have-用法小結(jié).doc
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have 的用法小結(jié) 一、have作實(shí)意動(dòng)詞。 1.表示“有”的意思。 Look, I have wings, just like you. (JBⅤL1) He had fair hair and blue eyes. (JBⅥL2) 〔注1〕:其否定和疑問形式變化,在美國(guó)通常用助動(dòng)詞do。 〔注2〕:在英國(guó)口語中常用have got代替have. Look, can’t you see Ive got teeth, too,(JBⅤL1) I havent got any jewelry.(SBⅠL5) 2.have和一些其他名詞連用,表示: (1)一種活動(dòng)。 We have no classes on Sunday.(上課)(JBⅡL11) they’re going to have a volleyball match.(舉行比賽)(JBⅢL11) Are we going to have a meeting this week?(開會(huì))(JBⅢL11) We are going to have a talk this afternoon.(聽報(bào)告)(JBⅢL11) (2)患病。 I have got a headache.(JBⅣL8) I have a bad cold.(JBⅤL3) (3)發(fā)生的情況。 Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.(跌跤)(JBⅣL10) (4)生育。 The queen ant may have tens of thousands of babies in one summer.(SBⅠL14) 3.和一與動(dòng)詞同形的名詞連用,表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作(have+a+由動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化和名詞)。 Are you going to have a swim.(JBⅢL1) I have a long talk with the teacher.(JBⅣL10) 4.have on sth.或have sth. on,表示“穿著”、“戴著”(=to be wearing)。 I noticed he had on bedroom slippers.(SBⅡL6) At the ball Motile had a diamond necklace on. 5.表示“吃”、“喝”。 I wanted to have a cup of tea and some eggs.(JBⅢL10) Does she have lunch at home?(JBⅡL11) 6.組成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)即“have+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”。 (1)不加to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語(have sb. do sth.),表示讓、叫某人做某事。 The soldier had him stand with his back to his father.(SBⅠL17) 〔注〕:否定結(jié)構(gòu)表示“不能讓…”或“從未有人…”. We wont have you blame it on others. She had never had anybody speak to her that way before. (2)現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語(have sb.(sth.)doing),表示讓(使)某人做某事。 …the two men had their lights burning all night long…. (3)過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語(have sb. (sth.)done),表示: ①使(讓,請(qǐng))別人作某事,表示的動(dòng)作是別人做的。 Emperor Qin Shi Huang had all the walls joined up.(SBⅠL10) …h(huán)e should have new clothes made of this splendid cloth for the coming great procession.(SBⅠ L8) ②遭遇到某事。 Houses near airports sometimes have their windows broken.(SBⅠL12) Workers in some industries have their hearing harmed by the noise of the machine.(SBⅠL12) 二、have與to一起構(gòu)成情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,表示“不得不”、“必 須”,可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。 I have to look after her at home.(JBⅢL4) 三、have做助動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞的過去分詞一起構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 和過去完成時(shí)。 Great changes have taken place the last two years.(JBⅥL3) They said that the Arab had stolen their camel.(JBⅤL4) 四、have用于“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have+過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu),有 推測(cè)、假設(shè)之意。 1.must+have+過去分詞,表示對(duì)過去時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的情況的推測(cè),一般用于肯定句。 Her father thought that she must have met a fairy.(SBⅠL10) You must have left your bag in the theatre. 2.can(could)+have+過去分詞,表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生事情的“不肯定”,常用于否定句和疑問句。 He cant have been to your home, he doesnt know your address. 3.should+have+過去分詞,表示“某事本該早做而實(shí)際未做”,用于肯定句。 You should have been here five minutes ago.(SBⅡL10) 五、have用于某些成語,表示固定的意思。 1.have a word(a few words)with sb.,表示和某人說一(幾)句話。 Wheres Peter? I want to have a word with him.(SBⅢL13) 2.had better+不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式,表示“…最好…”。 Id better go and look for him now.(JBⅢL2) 3.have nothing(something)to do with,表示“和…無(有)”關(guān)系。 Most of questions had nothing to do with Edisons lessons. 動(dòng)詞have是中學(xué)英語課本中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的一個(gè)普通單詞。它既可以作及物動(dòng)詞,也可以用作助動(dòng)詞,其基本意義是“有、拿、受、取、吃、喝、讓……”。大多數(shù)同學(xué)對(duì)have表示某人或某物擁有某物的用法比較熟悉。例如: I have a new pencil-box. He has two coats. A desk has four lezs. 但對(duì)have的使役用法卻知之甚少,或者說對(duì)這種用法掌握得還不太好。下面就讓我們通過例句來闡明動(dòng)詞have的使役用法。請(qǐng)看下面的例句: 1.He had me mend his bike. 他請(qǐng)我給他修理自行車。 2.The old man had a small house built, for him. 那位老人讓人為他建一個(gè)小房子。 3.The naughty boy may have me hit. 那個(gè)調(diào)皮的男孩可能會(huì)讓人打我。 4.The teacher had the naughty boy standing outside the classroom. 老師叫那位調(diào)皮的男孩站在教室外面。 5.I have my friend waiting for me. 我有朋友在等著我。 6.You should have her here. 你應(yīng)該要她到這里來。 上述例句中的have表示“使、讓、請(qǐng)”等意思。除例6中的have之外,其他例句中的have都失去了它原來的“具有”、“擁有”之慈。便役動(dòng)詞have的這類用法可以大致歸納為如下幾種句式: A.have sb do sth B.have sth or sb done C.have sb or sth doing D.have sb or sth+adv 以上四種句式有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn),就是have后都接了一個(gè)復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu),而不同之處就在這個(gè)復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成上,當(dāng)然意義是各不相同的。句式A:have sb do sth,其意為“要(請(qǐng))某人干某事”,賓語是人,賓語補(bǔ)足語是不帶to的不定式。句式B:have sth or sb done,其意是:“使某事(由某人)來完成”,或“使某人被……”。賓語一般是物,也可以是人,賓語補(bǔ)足語是過去分詞。句式c:have sb or sth doing,其意是“允許某人(物)做某事”,另外一層意思是“有某人(物)在干某事”。賓語可以是人,也可以是物,賓語補(bǔ)足語為現(xiàn)在分詞。句式D:have sb or sth+adv,可以看作是句式A、B的變形,只是把動(dòng)詞原形或過去分詞省略了。賓語可以是人,也可以是物,賓語補(bǔ)足語是副詞(表示地點(diǎn)或方向的)。 句式A和句式B所表達(dá)的意思基本相同,只是前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是人(讓某人做某事),后者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是物(“使某事由某人來做”),此時(shí)行為者可以不出現(xiàn)。請(qǐng)分析并比較下面的例句: Please have the boys sweep the road. Please have the road swept (by the boys). 請(qǐng)讓那些男孩打掃一下馬路。 Mr Wang will have his students clean the desks in the classroom. Mr Warg will have the desks cleaned(by his students)in theclassroom. 王先生要他的學(xué)生來擦洗教室里的課桌。 句式A和句式B中的have都可以用get來代替,但是用get代替句式A中的have時(shí),賓語補(bǔ)足語要用帶t0的不定式,即get sb to do sth。例如上面兩個(gè)例句可寫成: Please get the .boys to fweep the road. Mr whng will get his students to clean thedesks in the classroom. 但在表示理發(fā)時(shí)要特別注意,應(yīng)該是: You ought to have(get) your hair cut. 根據(jù)以上所述,句式C有兩層意思:①有人(物)在做某事;②許可某人(物)做某事。即動(dòng)詞have在這種句式中可能有“具有”(own或possess)的意思。這要根據(jù)情況而定,不能生搬硬套。 He has his son waiting for the guest. 他讓兒子在等客人。 We have some friends waiting for us upstairs. 我們有幾位朋友在樓上等著我們。 Tom said that he had lots of friends coming, 湯姆說他有許多朋友要來。 以上各句中的have都有著這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的原意“具有”,即有著某種情況的意思,而沒有“使做”的意思,所以,嚴(yán)格說起來,不屬于使役用法。但在表示第二層意思的時(shí)候,動(dòng)詞have有“允許”或“容忍”的意思,則屬于使役的用法,一般用在否定句中。這時(shí),動(dòng)詞have往往可以用allow,let等詞代替。例如, His mother cant have him doing anything.=His mother cant allowhim to do anything。 他的母親不讓他做任何事情。(注意賓語補(bǔ)足語的不同形式。) Miss.Gao frill hot, have her students smoking in the classroom. 高老師不讓她的學(xué)生在教室里抽煙。 Mr, Li wont have his wife saying such bad things to her col- 李先生不容許他的妻子講她同事的壞話。 句式D(have sb or sth+adv)其實(shí)是句型A、B的變形。例如: Do remember to have the boy here.=Do remember to have the come here. 記住把那個(gè)男孩帶到這兒來。 注意,句式B(have sth or sb done)中的have也未必都是主觀意志的“被動(dòng)”的意思,也就是說不一定都表示主語的意志或吩咐,有時(shí)只說明主語的“被動(dòng)”情況,此時(shí)具有suffer或be affected in some way的意思。關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)可以通過舉例來加以論證,雖說下列例句同句式B一樣,但動(dòng)詞have不是“使做”而是“被動(dòng)”的意思。可以通過舉例來闡述此層含義。 1.Mr Green had his purse stolen. 格林先生的錢包被竊去了。(被動(dòng)) 2.James has his bike mended. 詹姆斯請(qǐng)人把自行車修好了。(使做) 3.Mr Wang has his shoes worn out. 王先生的鞋子給穿破了。(被動(dòng)) 4.He has such long hair,he should have his hair cut. 他的頭發(fā)那么長(zhǎng)了,應(yīng)該理發(fā)了。(使做) 我們要想了解動(dòng)詞have的使役用法。不僅要掌握它的基本詞意和[句式,更要在英語學(xué)習(xí)中結(jié)合不同的語境,勤分析,多思考,這樣才能達(dá)到對(duì)hays的熟練使用。 have是英語中一個(gè)非常重要的動(dòng)詞,被戲稱為“靈魂動(dòng)詞”或“魔鬼動(dòng)詞”。因其在不同的詞組中,具有不同的含義,語法上稱這類詞為兼類詞。現(xiàn)將have的用法簡(jiǎn)要?dú)w納如下: 一、表示“有” “擁有”的意思時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)“所屬關(guān)系”。其主語常為“人或物”。如: My father has many new books.我爸爸有許多新書。 I have a new computer.我有一臺(tái)新電腦。 【注】there be句型表示“有”時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“某處有某人或某物”,其用法此處不再詳述。 二、“have+表示一日三餐的名詞”,意為“用餐”。如:have breakfast/lunch/supper吃早飯/午飯/晚飯。 三、“have+表示食品、飲料等名詞”,意為“吃;喝”。如:have (some) bread吃面包,have eggs (for breakfast) (早餐)吃雞蛋,have (a cup of) tea 喝(一杯)茶。 四、“have+表示動(dòng)作的名詞”,沒有固定的意思,常與表示動(dòng)作的名詞同義。如: have a rest 休息一下 have a swim 游泳 have a drink (of...)喝一點(diǎn)(……) have a look (at ...)(朝……)看一眼 五、“have+表示某種活動(dòng)的名詞”,意為“進(jìn)行,舉行”。如: have a class (學(xué)生) 上課 have a birthday party 舉行生日聚會(huì) have+賓語+過去分詞 A想對(duì) I employed someone to do something for me(我雇用了某人為我做事)這一類句子作更簡(jiǎn)潔的表達(dá)時(shí),可以用這種結(jié)構(gòu):即不說 I employed someone to clean my car,而說 I had my car cleaned(我叫人擦了車子)。又如不說 I got a man to sweep my chimneys(這里got= paid/persuaded等),而說I had my chimneys swept(我叫人通了煙囪)。 注意必須用have+賓語+過去分詞,否則意思就變了: He had his hair cut. 他理了發(fā)。相當(dāng)于: He employed someone to do it. 他雇人理發(fā)。 但是: He had cut his hair.(過去完成時(shí)) 他自己理了發(fā)。(在說話之前的某個(gè)時(shí)刻他自己給自己理了發(fā)) have這樣用時(shí),其否定式和疑問式的現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)都要用 do來構(gòu)成: -Do you have your windows cleaned evny month? -I don’t have them cleaned;I clean them myself. -你每月都要叫人擦窗戶嗎? -我不叫別人擦,我自己擦。 He was talking about having central heating put in.Did he have it put in in the end? 他那會(huì)兒總說要找人裝暖氣。到底裝上了沒有? 這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài): I can’t ask you to dinner this week as I am having my house painted at the moment. 這一周我不能請(qǐng)你來吃飯了,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在我正讓人刷房子呢。 While I was having my hair done the police towed away my car. 我(讓人)做頭發(fā)時(shí),警察把我的汽車拖走了。 The house is too small and he is having a room built on. 房子太小了,他正叫人添蓋一個(gè)房間。 get能夠像have一樣用于上述句中,但更口語化。句中提到完成動(dòng)作的那個(gè)人的時(shí)候,也可以用get: She got him to dig away the snow. 她讓他把雪挖走。(她雇/說服他……) (have與不帶to的不定式連用也能起同樣的作用,如She hadhim dig away the snow。但在英國(guó)英語中g(shù)et結(jié)構(gòu)要常用得多。) B have+賓語+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在口語中可以用來代替常表示意外或不幸遭遇的被動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如 His fruit was stolen before hehad a chance to pick it(他樹上的果子還沒來得及摘就被人偷掉了)可由He had his fruit stolen before he had a chance topick it來代替。Two of his teeth were knoceked out in the fight(他的兩顆牙在打架中被打掉了)可由He had two of his teethknocked out…來代替。 在本節(jié)A中,可以看到主語是命令別人做某事的人,而在這兒,主語則是承受行為結(jié)果的人。這里主語也可以是物: The houses had their roofs ripped off by the gale. 房子被狂風(fēng)掀掉了屋頂。 這里也可以用get代替have: The cat got her tail singed through sitting too near the fire. 貓坐得太靠近爐火,尾巴上的毛被烤焦了。 had better+不帶to的不定式 這里had是指不真實(shí)的過去;其含義是現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí): I had/I’d better ring him at once/tomorrow. 我最好還是現(xiàn)在/明天就給他打電話。 其否定式是在better之后加上not: You had better not miss the last bus. 你最好不要誤了最后一班公共汽車。(誤了這趟車是不明智的或者我勸你/提醒你不要誤了這趟車。) had通常在代詞后用縮略形式,在口語中有時(shí)輕讀甚至弱讀到將近聽不到的地步。 had better通常不用于普通的疑問式,但有時(shí)用于否定疑問式,作為一種勸告句式: Hadn’t you better ask him first? 你先問一下他不更好嗎?相當(dāng)于: Wouldn’t it be a good thing to ask him first? 是不是先問一下他比較好? you had better是一種很有用的勸告句式: You had better fly. 你最好是乘飛機(jī)走。(我勸你乘飛機(jī)走。) 在間接引語中,had better與第一、第三人稱連用時(shí)保持不變,與第二人稱連用時(shí)可以保持不變,或者轉(zhuǎn)述為advise+賓語+不定式: He said,‘I had better hurry.’ 他說:“我最好快一點(diǎn)。”相當(dāng)于: He said(that)he’d better hurry. 他說他最好快一點(diǎn)。 He said,‘Ann had better hurry.’ 他說:“安最好快一點(diǎn)。”相當(dāng)于: He said(that)Ann had better hurry. 他說安最好快一點(diǎn)。 He said,‘You’d better hurry. 他說:“你最好快一點(diǎn)。”相當(dāng)于: He said(that) I’d better hurry. 他說我最好快一點(diǎn)。 He advised me to hurry. 他勸我快一點(diǎn)。 have+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞 A 這種說法常常和表示將來某段時(shí)間的短語連用: I’ll have you driving in three days. 我將使你在三天之內(nèi)學(xué)會(huì)開車。(由于我的努力,過三天你就學(xué)會(huì)開汽車了。) 但也可以用于過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在時(shí): He had them all dancing. 他使得他們?nèi)继鹞鑱?。(他教/說服他們都跳舞。) I have them all talking to each other. 我使得他們?nèi)枷嗷ソ徽勂饋?。(我鼓?lì)/說服他們都相互交談起來。) 這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可以用于疑問式: Will you really have her driving in three days? 你真的能在三天之內(nèi)就教會(huì)她開車嗎? 但通常不用于否定式。 B If you give all-night parties you’ll have the neighbours complaining. 你如果舉辦通宵晚會(huì),會(huì)搞得鄰居們都抱怨你的。(鄰居們將抱怨你的。) If film-stars put their numbers in telephone books they’d have everyone ring them up. 電影明星們?nèi)绻阉麄兊碾娫捥?hào)碼列入電話簿,就會(huì)招致所有的人給他們打電話。(人人都會(huì)/不斷地給他們打電話)。 在第一例句中you’ll have表達(dá)了這樣的意思:“你將遭到這樣的事”。同樣,在第二句中they’d have含有這樣的意思:“他們會(huì)遭到這樣的事”。 If you don’t put a fence round your garden you’ll have people walking inand stealing your fruit. 如果你不把你的果園用籬笆圍起來,人們會(huì)走進(jìn)來偷摘果子。(人們將走進(jìn)來/不斷進(jìn)來偷摘果子,即:你要遭到這類事。) 這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以用于疑問句或否定句中: When they move that bus stop you won’t have people sitting on your steps waiting for the bus any more. 那個(gè)公共汽車站遷走之后,再不會(huì)有人坐在你的臺(tái)階上等公共汽車了。 這種結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于對(duì)have的主語來說是不愉快的行為,就如以上的例句所表示的那樣。但也可用在并非不愉快的場(chǎng)合: When he became famous,he had people stopping him in the street and asking for his autograph.相當(dāng)于: When he became famous,people stopped him in the street and asked forhis autograph. 他成名之后,常有人在街上攔住他要他簽名。 但I(xiàn) won’t have+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞通常意指“我不能允許或我不允許此事”: I won’t have him sitting down to dinner in his overalls.I make him change them. 我不允許他穿著工作服就坐下吃飯。我要他換衣服。(我不許他坐下……) 這種用法只限于第一人稱。 have意指possess(擁有) A have的基本含義是“擁有”: He has a black beard. 他長(zhǎng)著黑胡子。 I have had this car for ten years. 這輛車我已經(jīng)買了十年了。 She will have£4,000 a year when she retires. 她退休后,每年將得到4,000英鎊。 B 形式 注意否定式和疑問式可用兩種形式構(gòu)成。 C 為表示習(xí)慣動(dòng)作,do與have連用: -Do you have earthquakes in your country? -Yes,but we don’t have them very often. -你們國(guó)家地震嗎? -有,但不經(jīng)常。 have沒有“習(xí)慣”的含義時(shí),在英國(guó)更常用have not(got)/haveyou(got)這些形式,雖然其他說英語的國(guó)家(特別是美國(guó))在這種場(chǎng)合也用帶do的形式。 美國(guó)人可能說: Can you help me now?Do you have time? 你現(xiàn)在能幫我嗎?你有時(shí)間嗎? 而英國(guó)人卻多半要這么說: Can you help me now?Have you got time? 因此用do的形式始終是穩(wěn)妥的,但住在英國(guó)的外國(guó)學(xué)生也應(yīng)該練習(xí)其他的形式。 D 如上所示,got可以加到have/have not/have you等結(jié)構(gòu)中去而不引起含義上的變化,因此用不用它完全是隨意的,但通常 還是加got。然而got不能加到簡(jiǎn)略答語或附加疑問中去: -Have you got an ice-axe? -Yes,I have. -你有破冰斧嗎? -是的,我有。 She’s got a nice voice,hasn’t she? 她的嗓音很美,是嗎? have肯定式)接got時(shí)通??梢钥s略: I’ve got my ticket. 我拿到票了。 He’s got a flat in Pimlico. 他在皮姆利科島有一套房子。 這時(shí)句子重音在got上,而’ve或’s通常僅勉強(qiáng)能聽到。have(肯定式)不和got連用時(shí),常常不縮略,這時(shí)have和has就要讀清楚。 have意指take(a meal)(吃<飯>), give(a party)(舉行<聚會(huì)>)等 A have也可以用來表示: take(a meal/food/drink,a bath/a lesson等)(吃<飯>,吃<東西>,喝<東西>,洗<澡>,上<課>等) give(a party)(舉行<聚會(huì)>),entertain(guests)(招待<客人>) encounter(difficulties/trouble)(遭受<困難或麻煩>) experience(體驗(yàn)),enjoy(享受),通常和形容詞如good連用: We have lunch at one. 我們1點(diǎn)鐘吃午飯。 They are having a party tomorrow. 他們明天舉行聚會(huì)。 Did you have trouble with Customs? 你們?cè)诤jP(guān)遇到麻煩沒有? I hope you’ll have a good holiday. 我希望你愉快地度過假期。 B have用于表示上述含義時(shí),遵循普通動(dòng)詞的變化規(guī)則,它后面決不能跟got。 它的否定式與疑問式用do/did來構(gòu)成。 它可以用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。 We are having breakfast early tomorrow. 我們明天一早吃早飯。(不遠(yuǎn)的將來) She is having twenty people to dinner next Monday. 下星期一她要請(qǐng)20個(gè)人吃飯。(不遠(yuǎn)的將來) I can’t answer the telephone.I am having a bath. 我不能接電話,我正在洗澡。(當(dāng)前) How many English lessons do you have a week?I have six. 你一周上幾節(jié)英語課?我上六節(jié)。 You have coffee at eleven,don’t you? 你們一般11點(diǎn)鐘喝咖啡,是嗎?(習(xí)慣) Ann has breakfast in bed,but Mary doesn’t. 安經(jīng)常在床上吃早飯,可瑪麗不這樣。 Will you have some tea/coffee? 請(qǐng)喝杯茶/咖啡好嗎?(這是一種邀請(qǐng),我們可以省略掉 Will you,即只說 Have some tea等。) Did you have a good time at the theatre? 你在戲院看戲愉快嗎?(你過得愉快嗎?) Have a good time! 好好地玩吧! I am having a wonderful holiday. 我正在度一個(gè)非常愉快的假期。 I didn’t have a very good journey. 我在旅途中不很舒服。 have的這類短語還有很多,只要大家留意,會(huì)在以前學(xué)習(xí)過的課文中發(fā)現(xiàn)很多。這種短語還有自己的賓語或其它成分。例如: What a nice photo! Let me have a look (at it). Youd better have a talk with him. have還可以和表示疾病的名詞連用,表示正在或曾經(jīng)生過某種疾病。例如: have a headache 頭痛 have a stomachache 胃痛;肚子痛 have a toothache 牙痛 have a sore throat 喉嚨痛 have a cough 咳嗽 have a cold 感冒 have a fever 發(fā)燒 have a sore back 背痛 如果我們回答醫(yī)生詢問病情時(shí),一般這樣來回答: -Whats the matter (with you)? -I have a sore foot. -Whats the matter (with you)? -I have a bad cold. have的用法還有很多,由于大家尚未接觸到,這里就不講解了。- 1.請(qǐng)仔細(xì)閱讀文檔,確保文檔完整性,對(duì)于不預(yù)覽、不比對(duì)內(nèi)容而直接下載帶來的問題本站不予受理。
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