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機(jī)械畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)-100T液壓機(jī)泵站設(shè)計(jì)(含CAD圖紙全套),機(jī)械,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),液壓機(jī),泵站,設(shè)計(jì),cad,圖紙,全套
沈陽(yáng)化工大學(xué)科亞學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文文獻(xiàn)綜述
100T液壓機(jī)泵站設(shè)計(jì)文獻(xiàn)綜述
姓名: 班級(jí):機(jī)制1102 指導(dǎo)教師:于玲
摘要
液壓機(jī)作為一種通用的無(wú)削成型加工設(shè)備,其工作原理是利用液體的壓力傳遞能量以完成各種壓力加工的。其工作特點(diǎn)之一是動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)為“ 柔性”傳動(dòng), 不象機(jī)械加工設(shè)備一樣動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜, 這種驅(qū)動(dòng)原理避免了機(jī)器過(guò)載的情況。二是液壓機(jī)的拉伸過(guò)程中只有單一的直線驅(qū)動(dòng)力, 沒(méi)有“ 成角的”驅(qū)動(dòng)力, 這使加工系統(tǒng)有較長(zhǎng)的生命期和高的工件成品率。
按照動(dòng)作方式可將液壓機(jī)分為單動(dòng)、雙動(dòng)、三動(dòng)三種形式。在單動(dòng)方式中, 壓頭或滑板作為移動(dòng)部件單向移動(dòng)完成壓制過(guò)程。雙動(dòng)型壓力機(jī)有兩個(gè)移動(dòng)部件:滑板或沖頭和模板。其工作過(guò)程是, 沖頭或滑板自上而下拉伸沖料, 模板充作固定壓板。三動(dòng)型壓力機(jī)中, 深拉伸滑塊和壓邊滑塊自上而下移動(dòng), 由模板實(shí)現(xiàn)打料動(dòng)作。
按照機(jī)架結(jié)構(gòu)形式液壓機(jī)可分為梁柱式、組合框架型、整體框架式、單臂式等。按照功能用途液壓機(jī)可分為手動(dòng)液壓機(jī)、鍛造液壓機(jī)、沖壓液壓機(jī)、一般用途液壓機(jī)、校正、壓裝液壓機(jī)、層壓液壓機(jī)、擠壓液壓機(jī)、壓制液壓機(jī)、打包壓塊液壓機(jī)、專用液壓機(jī)十組類型。
由于液壓機(jī)的液壓系統(tǒng)和整機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)方面已經(jīng)比較成熟, 國(guó)內(nèi)外液壓機(jī)的發(fā)展主要體現(xiàn)在控制系統(tǒng)方面。微電子技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展, 為改進(jìn)液壓機(jī)的性能、提高穩(wěn)定性、加工效率等方面提供了可能。相比來(lái)講, 國(guó)內(nèi)機(jī)型雖種類齊全, 但技術(shù)含量相對(duì)較低, 缺乏技術(shù)含量高的高檔機(jī)型, 這與機(jī)電液一體化, 中小批量柔性生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)不相適應(yīng)。
現(xiàn)在, 國(guó)外眾多液壓機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠家生產(chǎn)這種高性能的工業(yè)控制機(jī)控制方式的液壓機(jī)產(chǎn)品。正是因?yàn)椴捎眠@種先進(jìn)的控制方式, 使整機(jī)的控制性能, 生產(chǎn)效率都有很大提高。而與國(guó)外發(fā)展情況相比, 國(guó)內(nèi)極少有采用工業(yè)控制機(jī)控制方式的產(chǎn)品, 成熟的產(chǎn)品是采用可編程控制器的控制方式。
中國(guó)液壓機(jī)行業(yè)經(jīng)過(guò)半個(gè)世紀(jì)的發(fā)展,在技術(shù)及生產(chǎn)上已經(jīng)基本成熟。 其國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)占有率是其他機(jī)床所不能比擬的, 但和國(guó)際發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的專業(yè)液壓機(jī)制造公司如米勒萬(wàn)家頓、舒勒、川崎油工相比,尚有較大的差距。雖然我們的產(chǎn)量很大,但我們的價(jià)格卻只有它們的1/4到1/10 。要縮小這種差距,參與國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng),把液壓機(jī)打入國(guó)際高端市場(chǎng),不能僅僅依靠?jī)r(jià)格的優(yōu)勢(shì),必須把產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)含量和質(zhì)量放在第一位,這才是中國(guó)液壓機(jī)行業(yè)的根本目標(biāo)。
作為液壓機(jī)兩大組成部分的主機(jī)和液壓系統(tǒng), 由于技術(shù)發(fā)展趨于成熟, 國(guó)內(nèi)外機(jī)型無(wú)較大差距。主要差別在于加工工藝和安裝方面。良好的工藝使機(jī)器在過(guò)濾、冷卻及防止沖擊和振動(dòng)方面, 有較明顯改善。
在油路結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)方面, 國(guó)內(nèi)外液壓機(jī)都趨向于集成化、封閉式設(shè)計(jì)。插裝閥、疊加閥和復(fù)合化元件及系統(tǒng)在液壓系統(tǒng)中得到較廣泛的應(yīng)用。國(guó)外已開(kāi)始廣泛采用封閉式循環(huán)油路設(shè)計(jì)。這種油路設(shè)計(jì)有效地防止泄油和污染。更重要的防止灰塵、污物、空氣、化學(xué)物質(zhì)侵人系統(tǒng), 延長(zhǎng)了機(jī)器的使用壽命。由于加工工藝等方面的原因, 國(guó)內(nèi)采用封閉式循環(huán)油路設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)還不多見(jiàn)。在安全性方面, 國(guó)外某些采用微處理器控制的高性能液壓機(jī)利用軟件進(jìn)行故障的檢測(cè)和維護(hù), 如確嘆產(chǎn)品可實(shí)現(xiàn)負(fù)載檢測(cè)、自動(dòng)模具保護(hù)以及錯(cuò)誤診斷等功能。
正文
當(dāng)前的國(guó)內(nèi)外液壓機(jī)產(chǎn)品中,按照控制系統(tǒng),可分為三種類型: 一是以繼電器為主控元件的傳統(tǒng)型液壓機(jī);二是采用可編程邏輯控制的液壓機(jī);三是應(yīng)用高級(jí)微處理器的高性能液壓機(jī)。
三種類型功能各有差異, 應(yīng)用范圍也不盡相同。但總的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)是高速化、智能化。繼電器控制方式是延續(xù)了幾十年的傳統(tǒng)控制方式, 其電路結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單, 技術(shù)要求不高, 成本較低, 相應(yīng)控制功能簡(jiǎn)單, 適應(yīng)性不強(qiáng)。隨著技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展, 可編程序控制器的功能更加豐富。早期的可編程序控制器在功能上只能進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的邏輯控制,后來(lái)一些廠家開(kāi)始采用微電子處理器作為可編程序控制器的中央處理單元, 從而擴(kuò)大了控制器的功能, 使其不僅可以進(jìn)行邏輯控制, 而且還可以對(duì)模擬量進(jìn)行控制。因此, 可編程控制器控制方式是介于繼電器方式和工業(yè)控制機(jī)控制方式之間的一種控制方式??删幊炭刂破饔休^高的穩(wěn)定性和靈活性, 但在功能方面與工業(yè)控制機(jī)相比有一定差異。工業(yè)控制機(jī)控制方式是在計(jì)算機(jī)控制技術(shù)成熟發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上采用的一種高技術(shù)含量的控制方式。這種控制方式以工業(yè)控制機(jī)或單片單板機(jī)作為主控單元, 通過(guò)外圍接口器件如刀, 板等或直接應(yīng)用數(shù)字閥實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)液壓系統(tǒng)的控制, 同時(shí)利用各種傳感器組成閉環(huán)回路式的控制系統(tǒng), 達(dá)到精確控制的目的。
繼電器控制方式是延續(xù)了幾十年的傳統(tǒng)控制方式,其電路結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,技術(shù)要求不高,成本較低,相應(yīng)控制功能簡(jiǎn)單,適應(yīng)性不強(qiáng)。其適用于單機(jī)工作、加工產(chǎn)品精度要求不高的大批量生產(chǎn)(如餐具、廚具產(chǎn)品等),也可組成簡(jiǎn)單的生產(chǎn)線,但由于電路的限制,穩(wěn)定性及柔性較差?,F(xiàn)在國(guó)內(nèi)許多液壓機(jī)廠家是以這種機(jī)型為主,使用對(duì)象多為小型加工廠,或加工精度不高的民用產(chǎn)品。國(guó)外眾多廠家只是保留了對(duì)這種機(jī)型的生產(chǎn)能力,而主要面向以下兩種技術(shù)含量的機(jī)型組織生產(chǎn)。
可編程控制器是在繼電器控制和計(jì)算機(jī)控制發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái)的,并逐漸發(fā)展成以微處理器為核心,把自動(dòng)化技術(shù),計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù),通訊技術(shù)融為一體的新興工業(yè)自動(dòng)控制裝置,目前已被廣泛的應(yīng)用于各種生產(chǎn)機(jī)械以及自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中。隨著技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,可編程序控制器的功能更加豐富。早期的可編程序控制器在功能上只能進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的邏輯控制。后來(lái)一些廠家開(kāi)始采用微電子處理器作為可編程序控制器的中央處理單元(CPU),從而擴(kuò)大了控制器的功能,使其不僅可以進(jìn)行邏輯控制,而且還可以對(duì)模擬量進(jìn)行控制。因此,可編程控制器控制方式是介于繼電器方式和工業(yè)控制機(jī)控制方式之間的一種控制方式??删幊炭刂破饔休^高的穩(wěn)定性和靈活性,但在功能方面與工業(yè)控制機(jī)控制方式,如天津鍛壓機(jī)械廠有近60%的產(chǎn)品裝有PLC。通過(guò)采用PLC控制,使系統(tǒng)的控制性能和可靠性大大提高。國(guó)外廠家如丹麥的STENHQJ公司采用了SIEMENS的可編程控制器,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)壓力和位移的控制。
工業(yè)控制機(jī)控制方式是在計(jì)算機(jī)控制技術(shù)成熟發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上采用的一種高技術(shù)含量的控制方式。這種控制方式以工業(yè)控制機(jī)或單片/單板機(jī)作為主控單元,通過(guò)外圍接口器件或直接應(yīng)用數(shù)字閥實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)液壓系統(tǒng)的控制,同時(shí)利用各種傳感器組成閉環(huán)回路式的控制系統(tǒng),達(dá)到精確控制的目的。這種控制方式主要有以下特點(diǎn):
①具有友好的人機(jī)交互性,操作簡(jiǎn)單。如:BROWN、BOGCS公司的產(chǎn)品,可通過(guò)數(shù)字面板顯示輸入壓力、快進(jìn)和回程速度、壓制速度及保壓/停機(jī)時(shí)間參數(shù),極大減輕了勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。
②控制精度高。數(shù)字控制的行程長(zhǎng)度及工作行程與傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械式的行程開(kāi)關(guān)控制相比,精度有極大的提高。一般控制精度可達(dá)到0.05mm[2]
③易于實(shí)現(xiàn)高速化,提高生產(chǎn)效率子微處理控制方式,如美國(guó)的FERRA公司通過(guò)采用電子微處理控制方式,工作循環(huán)比以前快60%。
④可順利實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)工作參數(shù)(壓力、速度、行程等)的單獨(dú)調(diào)整。通過(guò)對(duì)控制參數(shù)的單獨(dú)控制,調(diào)整被加工材料的流動(dòng),能進(jìn)行復(fù)雜工件、不對(duì)稱工件的加工。
⑤預(yù)存工作模式,可對(duì)不同工件的工藝過(guò)程、工藝參數(shù)預(yù)先存儲(chǔ)和重復(fù)調(diào)用,縮短調(diào)整時(shí)間。這與柔性加工的加工要求相適應(yīng)。
⑥對(duì)高速下的換向沖擊可利用軟件來(lái)清除,以降低噪聲,提高系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性。
⑦在安全方面,可利用軟件進(jìn)行故障預(yù)診斷,并且自動(dòng)修復(fù)故障和顯示錯(cuò)誤。如STENHQF的機(jī)型和BROWN BOGCS公司都有此項(xiàng)功能。
⑧易于實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)線的集成控制,組成柔性生產(chǎn)線及與上位機(jī)進(jìn)行通訊和實(shí)現(xiàn)調(diào)度控制。
三、發(fā)展趨勢(shì): 目前四柱液壓機(jī)到底發(fā)展方向主要有:
1) 機(jī)電液一體化。充分合理利用機(jī)械和電子方面的先進(jìn)技術(shù)促進(jìn)整個(gè)液壓系統(tǒng)的完善。
2)高速化,高效化,低能耗。提高液壓機(jī)的工作效率,降低生產(chǎn)成本。
3) 自動(dòng)化、智能化。微電子技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展為液壓機(jī)的自動(dòng)化和智能化提供了充分的條件。自動(dòng)化不僅僅體現(xiàn)的在加工,應(yīng)能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)對(duì)系統(tǒng)的自動(dòng)診斷和調(diào)整,具有故障預(yù)處理的功能。
4) 液壓元件集成化,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。集成的液壓系統(tǒng)減少了管路連接,有效地防止泄漏和污染。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的元件為機(jī)器的維修帶來(lái)方便。
四、存在問(wèn)題
1)液壓元件制造精度要求高 由于元件的技術(shù)要求高和裝配比較困難,使用維護(hù)比較嚴(yán)格。
2)實(shí)現(xiàn)定比傳動(dòng)困難 液壓傳動(dòng)是以液壓油為工作介質(zhì),在相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)表面間不可避免的要有泄漏,同時(shí)油液也不是絕對(duì)不可壓縮的。
3)油液受溫度的影響 由于油的粘度隨溫度的改變而改變,故不宜在高溫或低溫的環(huán)境下工作。
4)不適宜遠(yuǎn)距離輸送動(dòng)力 由于采用油管傳輸壓力油,壓力損失較大,故不宜遠(yuǎn)距離輸送動(dòng)力。
5)油液中混入空氣易影響工作性能 油液中混入空氣后,容易引起爬行、振動(dòng)和噪聲,使系統(tǒng)的工作性能受到影響。
6)油液容易污染 油液污染后,會(huì)影響系統(tǒng)工作的可靠性。
7)發(fā)生故障不易檢查和排除。
總結(jié)
近年來(lái),我國(guó)在機(jī)床行業(yè)取得了很大的發(fā)展,但是國(guó)產(chǎn)的機(jī)床設(shè)備在它的品種、可靠性、和質(zhì)量方面相對(duì)于國(guó)外企業(yè)處于落后地位,有著較高的提升空間,開(kāi)拓高端產(chǎn)品具有重要的意義。
中國(guó)是當(dāng)今世界的制造大國(guó),應(yīng)該更加強(qiáng)調(diào)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量,其前提是加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和自主開(kāi)發(fā),努力發(fā)展技術(shù),將中國(guó)制造轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹袊?guó)創(chuàng)造,機(jī)床行業(yè)的發(fā)展,可以幫助我們從制造大國(guó)向制造強(qiáng)國(guó)的轉(zhuǎn)型。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]徐剛,魯潔,黃才元.金屬板材沖壓成型技術(shù)與裝備的現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展.鍛壓裝備及控制技術(shù).2004(4).
[2]王衛(wèi)衛(wèi). 金屬與塑料成型設(shè)備. 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社. 1996第一版
[3]李運(yùn)化. 近代液壓伺服系統(tǒng)控制策略的現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展. 液壓與氣動(dòng). 1995(1)1-6
[4]劉慶印. 我國(guó)鍛壓設(shè)備產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力分析. 鍛壓技術(shù). 2005,(5)
[5] 李貴閃 何曉燕 榮兆杰. 我國(guó)液壓機(jī)行業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展. 鍛壓裝備與制造技術(shù) 2006, 41(4):17- 39.
[6]成大先. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(第三版). 北京: 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社. 1997
[7]天覺(jué) 等. 液壓工程手冊(cè). 北京: 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社. 1990
[8]2004年機(jī)床行業(yè)企業(yè)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)分析匯總. 中國(guó)機(jī)床工具協(xié)會(huì). 2005-04
[9] 王孝培.主編.沖壓手冊(cè).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.1988.
[10]成大先. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(第4卷)[M]. 北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社.1994.
[11] Dynaform 使用手冊(cè)
[12] Pump System Hydraulic Design. B.E.Bosserman.
[13] Pneumatic and Hydraulic Systems. Optimal design lab.
[14] Deform 使用手冊(cè)
[15] Fitch E C .Hong IT .Contamination for the fluid power. Industry HIAC/ROYCO 1990
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沈陽(yáng)化工大學(xué)科亞學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)答辯委員會(huì)于 年 月 日 審查了 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化專業(yè) 李濤 的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)。
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外文翻譯資料
機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用研究
1 機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展
機(jī)電一體化是機(jī)械、微、控制、機(jī)、信息處理等多學(xué)科的交叉融合,其發(fā)展和進(jìn)步有賴于相關(guān)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展,其主要發(fā)展方向有數(shù)字化、智能化、模塊化、化、人性化、微型化、集成化、帶源化和綠色化。
1.1 數(shù)字化
微控制器及其發(fā)展奠定了機(jī)電產(chǎn)品數(shù)字化的基礎(chǔ),如不斷發(fā)展的數(shù)控機(jī)床和機(jī)器人;而計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的迅速崛起,為數(shù)字化設(shè)計(jì)與制造鋪平了道路,如虛擬設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造等。數(shù)字化要求機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的軟件具有高可靠性、易操作性、可維護(hù)性、自診斷能力以及友好人機(jī)界面。數(shù)字化的實(shí)現(xiàn)將便于遠(yuǎn)程操作、診斷和修復(fù)。
1.2 智能化
即要求機(jī)電產(chǎn)品有一定的智能,使它具有類似人的邏輯思考、判斷推理、自主決策等能力。例如在CNC數(shù)控機(jī)床上增加人機(jī)對(duì)話功能,設(shè)置智能I/O接口和智能工藝數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),會(huì)給使用、操作和維護(hù)帶來(lái)極大的方便。隨著模糊控制、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、灰色、小波理論、混沌與分岔等人工智能技術(shù)的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展,為機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展開(kāi)辟了廣闊天地。
1.3 模塊化
由于機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品種類和生產(chǎn)廠家繁多,研制和開(kāi)發(fā)具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)械接口、動(dòng)力接口、環(huán)境接口的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品單元模塊是一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜而有前途的工作。如研制具有集減速、變頻調(diào)速電機(jī)一體的動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)單元;具有視覺(jué)、圖像處理、識(shí)別和測(cè)距等功能的電機(jī)一體控制單元等。這樣,在產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),可以利用這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模塊化單元迅速開(kāi)發(fā)出新的產(chǎn)品。
1.4 網(wǎng)絡(luò)化
由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及,基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的各種遠(yuǎn)程控制和監(jiān)視技術(shù)方興未艾。而遠(yuǎn)程控制的終端設(shè)備本身就是機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線和局域網(wǎng)技術(shù)使家用電器網(wǎng)絡(luò)化成為可能,利用家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)把各種家用電器連接成以計(jì)算機(jī)為中心的計(jì)算機(jī)集成家用電器系統(tǒng),使人們?cè)诩依锟沙浞窒硎芨鞣N高技術(shù)帶來(lái)的好處,因此,機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品無(wú)疑應(yīng)朝網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展。
1.5 人性化
機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的最終使用對(duì)象是人,如何給機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品賦予人的智能、情感和人性顯得愈來(lái)愈重要,機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品除了完善的性能外,還要求在色彩、造型等方面與環(huán)境相協(xié)調(diào),使用這些產(chǎn)品,對(duì)人來(lái)說(shuō)還是一種享受,如家用機(jī)器人的最高境界就是人機(jī)一體化。
1.6 微型化
微型化是精細(xì)加工技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然,也是提高效率的需要。微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)(Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems,簡(jiǎn)稱MEMS)是指可批量制作的,集微型機(jī)構(gòu)、微型傳感器、微型執(zhí)行器以及信號(hào)處理和控制電路,直至接口、通信和電源等于一體的微型器件或系統(tǒng)。自1986年美國(guó)斯坦福大學(xué)研制出第一個(gè)醫(yī)用微探針,1988年美國(guó)加州大學(xué)Berkeley分校研制出第一個(gè)微電機(jī)以來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外在MEMS工藝、材料以及微觀機(jī)理方面取得了很大進(jìn)展,開(kāi)發(fā)出各種MEMS器件和系統(tǒng),如各種微型傳感器(壓力傳感器、微加速度計(jì)、微觸覺(jué)傳感器),各種微構(gòu)件(微膜、微粱、微探針、微連桿、微齒輪、微軸承、微泵、微彈簧以及微機(jī)器人等)。
1.7 集成化
集成化既包含各種技術(shù)的相互滲透、相互融合和各種產(chǎn)品不同結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化與復(fù)合,又包含在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中同時(shí)處理加工、裝配、檢測(cè)、管理等多種工序。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)多品種、小批量生產(chǎn)的自動(dòng)化與高效率,應(yīng)使系統(tǒng)具有更廣泛的柔性。首先可將系統(tǒng)分解為若干層次,使系統(tǒng)功能分散,并使各部分協(xié)調(diào)而又安全地運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),然后再通過(guò)軟、硬件將各個(gè)層次有機(jī)地聯(lián)系起來(lái),使其性能最優(yōu)、功能最強(qiáng)。
1.8 帶源化
是指機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品自身帶有能源,如太陽(yáng)能電池、燃料電池和大容量電池。由于在許多場(chǎng)合無(wú)法使用電能,因而對(duì)于運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品,自帶動(dòng)力源具有獨(dú)特的好處。帶源化是機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展方向之一。
1.9 綠色化
技術(shù)的發(fā)展給人們的生活帶來(lái)巨大變化,在物質(zhì)豐富的同時(shí)也帶來(lái)資源減少、生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化的后果。所以,人們呼喚保護(hù)環(huán)境,回歸,實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展,綠色產(chǎn)品概念在這種呼聲中應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。綠色產(chǎn)品是指低能耗、低材耗、低污染、舒適、協(xié)調(diào)而可再生利用的產(chǎn)品。在其設(shè)計(jì)、制造、使用和銷毀時(shí)應(yīng)符合環(huán)保和人類健康的要求,機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的綠色化主要是指在其使用時(shí)不污染生態(tài)環(huán)境,產(chǎn)品壽命結(jié)束時(shí),產(chǎn)品可分解和再生利用。
2 機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)在鋼鐵中應(yīng)用
在鋼鐵企業(yè)中,機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)是以微處理機(jī)為核心,把微機(jī)、工控機(jī)、數(shù)據(jù)通訊、顯示裝置、儀表等技術(shù)有機(jī)的結(jié)合起來(lái),采用組裝合并方式,為實(shí)現(xiàn)工程大系統(tǒng)的綜合一體化創(chuàng)造有力條件,增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)控制精度、質(zhì)量和可靠性。機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)在鋼鐵企業(yè)中主要應(yīng)用于以下幾個(gè)方面:
2.1 智能化控制技術(shù)(IC)
由于鋼鐵具有大型化、高速化和連續(xù)化的特點(diǎn),傳統(tǒng)的控制技術(shù)遇到了難以克服的困難,因此非常有必要采用智能控制技術(shù)。智能控制技術(shù)主要包括專家系統(tǒng)、模糊控制和神經(jīng)等,智能控制技術(shù)廣泛于鋼鐵的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、控制、設(shè)備與產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量診斷等各個(gè)方面,如高爐控制系統(tǒng)、電爐和連鑄車(chē)間、軋鋼系統(tǒng)、煉鋼———連鑄———軋鋼綜合調(diào)度系統(tǒng)、冷連軋等。
2.2 分布式控制系統(tǒng)(DCS)
分布式控制系統(tǒng)采用一臺(tái)中央機(jī)指揮若干臺(tái)面向控制的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)控計(jì)算機(jī)和智能控制單元。分布式控制系統(tǒng)可以是兩級(jí)的、三級(jí)的或更多級(jí)的。利用計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程進(jìn)行集中監(jiān)視、操作、管理和分散控制。隨著測(cè)控技術(shù)的,分布式控制系統(tǒng)的功能越來(lái)越多。不僅可以實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程控制,而且還可以實(shí)現(xiàn)在線最優(yōu)化、生產(chǎn)過(guò)程實(shí)時(shí)調(diào)度、生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃統(tǒng)計(jì)管理功能,成為一種測(cè)、控、管一體化的綜合系統(tǒng)。DCS具有特點(diǎn)控制功能多樣化、操作簡(jiǎn)便、系統(tǒng)可以擴(kuò)展、維護(hù)方便、可靠性高等特點(diǎn)。DCS是監(jiān)視集中控制分散,故障面小,而且系統(tǒng)具有連鎖保護(hù)功能,采用了系統(tǒng)故障人工手動(dòng)控制操作措施,使系統(tǒng)可靠性高。分布式控制系統(tǒng)與集中型控制系統(tǒng)相比,其功能更強(qiáng),具有更高的安全性。是當(dāng)前大型機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的主要潮流。
2.3 開(kāi)放式控制系統(tǒng)(OCS)
開(kāi)放控制系統(tǒng)(Open Control System)是計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)發(fā)展所引出的新的結(jié)構(gòu)體系概念?!伴_(kāi)放”意味著對(duì)一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的信息交換規(guī)程的共識(shí)和支持,按此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng),可以實(shí)現(xiàn)不同廠家產(chǎn)品的兼容和互換,且資源共享。開(kāi)放控制系統(tǒng)通過(guò)工業(yè)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)使各種控制設(shè)備、管理計(jì)算機(jī)互聯(lián),實(shí)現(xiàn)控制與經(jīng)營(yíng)、管理、決策的集成,通過(guò)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線使現(xiàn)場(chǎng)儀表與控制室的控制設(shè)備互聯(lián),實(shí)現(xiàn)測(cè)量與控制一體化。
2.4 計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)(CIMS)
鋼鐵企業(yè)的CIMS是將人與生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)、生產(chǎn)管理以及過(guò)程控制連成一體,用以實(shí)現(xiàn)從原料進(jìn)廠,生產(chǎn)加工到產(chǎn)品發(fā)貨的整個(gè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程全局和過(guò)程一體化控制。目前鋼鐵企業(yè)已基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了過(guò)程自動(dòng)化,但這種“自動(dòng)化孤島”式的單機(jī)自動(dòng)化缺乏信息資源的共享和生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的統(tǒng)一管理,難以適應(yīng)鋼鐵生產(chǎn)的要求。未來(lái)鋼鐵企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的焦點(diǎn)是多品種、小批量生產(chǎn),質(zhì)優(yōu)價(jià)廉,及時(shí)交貨。為了提高生產(chǎn)率、節(jié)能降耗、減少人員及現(xiàn)有庫(kù)存,加速資金周轉(zhuǎn),實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營(yíng)、管理整體優(yōu)化,關(guān)鍵就是加強(qiáng)管理,獲取必須的效益,提高了企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。美國(guó)、日本等一些大型鋼鐵企業(yè)在20世紀(jì)80年代已廣泛實(shí)現(xiàn)CIMS化。
2.5 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線技術(shù)(FBT)
現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線技術(shù)(Fied Bus Technology)是連接設(shè)置在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的儀表與設(shè)置在控制室內(nèi)的控制設(shè)備之間的數(shù)字式、雙向、多站通信鏈路。采用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線技術(shù)取代現(xiàn)行的信號(hào)傳輸技術(shù)(如4~20mA,DC直流傳輸)就能使更多的信息在智能化現(xiàn)場(chǎng)儀表裝置與更高一級(jí)的控制系統(tǒng)之間在共同的通信媒體上進(jìn)行雙向傳送。通過(guò)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線連接可省去66%或更多的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)信號(hào)連接導(dǎo)線?,F(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線的引入導(dǎo)致DCS的變革和新一代圍繞開(kāi)放自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線化儀表,如智能變送器、智能執(zhí)行器、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線化檢測(cè)儀表、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線化PLC(Programmable Logic Controller)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)就地控制站等的發(fā)展。
2.6 交流傳動(dòng)技術(shù)
傳動(dòng)技術(shù)在鋼鐵工業(yè)中起作至關(guān)重要的作用。隨著電力技術(shù)和微電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展,交流調(diào)速技術(shù)的發(fā)展非常迅速。由于交流傳動(dòng)的優(yōu)越性,電氣傳動(dòng)技術(shù)在不久的將來(lái)由交流傳動(dòng)全面取代直流傳動(dòng),數(shù)字技術(shù)的發(fā)展,使復(fù)雜的矢量控制技術(shù)實(shí)用化得以實(shí)現(xiàn),交流調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的調(diào)速性能已達(dá)到和超過(guò)直流調(diào)速水平。現(xiàn)在無(wú)論大容量電機(jī)或中小容量電機(jī)都可以使用同步電機(jī)或異步電機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)可逆平滑調(diào)速。交流傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)在軋鋼生產(chǎn)中一出現(xiàn)就受到用戶的歡迎,應(yīng)用不斷擴(kuò)大。
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外文資料翻譯
Electromechanical integration technology and its application
An electromechanical integration technology development
Mechatronics is the machinery, micro-, control, aircraft, information processing, and other cross-disciplinary integration, and its development and progress depends on the progress of technology and development, the main direction of development of a digital, intelligent, modular, and human nature , miniaturization, integration, with source and green.
1.1 Digital
Microcontroller and the development of a number of mechanical and electrical products of the base, such as the continuous development of CNC machine tools and robots, and the rapid rise of the computer network for the digital design and manufacturing paved the way for, such as virtual design and computer integrated manufacturing. Digital request electromechanical integration software products with high reliability, easy operability, maintainability, self-diagnostic capabilities, and friendly man-machine interface. Digital will facilitate the realization of long-distance operation, diagnosis and repair.
Intelligent 1.2
Mechanical and electrical products that require a certain degree of intelligence, it is similar to the logical thinking, reasoning judgement, autonomous decision-making capabilities. For example, in the CNC machine increase interactive features, set up Intelligent I / O interface and intelligent database technology, will use, operation and maintenance of bring great convenience. With fuzzy control, neural network, gray, wavelet theory, chaos and bifurcation, such as artificial intelligence and technological progress and development and the development of mechanical and electrical integration technology has opened up a vast world.
Modular 1.3
As electromechanical integration products and manufacturers wide variety of research and development of a standard mechanical interface, dynamic interface, the environment interface modules electromechanical integration products is a complex and promising work. If the development is set to slow down. VVVF integrated motor drive unit with vision, image processing, identification and location of the motor functions, such as integrated control unit. Thus, in product development, design, we can use these standards modular unit quickly develop new products.
1.4 Network
As the popularity of the network, network-based remote control and monitoring of various technical ascendant. The remote control device itself is the integration of mechanical and electrical products, fieldbus technology to household appliances and LAN network possible, use a home network to connect various home appliances into a computer as the center of computer integrated appliances system, so that people in the home can be full enjoyment of the benefits of various high-tech, therefore, electromechanical integration products should be no doubt North Korea networks.
1.5 humanity
Electromechanical integration of the end-use product is targeted, how to give people electromechanical integration of intelligent products, emotion and humanity is becoming more and more important, electromechanical integration products in addition to improving performance, it also urged the color, shape and so on and environmental coordination, the use of these products, or for a person to enjoy, such as home robot is the highest state of human-machine integration.
1.6 miniaturization
Micro-fine processing technology is a necessity in the development, but also the need to improve efficiency. MEMS (Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems, or MEMS) refers to quantities can be produced by the micro-collection agencies, micro-sensors, micro actuators and signal processing and control circuit until interface, communication and power is one of the micro-devices or systems . Since 1986 the United States at Stanford University developed the first medical microprobe, 1988 at the University of California, Berkeley developed the first micro-motor, both at home and abroad in MEMS technology, materials and micro-mechanism much progress has been made, the development of all sorts MEMS devices and systems, such as the various micro-sensors (pressure sensors, micro-accelerometer, micro-tactile sensor), various micro-component (micro-film, micro-beam, microprobes, micro-link, micro-gear, micro-bearings, micro-pump , microcoil and micro-robot, etc.).
1.7 Integration
Integration includes a mutual penetration of various technologies, and integration of various products of different structural optimization and composite, and included in the production process at the same time processing, assembly, testing, management, and other processes. In order to achieve more variety, small batch production of automation and high efficiency, the system should have a more extensive flexible. First system can be divided into several levels, allowing the system to function dispersed, and security and coordination with other parts of the operation, and then through software and hardware at various levels will be organically linked to its optimal performance, the most powerful.
1.8 with source of
Electromechanical integration refers to the product itself with energy, such as solar cells, fuel cells and large-capacity battery. As on many occasions not be able to use electricity, which campaigns for the mechanical and electrical integration products, has a unique power source comes with the benefits. Sources with the integration of mechanical and electrical product development direction of.
Green 1.9
The development of technology in people's lives brought great changes in the material at the same time has also brought rich resources, deterioration of the ecological environment consequences. Therefore, people calling for the protection of the environment, regression, and achieving sustainable development in the concept of green products such calls have emerged. Green products is low-power, low-wood consumption, clean, comfortable, coordination and utilization of renewable products. In its design, manufacture, use and destruction of human beings should be in line with environmental protection and health requirements, electromechanical integration of green products is mainly refers to the use of time is not pollute the ecological environment, at the end of product life, and regeneration of decomposition products.
2 electromechanical integration in the application of technology in the iron and steel
In the iron and steel enterprises, the integration of mechanical and electrical systems are at the core microprocessor, the computer, industrial computer, data communications, display devices, meters and the combination of technologies such as organic, assembled by the merger means for the realization of a large-scale integrated system create conditions for effective integration, enhanced system control precision, quality and reliability. Electromechanical integration technology in the iron and steel enterprises in the mainly used in the following areas:
2.1 Intelligent Control Technology (IC)
As a large-scale iron and steel, high-speed continuous and the characteristics of the traditional control technologies encountered insurmountable difficulties, it is necessary to adopt very intelligent control technology. Control technologies include intelligent expert system, neural and fuzzy control, intelligent control techniques in steel product design, manufacturing, control, product quality and diagnostic equipment, and other aspects, such as blast furnace control system, electric furnace and continuous casting plant, steel rolling system , steelmaking - Casting integrated scheduling system - rolling, cold rolling, etc..
2.2 Distributed Control System (DCS)
Distributed control system uses a central command for the control of a number of Taiwan-site monitoring and intelligent computer control unit. Distributed control systems can be two, three or more levels. Using computers to concentrate on the production process monitoring, operation, management and decentralized control. With monitoring and control technologies, and the functions of distributed control system more and more. Not only can be achieved control of the production process, but also can be achieved online optimization, the production process real-time scheduling, production planning statistical management functions, as a measurement, control, integration of the integrated system. DCS control functions with diverse features and easy operation, the system can be extended, easy maintenance and high reliability characteristics. DCS is decentralized and centralized control monitoring, fault-minor, and the system has the chain protection features, the use of manual control system failure operational measures, the system is highly reliable. Distributed control system and centralized control system compared to their more functional, with a higher level of security. Is the large-scale integration of mechanical and electrical systems main trend.
2.3 Open Control System (OCS)
Open Control System (Open Control System) is the development of computer technology led by the new structure concept. "Open" means a standard for the exchange of information in order consensus and support this standard design systems, different manufacturers products can be compatible and interoperable, and the sharing of resources. Industrial control systems through open communication network so that all control equipment, management, computer interconnections, to achieve control and management, administration, integrated decision-making, through fieldbus to the scene and control room instrumentation control equipment interconnected to achieve integrated measurement and control of.
2.4 Computer Integrated Manufacturing System (CIMS)
CIMS is the iron and steel enterprises will be and the production and operation, production management and process control connecting to achieve from raw materials into the plant, production and processing of shipments to the entire production process and the overall integration process control. Currently iron and steel enterprises have basically achieved process automation, but this kind of "automated island" of single automation lack of information resources and the sharing of the unified management of the production process, can hardly meet the requirements of the iron and steel production. Future competition iron and steel enterprises is the focus of many varieties, small batch production, cheap and of good quality, timely delivery of goods. In order to improve productivity, saving energy, reducing staff and the existing inventory, accelerate cash flow, production, operation and management of the overall optimization, the key is to strengthen the management, access to the benefits of raising the competitiveness of businesses. The United States, Japan and some other large-scale iron and steel enterprises in the 1980s has been widely realization of CIMS.
2.5 Fieldbus Technology (FBT)
Fieldbus Technology (Fied Bus Technology) is the connection settings in the field of instrumentation installed in the control room and control devices for digital, bi-directional, multi-station communication link. Fieldbus technology used to replace the existing signal transmission technology (such as 4 to 20 mA, DC DC transmission), it will enable more information in the field of Intelligent Instrumentation devices and higher-level control system in the joint between the communications media on the two-way transmission. Fieldbus connection can be through save 66% or more on-site signal connecting wires. Fieldbus lead to the introduction of the reform and the new generation of DCS around open fieldbus automation system of instruments, such as intelligent transmitter, intelligent, fieldbus detection instruments, fieldbus of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) local control stations and field development.
2.6 AC drive technology
Transmission technology in the iron and steel industry plays a crucial role. With power technology and the development of microelectronics technology, the development of AC variable speed very quickly. The AC drive to the advantages of electric drive technology in the near future from AC drive completely replace DC transmission, the development of digital technology, complex vector control technologies to achieve practical, AC variable speed system speed and performance has reached more than DC converter level. Now whether small or large-capacity electrical motor capacity synchronous motor can be used to achieve reversible induction motor or smoothing governor. AC drive system in the production of steel rolling emerged as a welcome users, applications continues to expand.
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