 包含存在 之內(nèi) 抽象的包含inbooks playsin outofraceinagroup partyC into outof目的地 抽象的情況或環(huán)境Hegotintodifficulties trouble debt afight Canyougetmeoutofthismess D in on位置 成員資格 參與inthearmyontheboard committee projectE above below beneath垂直方向 抽象的水平tobeabove belowsomeoneonalistabove below beneath one sincomeSuchbehaviorisbeneath below him He sabove over suchbehaviour abovetheaverageabovesuspicionF under垂直方向 遭受 從屬 過程underdiscussionunderordersHehasahundredpeopleworkingunderhim Thebridgeisunderconstruction G up down在垂直軸線上移動(dòng) 名次或度數(shù) 等級(jí)上變動(dòng)位置climbup downthesocialladderH from to出發(fā)點(diǎn) 目的地 始發(fā)者 接受者aletterfromAtoB I beyond past over結(jié)果含義 有形的 抽象的beyondbelief endurance hope recoverypastWeareovertheworst J between among相對(duì)位置 參與者之間的抽象關(guān)系afight matchbetweenXandYWequarrelagreeamongourselves relationship contrastbetweentwothingsK through通過 堅(jiān)忍不拔 忍耐Shecamethroughtheordeal 苦難經(jīng)歷 折磨 Weputhimthroughhispaces Wearethroughtheworst 2 表示時(shí)間的介詞 1 時(shí)間位置 at on in by A at用來指時(shí)間點(diǎn) 主要指鐘點(diǎn) 習(xí)慣上有用來指假日時(shí)節(jié) 也可以表示作時(shí)間點(diǎn)考慮的時(shí)間段 atteno clock at6 30p m atnoon attheweekend atChristmas指整個(gè)圣誕節(jié) 而不是只指那一天atthe thattime atbreakfasttime atnight B on用來指當(dāng)作時(shí)間段看待的一天onMonday onthefollowingday onMaythefirst onNewYear sday c in或during表示比一天更長或更短的一段時(shí)間intheevening insummer inAugust in2008 inthemonthsthatfollowed d onMondaymorning onSaturdayafternoon onthefollowingevening inthelateafternoon intheearlymorning e 指夜晚的一段時(shí)間時(shí) 用inIwokeupseveraltimesinthenight Atnight Iusuallyhavethewindowopen duringthenight 2 將來時(shí)間的衡量 in注意和副詞ago的區(qū)分a We llmeetinthreemonths time inthreemonthsfromnow in表示從現(xiàn)在起展望到將來與上述相同的一段時(shí)間 這里in的意義 attheendofthreemonthsstartingfromnow b Wemetthreemonthsago 從現(xiàn)在起回溯到過去某一點(diǎn)之間的時(shí)間段 c 要從過去某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間向前衡量時(shí) 只有下面的結(jié)構(gòu)才是正確的 Hefinishedthejobinthreemonths inthespaceofthreemonthsfromwhenhestarted 3 持續(xù) for during over allthrough throughout A A Howdidyoucamp 野營 inScotland B Wecampedthereforthesummer allthrough fromthebeginningtotheendofthesummer forthesummer 整個(gè)一個(gè)夏天 A WhendidyoucampinScotland B Wecampedthereinthesummer atsometimeduringthesummer B Wemanagedtostayawakeduringthewholemeeting 這里如果沒有stay whole這兩個(gè)詞 during指的是持續(xù)的時(shí)間范圍以內(nèi)的一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)或時(shí)間段 而不是指持續(xù)的時(shí)間本身 Shespokeduringthemeeting DuringourstayinJapanwemetseveraloldfriends ourvisittoC Ihavedonethatforyears 內(nèi)包時(shí)間 Ihaven tdonethatforyears 時(shí)間之外的動(dòng)作 D over allthrough throughout具有持續(xù)時(shí)間的含義 和他們表示地點(diǎn)的遍及含義對(duì)應(yīng)Wecampedthereovertheholiday overtheweekend overnight Wecampedtherethroughoutthesummer 4 持續(xù) from to until upto WecampedtherefromJuneto tillSeptember A 如果沒有from 就只可以用until till upto 但是不能僅用to Wecampedthereuntil till upto through to September B to和till可以替換Youcanstayto tilltheendofSeptember Thereareafewdaysto tillSeptember C from upto都表示一段時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)和終點(diǎn) upto通常表明一段較長的時(shí)間 其中不包括介詞不足語中的那一段時(shí)間WeworkeduptoChristmas 不包括Christmas D till until只能與持續(xù)動(dòng)詞 即表示一段時(shí)間動(dòng)詞連用 by表示終點(diǎn) 只和瞬間動(dòng)詞連用 Mygirlfriendworked arrived theretillChristmas Sheworked arrivedbyChristmas E 在否定語境中 until till不論與持續(xù)動(dòng)詞還是瞬間動(dòng)詞連用都成立 Shedidn tarrivedtheretillChristmas F till until與肯定謂體連用 表示時(shí)間的終點(diǎn) 與否定的謂體連用 表示時(shí)間的起點(diǎn) Wesleptuntilmidnight Westoppedsleepingthen Wedidn tsleepuntilmidnight Westartedsleepingthen 5 before after since till until既作介詞又作連詞 他們作介詞時(shí) 全是指時(shí)間的介詞 后面接 時(shí)間名詞短語 afternextweek 無主語 ing分句 sinceleavingschool 或接從動(dòng)詞派生來的名詞短語或視為相當(dāng)于分句的其他的名詞短語 sinceelectricity for表示持續(xù)的一段時(shí)間 before和after表示兩個(gè)時(shí)間或兩個(gè)事件的關(guān)系 這兩個(gè)詞的詞義相反 Themeetingwilltakeplaceaftertheceremony Theceremonywilltakeplacebeforethemeeting 6 between and by A between and 表示在由起點(diǎn)和終點(diǎn)指明的一段時(shí)間中 但是與from to 不同 它并不表示動(dòng)詞在整個(gè)這一段時(shí)間的延續(xù)We llprobablyarrivesometimebetween5and6o clock I llphoneyoubetweenlunchanddinner B between還用來表示重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的相同事物之間的間隔betweenmeals dances acts classesC by表示一件事情出現(xiàn)結(jié)果的那一點(diǎn)時(shí)間 即表示終點(diǎn) 它在含義上和already still yet和anymore有聯(lián)系 Yourpapersaretobehandedinbynextweek notlaterthan Bythetimewe dwalkedfivemiles hewasalreadyexhausted 對(duì)比 Bythattimehewasalreadyexhausted Untilthenhewasnotexhausted D by短語不與持續(xù)動(dòng)詞連用Thetroopsremainedthereuntil by midnight 7 表示時(shí)間的短語中 介詞的省略 略 3 地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間以外的意義范圍 原因 目的系列 手段 施動(dòng)者系列 原因 目的系列原因 Shelostherjobbecauseofherage 理由 Hewasfinedfordrunkendriving 動(dòng)機(jī) Hediditoutofkindness 目的 Everyoneranforshelter 目的地 I mleavingforBeijing 目標(biāo) Thisnovelisaimedatayoungaudience 手段 施動(dòng)者系列方式 Sheperformedtheoperationwithgreatskill 手段 Theyleftbyplane 工具 Shetriedtoopenthelockwithaknife 施動(dòng)者 Theywerenoticedbynoone 刺激 I mastonishedatyourreaction 1 原因 目的系列 1 原因 理由 動(dòng)機(jī) becauseof onaccountof for through from Wehavetodriveslowlybecauseoftheheavyrain Onaccountofhiswideexperience hewasmadechairman Thesurvivorswereweakfromexposureandlackoffood Somesupportcharitiesoutofduty someoutofasenseofguilt Ihidthemoney forfearofwhatmyparentswouldsay Theplanewasdestroyedthroughthepilot scarelessness A onaccountof 表示理由或原因 是becauseof的正式語體中的替代形式 B outof和for主要限于表達(dá)動(dòng)機(jī) 心里因素 outofgratitude kindnessC for出現(xiàn)在相對(duì)來說數(shù)量較小的詞組中 forfear love joy sorrowHesetoutforLondon 2 目的 目的地 for toHe lldoanythingformoney inordertogainmoney Everyoneranforshelter inordertoreachshelter A for表示預(yù)定目的地時(shí) 與run start head leave setout等動(dòng)詞連用 B 用to短語表示假設(shè)將會(huì)到達(dá)的目的地 HewenttoLondon HeleftforLondon IsthisthetraintoLondon IsthisthetrainforLondon 3 接受者 目的 目標(biāo)for to atA 當(dāng)for的后面接表示人或動(dòng)物的名詞短語時(shí) 多半帶有 預(yù)定接受者 的意味Helaidatrapforhisenemies Shemadeabeautifuldollforherdaughter Hecookedadinnerforher 這種預(yù)定接受者常常相當(dāng)于一個(gè)間接賓語 Shemadeherdaughterabeautifuldoll Hecookedheradinner B to在句子中表示 實(shí)際接受者 Shegaveabeautifuldolltoherdaughter Igavethebooktomyfriend Igavemyfriendthebook Ilentthebooktomyfriend Ilentmyfriendthebook C 在aimat shootat kickat短語中 at表示預(yù)定目的或目標(biāo)Afteraimingcarefullyatthebird hemisseditcompletely Shesmiledatme 注意 Heshotatthebird Heshotthebird 達(dá)到目的或完成了某個(gè)行動(dòng) 其他動(dòng)詞如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)達(dá)到的目的 就必須用to Sheranatme 表示敵意 Sherantome 表示向某一目標(biāo)的移動(dòng) 類似的有 pointat to throwat to shoutat to Heshoutedatme 含有敵意 Heshoutedtome 對(duì)著我大聲說話 不是對(duì)著別人大聲說話 4 來源 籍貫 from與to反意Billlentthebooktome IborrowedthebookfromBill 2 手段 施動(dòng)者系列 1 方式 in manner like unlike with Lifeislikeadream Billwritespoetrylikehisbrother inamannerresemblingthatofhisbrother Likehisbrother Billwritespoetry 相似 Billwritespoetry likehisbrother 相似 Shespokelikealawyer inamannerresembling Shespokeasalawyer 以實(shí)際的身份和地位 Shespokeasalawyerdoes inthatmanner 2 手段和工具 by with withoutIusuallygotoworkbybus train car boat Someonehadbrokenthewindowwithastone Hecaughttheballwithhislefthand Someonehadusedastonetobreakthewindow 3 工具和施動(dòng) with byMycarhadbeendamagedbythebranchofastone withabranchofatree apicturebyMr WangTheyarerelatedthroughtheirgrandfather through表示媒介 4 刺激因素 at withIwasalarmedat byhisbehavior IwasfuriouswithJohn 5 伴隨 with 6 支持和反對(duì) for with against 7 有 of with without 8 讓步 inspiteof despite 9 附加和例外exceptfor withtheexceptionof apartfrom asidefrom but 10 否定的條件 butfor Thankyou