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黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計
Appendix
The traditional automobile steering system is the mechanical system, the car turned to sports is the pilot control by steering wheel, through the steering gear and a series of rods to transfer to the wheel and realize. Ordinary steering system built on the basis of mechanical steering, normally according to mechanical steering gear form can be divided into: super-modulus gear type, circulation ball type, worm wheel type, worm refers to pin type. There are two kinds of common super-modulus gear type and cycle is ball type (used to need bigger to force). The steering system is the most common, at present we most low-end cars is the super-modulus gear type mechanical steering system.
From the 1940 s, to lighten the burden in mechanical strength, steering system based on the increase hydraulic booster hydraulic power steering system (HPS), it is based on the mechanical system, on the basis of added a hydraulic system, commonly oil pump, v-shaped belt wheel, oil injection equipment, power devices and control valves. Because of its reliable work, mature technology is still widely used.
Now hydraulic steering system applied in practice most, according to control valves form has turned valve type and rotary piston cent. The steering system the most important new feature is hydraulic support to exercise, so can reduce the driver role on the steering wheel force. Although the traditional steering system work the most reliable, but there are also many inherent disadvantages, traditional steering system due to the steering wheel steering wheel and mechanical connection between and produce some unavoidable defect itself: (1) the car by driving technology to characteristics of the serious influence; (2) the transmission ratio, to make the car to fixed properties with steering response speed, and lateral acceleration, etc, the driver must changes in advance for automobile steering the amplitude and phase change of the operation, which must be compensation control car driving at its will. This will increase the drivers seeking manipulation of the burden, to make the car drive to have a lot of security reasons; (3) the hydraulic steering system economy is poor, general car every one hundred km on to burn a 0.3 ~ 0.4 litres of fuel; In addition, existing hydraulic oil leakage problem on the environment caused by the pollution, in environmental protection performance has been increasingly emphasize today, is undoubtedly a clear disadvantage.
附 錄
傳統(tǒng)的汽車轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)是機(jī)械系統(tǒng)，汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向運(yùn)動是由駕駛員操縱方向盤，通過轉(zhuǎn)向器和一系列的桿件傳遞到轉(zhuǎn)向車輪而實現(xiàn)的。普通的轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)建立在機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)向的基礎(chǔ)上，通常根據(jù)機(jī)械式轉(zhuǎn)向器形式可以分為：齒輪齒條式、循環(huán)球式、蝸桿滾輪式、蝸桿指銷式。常用的有兩種是齒輪齒條式和循環(huán)球式(用于需要較大的轉(zhuǎn)向力時)。這種轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)是我們最常見的，目前大部分低端轎車采用的就是齒輪齒條式機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)。
從上世紀(jì)四十年代起，為減輕駕駛員體力負(fù)擔(dān)，在機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)上增加了液壓助力系統(tǒng)HPS(hydraulic power steering)，它是建立在機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)之上的，額外增加了一個液壓系統(tǒng)，一般有油泵、V形帶輪、油管、供油裝置、助力裝置和控制閥。由于其工作可靠、技術(shù)成熟至今仍被廣泛應(yīng)用。
現(xiàn)在液壓助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)在實際中應(yīng)用的最多，根據(jù)控制閥形式有轉(zhuǎn)閥式和滑閥式之分。這個助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)最重要的新功能是液力支持轉(zhuǎn)向的運(yùn)動，因此可以減少駕駛員作用在方向盤上的力。雖然傳統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)工作最可靠，但是也存在很多固有的缺點，傳統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)由于方向盤和轉(zhuǎn)向車輪之間的機(jī)械連接而產(chǎn)生一些自身無法避免的缺陷：①汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向特性受駕駛員駕駛技術(shù)的影響嚴(yán)重；②轉(zhuǎn)向傳動比固定，使汽車轉(zhuǎn)向響應(yīng)特性隨車速、側(cè)向加速度等變化而變化，駕駛員必須提前針對汽車轉(zhuǎn)向特性幅值和相位的變化進(jìn)行一定的操作補(bǔ)償，從而控制汽車按其意愿行駛。這就變相地增加了駕駛員的操縱負(fù)擔(dān)，使汽車轉(zhuǎn)向行駛存在很大的不安全隱患；③液壓助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)性差，一般轎車每行駛一百公里要多消耗0.3~0.4升的燃料；另外，存在液壓油泄漏問題，對環(huán)境造成污染，在環(huán)保性能被日益強(qiáng)調(diào)的今天，無疑是一個明顯的劣勢。
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