1901_多層建筑小型電梯與建筑物結合方案設計

1901_多層建筑小型電梯與建筑物結合方案設計,多層建筑,小型,電梯,建筑物,結合,方案設計 黃河科技學院畢業(yè)設計（文獻翻譯） 第 1 頁Building on the influence of the elevator civil structureSummaryKeywords: building to the influence of the elevator civil structure, the bottomless pit depth, and the well word size With the development of The Times, the elevator of modern architecture as the indispensable traffic tools, the role of increasingly receive the attention of people. The choice of the elevator is reasonable configuration of the whole building have great influence on the traffic, so the choice of the elevator to the building with it is very important. And for the choice of configuring the decisive role of the building is civil structure. Because buildings once built, it's very hard for bigger modification, therefore in the building when the design should give full consideration to how to meet the various parameters of the selected the elevator.So what we choose configuration parameters is decided the key to the elevator? We think, basically have the following points.1.The elevator well at the top of the way the height and depth of the pitTop height and the bottomless pit depth is the key to choose the elevator speed. In the elevator car height size when certain compartments, higher rated speed it need higher top level. Top height requirement is a GB7588-1995 in the provisions of article 5.7. Is: (1) when the heavy pressure in the buffer completely, (1) the guide rail cars can provide not less than 0.1 + 0.035 v2 (m) guidance trip; (2) the overhaul plane must be above the 1.0 + 0.035 v2 (m) of space: well the lowest parts (3) way to guide boots, traction rope accessories, vertical sliding door beams or distance between parts not less than 0.1 + 0.035 v2 (m), to the top of the distance between the equipment not less than 0.3 + 0.035 v2 (m); (4) compartments shall have a car above 0.5 m x 0.6 m x 0.8 m of space. (2) when the pressure in the compartments complete buffer, for heavy rail can provide not less than 0.1 + 0.035 v2 (m) guidance trip.Visible, the influence of the height of the main factors on the top of the car is a total height of the box. Because the present each elevator 黃河科技學院畢業(yè)設計（文獻翻譯） 第 2 頁company, its height is little basic compartments, and so on the top floor of the height requirements about the same also. We often meet with top height is in 3.7-3.8 m or so well way, such a height is not processed cannot install the elevator. Finally, have to lower the elevator rated speed or will be at the top of the elevator down a level, with a layer of sacrifice service layer to make up for the deficiency of the top height. This price is very big. At the same time if take a layer of service layer reduced way, so after the transformation of top height will high (more than 6 m), wasted a lot of space. Of course, if the building top height shortage, but computer room height is very high, we can also hit the roof off the well way, will be part of the well out of the way to the telecom room to the top of the way to get high. But that is not only large quantities, and often the height also difficult to meet the requirements of computer room..Similarly, the bottomless pit depth design also must satisfy the relevant provisions of the GB7588-1995. Simply to say is: when the pressure in the compartments complete buffer, (1) of the bottomless pit shall have a 0.5 m x 0.6 m x 1.0 m of space; (2) the surface to guide the den boots, security clamp, the distance between the door parts not less than 0.1 m, to the other parts compartments not less than 0.5 m distance. As for the boots, security clamp, the influence factors of door parts generally can meet. This shows the actual effect of the key lies in the den depth requirements: (1) buffer is its compartments fully compressed out after its bottom to the way things well bottom distance; (2) on the layer smooth layer, the car compartments stretch into the abyss with buffer of height and empty cheng of the three. The analysis is not difficult to find, the two common will of the bottomless pit depth limit in a difficult to drastically reducing the scope of: if excessive reduce buffer height, it's hard to meet the requirements before a; If excessive reduce empty process, and will make a violation of national conditions. We often meet at work: in the bottom pit depth is insufficient to ask if we can customers in the pit make hole, will be installed in the cave buffer, so as to solve the problem. But no matter how to install buffer, when the pressure in the bumpers compartments complete, the car to the bottom of the pit surface must conform to the national standard distance, this is a "hard" size. If the 黃河科技學院畢業(yè)設計（文獻翻譯） 第 3 頁bottomless pit depth is really small; Can't meet the requirements, the only downward dig deep. But that bill and don't have to say, because most of the den is connected with the foundation, lane is bad to can also affect to the foundation of the building. Another way is toward the bottom layer hall can make a door is in steps, which make the compartments on the steps of flat, so as to get the necessary depth of the abyss. But the move will be affected by the high layer upon layer of restriction, and aesthetics are also affected. Of course, if the bottomless pit depth over the size of the need, can cause the empty box process more than national standard housings. In the more than few, we can increase through the base of the buffer solution; If it is too much, can only backfilling to the necessary depth of the bottomless pit.This shows, in the design of the building shall give due consideration to the top of the elevator need with the bottomless pit size, avoid dimensions are not appropriate and difficult to repair, awkward.2.Elevator well way size, shape and arrangement of theElevator well way sizes and shapes of influence the selection is the key to the load. International although elevator well to the size of the word no mandatory regulation, but for certain load for the elevator car but have clear compartments area restrictions. And because each manufacturer product all has its own compartments and well way standard, building the size of the word well often determines choose the type of elevator. There is no doubt that the same conditions of the greater weight to download the elevator well the way area. Some owners in order to save the building area, get more economic benefit, often will well built very small way area. However the elevator but need big load, obviously this is difficult to meet demand. The result is, or choose small load for elevator, or according to the existing Wells to the way designed compartments. Before a way affect buildings in the traffic condition; And then a way also only in existing Wells way size and manufacturer standard size difference to hit it to work, but also pay a special design of the cost. In addition, the smaller the well word generated during the running of the area in the elevator of the piston effect is more apparent, 黃河科技學院畢業(yè)設計（文獻翻譯） 第 4 頁especially in the choice when high-speed lifts. The piston effect on one hand will increase the consumption of energy when elevator running, on the one hand, also can increase the elevator running noises. Of course, it's not that well word size is larger is better. Well not only will waste way dimension to the use of building area, and sometimes because manufacturers can't provide the right guide bracket, will ask the owner in the well within the tao need to install the guide bracket place Settings beam, to provide the right size well way, thus virtually increased building costs. These are all in building design should be fully considered.Well way shape will also affect the choice of the elevator. Well within the tao from whether there is a beam and column structure, well way shape is rules, will affect the way of the well effective area. Too complicated way in elevator smoothly well also installation will adversely. As we all know, because the relationship between bearing, the wall in the lower part of the well with a top part often have different thickness. The more to the top, the thickness of the wall well the thin. This advantage is first to reduce costs, also can reduce the well the dead weight of the wall of basic pressure, so there is a cut way how well the problem of wall thickness. We often meet with word from a well inside the wall thickness of the reduction of the situation, that is, well within the tao is the size of the change, the top place well than size in the bottom of the word size. How do appear, this would give the elevator design and installation of the increase of trouble. In fact, if is to beautiful need not happen, because every layer wait ladder hall to the wall surface and its neighbors in the same layer is vertical surface, wait the ladder must won't pay attention. So if the reason for considering beautiful it is meaningless. But well within the tao for different, because the well within the tao of size change, elevator had to use a variety of installation guide bracket. More important, if the well before the way wall in the well within the tao direction changes, may bring more trouble. Because the article 5.4.3.2 GB7588-1995 regulations "within the tao well with the surface to candy or axle box compartments door frame or the door the horizontal distance between compartments shall not be more than 0.15 m." So, in low well when the wall thick meet the national standard, but at the top because of 黃河科技學院畢業(yè)設計（文獻翻譯） 第 5 頁the wall thickness in well well way inside direction decreases, and the cause of this gap than the national standard. So, use the most common remedy is to add defend the net. No matter what, have increased the difficulty of the elevator installed, it also increases the construction cost. So, well within the tao should ensure that the surface is a vertical, continuous surface so that in the selection and installation only when the ideal. In addition, the only effective way well area or not enough, still should choose according to need elevator type, consider other out of the tao well width and depth ratio. Generally speaking, the width and depth of the box is large, in and out of the passenger elevator is convenient, its compartments beautiful, easy to decorate; Conversely, easy to transport large objects. Therefore, office building, office building of elevator often choose a type and residential building before due to the needs of often choose after a type.3.The arrangement of elevator well way position and formThe elevator well way are positioned and structural type can also affect the configuration of the elevator, which affects the entire buildings in the traffic. If the same building with many Wells way, so these Wells are positioned way to a great extent determine the elevator control method. We all know, in order to improve the operation efficiency of the elevator, set in more lift should as far as possible when using but connected controlling or group control method. But if the well way arrangement inappropriate position, likely to reduce the operating efficiency of the lift, or can't but connected controlling or group control by the efficient control mode. For example, the same four Wells way, if the opposite side by side or arrangement, we can use group control method; If back to arrange, so most can only but connected controlling Taiwan 2; If each machine apart from a distance between middle or with an obstacle, I'm afraid we can only choose single control type. So, the way to the elevator well decorated with the choice of which can not be negletable. So how should the distribution of elevator well way? We think that as much as possible to meet the needs of the traffic flow within the building. Generally speaking, the well way should try to close to the 黃河科技學院畢業(yè)設計（文獻翻譯） 第 6 頁staff of the flow rate is greater place. When more concentrated set lift, due to consider to use but connected controlling or group control, at this time, the distance between the way well shoulds not be too big. Side by side of the distance between the word decorate well don't more than 8 m, opposite the well decorated more than 6 m way don't advisable. And, if the many sets of group control form, side by side the elevator sets more than four sets should not be, should adopt more opposite the layout model. At this time, wait ladder hall can't with pillars etc things out, also want to avoid the elevator entrance indented.Well the way structural type are often the most easy to ignore. Word of the elevator well the influence of the structure is well equipped with the strength of the main way whether meet the needs of the elevator to choose. The requirements for the den surface under force in chapter 5 GB7588-1995 comments a detailed calculation and discussed, when the design can consult. There is one kind of circumstance: at present a lot of elevator adopts Shared adjacent well the way way, way in well among steel beam erection installation guide bracket and obstruction. This advantage is certainly significant, not only lower the construction cost, reduce the pressure of foundation, also can effectively reduce the piston effect when the elevator operates. But in this series of interest, there is also noticeable problems, this is the middle of girder selection problem. Well among most of the steel beam erection word for the support of guide rail function, its strength is to ensure that can not be ignored. If strength is insufficient, the elevator in the operation of large steel will happen tremble, and the lead to the elevator vibration and noise increases, even in safety when device a safety hazard. If the building has been completed, the strength of the steel beam and it is difficult to replace insufficient, the only use it by lowering the elevator and the method of load for rated speed to make up for, but the expense the cost of traffic capacity.Can see from this, the elevator and the safe operation of the brand, not only the configuration and other relevant, and installation of buildings in civil structure have close relations, suggest that in the civil building design early, design personnel should fully consider the elevator's 黃河科技學院畢業(yè)設計（文獻翻譯） 第 7 頁installation requirements, in order to avoid the late electricity installation and operation appears more when the problem. 黃河科技學院畢業(yè)設計（文獻翻譯） 第 8 頁建筑物土建結構對電梯的影響摘要：關鍵詞：建筑物土建結構對電梯的影響，底坑深度，井道尺寸隨著時代的發(fā)展，電梯作為現(xiàn)代建筑中不可缺少的交通工具，其重要作用日益收到人們的關注。電梯的選擇配置是否合理將對整個建筑內的交通狀況產生重大影響，因此電梯的選擇配置對建筑物來說是十分重要的。而對選擇配置電梯起決定性作用的便是建筑物的土建結構。由于建筑物一旦建成，便很難進行較大的修改，故此在建筑物設計時應充分考慮如何滿足所選電梯的各種參數(shù)。那么究竟哪些參數(shù)是決定我們選擇配置電梯的關鍵呢？我們認為，主要有以下幾點。1 電梯井道的頂層高度及底坑深度頂層高度及底坑深度是選擇電梯速度的關鍵。在電梯轎廂高度尺寸一定時，較高的額定速度必然需要較高的頂層高度。頂層高度的要求是有 GB7588-1995中 5.7 條規(guī)定的。就是：（1）當對重完全壓在緩沖器上時，　 ①轎廂導軌能提供不小于 0.1+0.035v2(m)的制導行程；②轎頂檢修平面上方必須有1.0+0.035v2(m)的空間：③井道頂最低部件與導靴、曳引繩附件、垂直滑動門橫梁或部件之間距離不小于 0.1+0.035v2(m),至轎頂設備之間的距離不小于0.3+0.035v2(m);④轎廂上方應有一個 0.5m×0.6m×0.8m 的空間。（2）當轎廂完全壓在緩沖器上時，對重導軌能提供不小于 0.1+0.035v2(m)的制導行程。可見，影響頂層高度的主要因素是轎廂的總高度。由于目前各電梯公司轎廂高度基本相差無幾，因此對頂層高度的要求也差不多。我們經常遇到頂層高度在3.7-3.8m 左右的井道，這樣的高度不經處理是無法安裝電梯的。最后，不得不降低電梯的額定速度或將電梯的頂層向下移一層，用犧牲一層服務層的辦法彌補頂層高度的不足。這種代價是非常大的。同時如果采取減少一層服務層的辦法，那么改造后的頂層高度將很高（超過 6m）,白白浪費了大量空間。當然，如果建筑物頂層高度不足，但機房高度很高，我們也可以砸掉井道頂板，將部分井道凸出到機房內的手段獲得需要的頂層高度。但這樣不僅工程量較大，而且往往機房高度也難以滿足要求。同樣道理，底坑深度的設計也必須滿足 GB7588-1995 的有關規(guī)定。簡單地說就是：當轎廂完全壓在緩沖器上時，（1）底坑中應有一個0.5m×0.6m×1.0m 的空間；（2）底坑底面至導靴、安全鉗、門部件之間的距離不小于 0.1m，至轎廂其他部件距離不小于 0.5m。至于導靴、安全鉗、門部件的影響因素一般都可以滿足。由此可見實際影響坑底深度要求的關鍵在于：（1）緩沖器被轎廂完全壓縮后轎底凸出物至井道底面的距離；（2）在端層平層時，轎廂伸入底坑部分與緩沖器高度及空程三者之和。經分析不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，此倆者共同將底坑深度限定在一個難以大幅縮小的范圍內：如果過度減小緩沖器高度，則難以滿足前一條件要求；如果過度減小空程，又會使后一條件違反國標。我們在工作中常遇到這種情況：在底坑深度不足時客戶向我們詢問是否可 黃河科技學院畢業(yè)設計（文獻翻譯） 第 9 頁以在底坑中打洞，將緩沖器安裝在洞中，以便解決問題。但無論怎樣安裝緩沖器，當轎廂完全壓在緩沖器上時，轎底至底坑表面的距離必須符合國標，這是個”硬尺寸”。如果底坑深度實在太??；無法滿足要求，則只有向下刨深。但這樣工程量且不必說，由于坑底多數(shù)是與基礎相連的，弄不好還會影響到建筑物的基礎。另一種辦法是可以在下端層廳門處作一臺階，使轎廂在臺階上平層，借以取得需要的底坑深度。但此舉會受到端層層高的制約，而且對美觀方面也有影響。當然，如果底坑深度超過所需要的尺寸，有可能造成轎廂空程超過國標允許值。在超過不多的情況下，我們可以通過增加緩沖器底座的辦法解決；如果超出太多，只能回填底坑至所需的深度。由此可見，建筑物在設計時應充分考慮到電梯所需要的頂層與底坑尺寸，避免尺寸不合適且難以補救的尷尬。2 電梯井道的尺寸、形狀及布置情況電梯井道的尺寸及形狀是影響選擇電梯載重量的關鍵。國際上雖然對電梯井道的尺寸沒有強制性規(guī)定，但對一定載重量電梯的轎廂面積卻有明確的限制。而且由于各廠家產品均有自己的轎廂及井道標準，建筑物井道的尺寸往往決定了選擇電梯的種類。毫無疑問，同等條件下載重量越大的電梯所需的井道面積越大。有些業(yè)主為了節(jié)省建筑物面積，獲取更大的經濟效益，往往將井道面積建得很小。然而電梯卻需要大載重量，顯然這種需求難以滿足的。結果是，要么選擇小載重量的電梯，要么按照現(xiàn)有井道對轎廂進行特殊設計。前一種辦法會影響建筑物中的交通狀況；而后一種辦法也只能在現(xiàn)有井道尺寸與廠家標準尺寸相差不打時才能奏效，而且還有付出一筆特殊設計的費用。另外，較小的井道面積在電梯運行時產生的活塞效應也比較明顯，尤其是在選擇高速電梯時?；钊环矫鏁黾与娞葸\行時能量的消耗，一方面也會增加電梯的運行噪聲。當然，也不是說井道尺寸越大就越好。井道尺寸過大不但會浪費建筑物的使用面積，而且有時由于廠家無法提供合適的導軌支架，會要求業(yè)主在井道內需要安裝導軌支架的地方設置梁，以提供合適的井道尺寸，從而無形中增加了建筑成本。這些都是在建筑物設計時就應予以充分考慮的。井道形狀也會影響電梯的選擇。井道內是否有凸出的梁、柱等結構，井道形狀是否規(guī)則，都會影響井道的有效面積。過于復雜的井道對電梯的順利安裝也將產生不利的影響。大家都知道，由于承重的關系，井道壁在低層部分與高層部分厚度往往不同。越到高層，井道壁的厚度越薄。這樣的好處首先是可以降低成本，另外還可以減少井道壁的自重對基礎的壓力，于是存在一個如何縮減井道壁厚的問題。我們經常遇到從井道內部縮減壁厚的情況，也就是說，井道內尺寸是變化的，高層處的井道尺寸比底層處的尺寸大。出現(xiàn)怎樣，這都會給電梯的設計和安裝增加麻煩。其實，如果是為了美觀大可不必如此，因為每一層候梯廳墻壁表面是否與其相鄰層處于同一垂直表面，候梯者是根本不會注意的。所以如果出于考慮美觀的原因這樣是毫無意義的。但對于井道內就大不相同了，由于井道內尺寸的變化，安裝電梯時不得不采用多種導軌支架。更重要的是，如果井道前壁在井道內方向發(fā)生了變化，可能帶來更大的麻煩。由于GB7588-1995 中 5.4.3.2 條規(guī)定“井道內表面與轎廂地坎或轎廂門框架或轎廂門之間的水平距離不得大于 0.15m?！边@樣，在低層井道壁較厚時滿足國標要求，但到了高層由于井道壁厚度在井道內側方向減小，造成此間隙超過國標要求。這樣，采用最常見的補救措施便是加裝防護網。無論怎樣，都增加了安裝電梯的難度，也增加了建筑成本。所以，井道內表面應保證是一垂直、連續(xù)的 黃河科技學院畢業(yè)設計（文獻翻譯） 第 10 頁表面，這樣在選擇及安裝電梯時才理想。此外，單單井道的有效面積還是不夠的，還應根據(jù)需要選擇的電梯種類，考慮相印的井道的寬度、深度的比例。一般來說，轎廂的寬度和深度之比較大時，乘客進出電梯方便，轎廂美觀，易于裝修；反之，便于運送較大的物件。故此，辦公樓、寫字樓的電梯常選擇前一類型而住宅樓由于功能的需要常常選擇后一類型。3 電梯井道的排列位置和結構型式電梯井道的排列位置和結構型式也會影響電梯的配置，進而影響整個建筑物中的交通狀況。如果同一建筑物中設有多個井道，那么這些井道的排列位置在很大程度上決定了電梯的控制方式。我們都知道，為了提高電梯的運行效率，在設置多臺電梯時應盡量采用聯(lián)控或群控方式。但如果井道排列位置不當，有可能降低電梯的運行效率，或根本無法采用聯(lián)控或群控這些高效的控制方式。比如說，同樣 4 個井道，如果并排或者對面排列，我們可以采用群控方式；如果背向排列，那么最多只能 2 臺聯(lián)控；若是每臺之間相隔一段距離或中間有障礙物時，恐怕我們只能選擇單控型式了。這樣看來，井道的布置對電梯的選擇配置也有著不可忽視的影響。那么電梯井道應如何分布呢？我們認為要盡可能滿足建筑物內交通流量的需求。一般來說，井道應盡量靠近人員流量較大的地方。當集中設置多臺電梯時，由于考慮采用聯(lián)控或群控，此時井道間距離不宜過大。并排布置的井道間距離不要超過 8m，對面布置的井道不要超過 6m 為宜。而且，如果采用多臺群控形式，并排的電梯臺數(shù)不宜超過 4 臺，再多應考慮采用對面布置的型式。此時，候梯廳不能有柱子等凸出物，也要避免電梯出入口縮進。井道的結構型式往往最容易被忽視。井道結構對電梯選配的影響主要是井道的強度是否滿足所選用電梯的需要。對于底坑底面要求承受的力在 GB7588-1995 第 5 章的注釋中有詳盡的計算和論述，設計時可以參照。此外還有一種情況：目前許多相鄰的電梯采用共用井道的方式，在井道中間架設鋼梁安裝導軌支架和隔障。這樣的好處無疑是明顯的，不但降低了建筑成本，減少了對地基的壓力，還能有效的減小電梯運行時的活塞效應。但在這一系列利益下，也存在著值得注意的問題，這就是中間鋼梁的選擇問題。井道中間架設的鋼梁大都擔負著支撐導軌的作用，其強度是否能夠保證是不容忽視的。如果強度不足，電梯在運行時鋼梁會發(fā)生較大的顫動，導致電梯振動及噪聲增大，甚至在安全鉗動作時成為安全隱患。如果建筑物已經落成，鋼梁的強度不足且又難以更換，那只用用降低電梯額定速度及載重量的方法來彌補，但這是以犧牲交通能力為代價。由此可以看出，電梯的安全運行不僅和電梯的品牌、配置等有關，還與安裝所在的建筑物土建結構有著密切的關系，建議在建筑物土建設計早期，設計人員應當充分考慮電梯安裝的相關要求，以避免后期電調安裝、運行時出現(xiàn)較多的問題。